不同近地表水文条件下紫色土坡面土壤侵蚀过程研究

采用模拟降雨试验,研究了自由下渗(free drainage)、土壤水分饱和(saturation)、壤中流(seepage)3种近地面水文条件下紫色土坡面土壤侵蚀过程.结果表明,近地表水文条件会对紫色土坡面侵蚀过程产生重要影响.在地面坡度5°～15°条件下,当地表水文条件由自由下渗演变为土壤水分饱和时,坡面侵蚀量由1.31～2.02 g/(min·m2)增加到1.83～5.50 g/(min·m2);当地表水文条件由土壤水分饱和变为壤中流时,坡面侵蚀量达到4.40～16.41 g/(min·m2).土壤水分饱和条件下坡面侵蚀量是自由下渗的1.40～2.73倍;壤中流条件下坡面侵蚀量是自由下渗时的3.36～8.12倍,是土壤水分饱和时的2.40～2.98倍.同时,坡面坡度对紫色土坡面侵蚀过程有重要的影响.     

坡面尺度林地植被对地表径流与土壤水分的影响初步研究

通过定位观测以及对两个天然坡面有林地径流场和无林地径流场进行对比,以2003年、2004年实测的降雨、径流数据分析研究区域内降雨特性、地表径流产生的过程和机制,并结合1996～1998年相关数据,初步研究了林地植被对地表径流的影响.结果表明:无论是有林地还是无林地,地表径流系数随降雨量增大而增大.有林地径流系数小于对应的无林地径流系数.植被对地表径流有不同程度的削减作用,径流削减率与降雨量大小并不是单一的线性(递增、递减)关系:当降雨量小于73.04mm时,植被对地表径流系数的削减率随降雨量增加而增加,当降雨量大于73.04mm时,植被对地表径流系数削减率随降雨量增加降低.植被能够削弱地表径流的峰值,延缓峰值出现的时间,使得径流历时加长.