适于大豆育种应用的抗旱性鉴定技术研究

在山西和甘肃敦煌进行大豆品种资源抗旱性鉴定田间试验，分析了不同抗旱性评定方法的可靠度。结果表明，应用隶属函数或抗旱系数综合指标评定法评定大豆抗旱性，可靠度高于以叶片萎蔫度或以子粒产量为依据的两种单项指标评定法。综合评定大豆抗旱性的关键在于性状的选择，应选择与抗旱性密切相关的主要性状：子粒产量、株粒数、株荚数、叶片萎蔫度、植株高度、分枝数等６项作为综合评定大豆抗旱性的指标性状。     

野生大豆种植资源抗旱性评价

在年降雨量不足40mm的敦煌市,设干旱胁迫和正常灌水两个处理进行试验研究,考察与抗旱性相关的产量性状,采用抗旱指数的方法,从生态抗旱的角度进行抗旱性鉴定,探索野生大豆的抗旱潜力,拓宽大豆抗旱育种基因资源。应用产量性状指标评定野生大豆品种的抗旱性,简单、易行、可靠性高,尤其在进行野生大豆品种资源抗旱鉴定筛选过程中更显示出它的优越性。     

春小麦品种资源抗旱性鉴定研究初报

春小麦品种资源抗旱性鉴定研究初报王梅春，刘杰英，陈永军（甘肃省定西地区旱农中心，７４３０００）甘肃省自然条件差异很大，生态环境复杂，作物种类多样。我省小麦常年种植面积为２０００多万亩，冬、春小麦基本各占一半，在长期的自然选择和人工选择过程中，筛选出了...     

谷子（粟）品种资源抗旱性鉴定研究

采用苗期反复干旱法鉴定谷子抗旱性,结果可靠,有实用性.谷子抗旱性与米质粳糯、产地、苗子萎蔫早晚有关,而与苗色和生育期无关.露地全生育期鉴定,苗期与穗期鉴定结果一致的品种有94.3%,将苗期鉴定结果应用于穗期,失误机率为2.9%;苗期与成熟阶段鉴定结果一致的仅75.6%.苗期反复干旱法鉴定结果表明,谷子忍耐干旱程度的强弱、苗期的长短可作为衡量忍耐干旱持续时间的指标.根据谷子忍耐干旱的强度和持续时间,可因地制宜选用抗旱品种材料.     

不同地区小豆资源芽期抗旱性鉴定

随着近几年我国干旱情况愈发严重,在评价小豆资源时,抗旱性成为其十分重要的一个指标。研究不同浓度的聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)对3份晋小豆品种的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、相对根长等指标的影响。结果表明,15%的PEG-6000对小豆品种芽期抗旱性指标影响显著。在15%的PEG-6000浓度条件下,对所选的65份小豆种质资源进行上述5个指标测定,经试验表明,所选材料中B1148、B1203、B1101、B1137、B1109、B1284、B2096、B1129、B0133几个资源的抗旱性较强。     

干旱胁迫下大豆抗旱性鉴定

选用12个大豆品种进行室内干旱胁迫和盆栽干旱胁迫实验，对抗旱性进行鉴定筛选。结果表明，品种间苗期的吸水率、萌发率、发芽率、根长4项生理指标都存在差异，成株期的表现也各异，即苗期抗旱性好而成株期表现不抗旱的品种有海94，而苗期抗旱性差成株期表现抗旱的品种有赤豆、中作96-2。通过实验筛选出苗期与成株期均抗旱的品种为L65-1914。     

东乡普通野生稻全生育期抗旱性鉴定

利用组合R974//东野/R974 BC₁F₅ BIL群体，设水分胁迫和非胁迫两种处理，在全生育期测定了株高、单株分蘖数、单株有效穗数、穗长、穗实粒数、穗总粒数、着粒密度、千粒重、结实率、单株产量、叶片相对含水量、卷叶级别等12个与抗旱相关的形态及生理性状，其中单株产量对水分胁迫影响最敏感。通过各性状旱、水相对值对抗旱系数分别进行单因素逐步回归、通径、灰色关联分析，结果表明，叶片相对含水量、单株分蘖数、穗实粒数、千粒重、株高、单株有效穗数等6个性状与水稻抗旱性相关显著，可作为全生育期抗旱鉴定指标。利用模糊隶属函数法对入选性状的抗旱D值进行抗旱性综合评价，更表明上述性状作为水稻全生育期的抗旱鉴定指标是可行的。同时对5种抗旱性评价方法进行比较指出，抗旱指数是最合适的抗旱性直接评价方法。     

糜子品种资源的抗旱性研究

麋子是我国北方旱作农业区的主要粮食和饲料作物之一。这些地区大多十年九春旱,严重地影响了糜子苗期的生长和发育,进一步限制了产量的发展。因此,从大量糜子品种资源中筛选抗旱性强的品种作为抗旱育种的亲本材料或直接推广种植,是提高干旱地区经济效益的一项有效措施。     

大豆种质资源对SMV东北3号株系和黄淮7号株系的抗性鉴定

将158份黄淮地区栽培大豆资源和138份野生大豆资源分别接种SMV东北3号株系和黄淮7号株系,重复鉴定1年。在供试的栽培大豆材料中,有14份材料对黄淮7号株系表现抗病,占出苗材料的9．79％;有36份材料对东北3号株系表现抗病,占出苗材料的39．13％;其中有7份材料对这两个株系都表现出抗病,占4．43％。在供试的野生大豆材料中,分别有3份材料对黄淮7号株系表现抗病,占出苗材料的3．06％;有6份材料对东北3号株系表现抗病,占出苗材料的4．72％。     

干旱胁迫下不同大豆品系生理指标变化与抗旱性关系的研究

选用同一大豆杂交组合亲本产生的4个品系为试验材料,于营养生长期干旱胁迫条件下,测定叶片相对含水量、脯氨酸含量、叶绿素含量、相对电导率、渗透势等生理指标,并结合株重、粒数、粒重等农艺性状,通过抗旱隶属函数值对各品系的抗旱性级别进行了划分,进而对各品系生理指标与其抗旱隶属函数值做了相关和回归分析.结果表明:相对含水量、叶绿素含量、脯氨酸含量与抗旱性呈正相关:而相对电导率、渗透势与抗旱性呈负相关.综合分析得出4个品系抗旱性从强到弱的次序为:73-2(圆叶紫花)、73-1(尖叶白花)、73-3(圆叶白花)、73-4(尖叶紫花).     

Evaluation of wild perennial Glycine species for resistance to soybean cyst nematode and soybean rust

The genetic base for soybean cultivars is narrow compared to most other crop species. Twenty-seven wild perennial Glycine species comprise the tertiary gene pool to soybean that may contain many genes of economic importance for soybean improvement. We evaluated 16 accessions of G. argyrea, G. clandestina, G. dolichocarpa, and G. tomentella for resistance to Heterodera glycines (HG), also known as the soybean cyst nematode, and to multiple isolates of Phakopsora pachyrhizi, the causal fungus of soybean rust. All 16 accessions were classified as resistant to H. glycines HG Type 2.5.7, based on number of cysts per root mass with plant introductions (PIs) 483227, 509501, 563892, and 573064 (all G. tomentella) void of any cysts indicating no reproduction by this pest. All 16 accessions had an immune reaction to one isolate of P. pachyrhizi. Regardless of isolate, no sporulating uredinia were observed on G. argyrea (PI 505151) and G. tomentella (PIs 483227, 509501, and 573064). These results demonstrate that some accessions within the perennial Glycine species harbour resistance to both H. glycines and P. pachyrhizi and would be good candidates for wide hybridization programs seeking to transfer potentially unique multiple resistance genes into soybean.     

大麦种质资源成株期抗旱性鉴定及抗旱指标筛选

干旱是影响大麦生产的主要因素之一。在鉴定大麦种质资源成株期抗旱性的基础上,筛选抗旱指标,可为培育抗旱品种提供依据。本研究在2016和2017年在大麦生长主要需水期平均降雨量不足40 mm的甘肃省武威市进行田间试验,以30份大麦种质资源为研究对象,设置正常灌水和干旱胁迫处理,测定大麦株高、穗长、分蘖数、单株粒数、单株粒重、穗粒数、千粒重和产量,采用抗旱性度量值(D)、综合抗旱系数(CDC)、加权抗旱系数(WDC)、相关分析、频次分析、主成分分析、灰色关联度分析、隶属函数分析、聚类分析和逐步回归分析相结合的办法,对其进行抗旱性鉴定及抗旱指标的筛选。干旱胁迫对测定的各指标均有极显著影响。频次分析表明,各指标对干旱胁迫反应的敏感程度依次为产量、株高、单株粒重、穗长、单株粒数、分蘖数、穗粒数和千粒重。相关分析表明,产量与株高、穗长、分蘖数、单株粒数和单株粒重呈极显著正相关,与穗粒数呈显著正相关、与千粒重呈不显著正相关。主成分分析表明,5个主成分可以代表大麦抗旱性86.39%的原始数据信息量。基于D值、CDC值和WDC值的大麦种质资源抗旱性排序基本一致。灰色关联度分析表明,各指标单项抗旱系数值与D值间的关联度依次为产量、单株粒重、单株粒数、穗长、株高、分蘖、穗粒数和千粒重,各指标DC值与WDC值间的关联大小依次为单株粒重、产量、单株粒数、分蘖、穗长、穗粒数、株高和千粒重。根据D值进行聚类分析,将供试大麦种质资源依据抗旱性从强到弱分为5个抗旱等级,其中1级5份、2级1份、3级11份、4级10份、5级3份。除分蘖和千粒重外,其余指标的隶属函数值、CDC值、D值和WDC值均随着抗旱级别的升高而增大。回归分析表明, 5个测定指标均与D值密切相关。干旱胁迫对大麦种质资源成株期各指标均有极显著影响。确定了D值为适宜的抗旱鉴定指标。筛选出成株期抗旱性强的大麦种质资源甘啤7号、Z06-278-9、MERIT、NEVADA和西藏25,可为大麦抗旱育种、抗旱机制以及干旱调控缓解机制的研究提供技术支持。穗长、单株粒数、单株粒重、穗粒数、产量可作为大麦种质资源成株期简单、直观的抗旱评价指标。     

A cluster analysis of wild and domesticated soybean phenotypes

Summary Cluster analysis techniques were used to examine phenotypic variation within the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection. This study included ten Plant Introductions each of the domesticated soybean, Glycine max (L). Merr., the wild soybean, G. soja Sieb. & Zucc., and a disputed species, G. gracilis Skvortz. G. max and G. soja were found to be morphologically distinct entities and G. gracilis was found to be conspecific with G. max. Because G. gracilis probably represents weedy races associated with the cultivated soybean and because gracilis phenotypes can be distinguished from G. max, the designation, G. max forma gracilis, is recommended.Joint contribution: North Central Region, Agricultural Research, Science and Education Administration, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and Journal Paper No. J-9389 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa 50011; Project 2107.     

Identification of soybean mosaic virus resistance alleles in Jindou 1 soybean

Jindou 1 is a soybean cultivar from China, which is resistant to all seven Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) strains identified in the U.S. An F₂ population consisted of 91 plants derived from the cross Jindou 1× Essex were used for genetic analysis of SMV resistance. The segregation analysis of the F₂ population indicated that Jindou 1 contained a dominant gene for SMV G1 resistance. Co-segregating analyses showed that the gene was tightly linked to a SNP marker, 3gG2-snp2, which was derived from the SMV Rsv1 candidate gene 3gG2, with a genetic distance 1.1 cM and the gene was independent to the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker, Barc-040713-07825, which is linked to Rsv4 on chromosome 2 (linkage group D1b). The gene in Jindou 1 was assumed to be Rsv1-y based on an Rsv1-specific PCR-based marker 3gG2-f1/r1 and the SNP maker 3gG2-snp1. Beside Rsv1-y, Jindou 1 was postulated to have Rsv3 based on the reaction pattern to 7 SMV strains G1–G7 in comparisons with the patterns in SMV differential lines.     

六倍体小黑麦品种资源的抗旱性聚类分析

本研究选用10个六倍体小黑麦品种(系)为材料,利用20%PEG-6000模拟干旱,检测各品种芽期的发芽势、发芽率、胚芽鞘长、主根长以及苗期的POD和SOD活性、相对含水量、MDA含量,并计算各性状的抗旱系数（T/CK）,根据抗旱系数的欧氏距离将其聚为两大类,一类为抗旱性强的S1、S3、S5、S8、 S10,另一类为抗旱性弱的S2、S4、S6、S7、S9。同时,利用RAPD分子标记分析其遗传多样性,以0.34为阈值将其分为三类,其中S4、S5为一类;S1、S2、S3、S6、S7、S8、S9为一类, S10自成一类。对比分析发现抗旱性强的一类品种分散分布在分子标记的三大类群里,表明这些分子标记与品种的抗旱性不相关。但反过来可以说明这些抗旱性强的品种其遗传差异较大,遗传变异丰富,为在小麦或小黑麦的抗旱育种中更好地利用这些品种资源提供了依据。     

利用回交导入系聚合选择SMV抗性高油大豆种质资源?

以中品95-5383为供体材料,绥农14号大豆品种为受体回交,建立一个回交导入系。多次回交获得高世代回交品系,对后代材料 BC1F4进行接种鉴定,选择稳定抗 SMV 株系,利用绥农20×绥农14分离群体中的高油株系,分别与绥农14×中品95-5383中抗 SMV 的株系杂交,聚合高油、SMV 抗性基因到同一材料,筛选出抗 SMV 的高油大豆品系。通过轮回选择、种质资源中有利基因的深层发掘、严格和准确的目标性状选择,达到高效率培育能在产量、品质、抗病性上都有显著提高的优良大豆新材料。     

Identification of quantitative trait loci underlying resistance of soybean to Fusarium graminearum

Fusarium graminearum could cause serious yield loss of soybean. Host resistance could offer an economical and effective way to control F. graminearum. The aims of this study were to identify and confirm quantitative trait loci (QTLs) underlying resistance to F. graminearum, and to analyse the genetic effects of pyramid resistance QTL on resistance level. A total of 140 F_2:14 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) were constructed via the cross between 'Hefeng 25' (moderate resistance to F. graminearum) and 'Conrad' (resistance to F. graminearum). The molecular genetic linkage map was constructed based on 164 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. A total of seven QTLs underlying F. graminearum resistance, located on six chromosomes, were identified. Among these seven identified QTLs, beneficial allele of qFG-1, qFG-2 and qFG-3 derived from 'Hefeng 25' and beneficial allele of qFG-4, qFG-5, qFG-6, qFG-7 derived from 'Conrad'. Of these seven identified QTLs, qFG-1, qFG-3, qFG-4 and qFG-5 were novel for F. graminearum resistance. Four pairs of QTLs with significant epistatic effects were found. The accumulation of resistance QTL was positively correlated with decreases in disease severity index, which was valuable for improving efficiency of marker-assistant breeding in F. graminearum resistance.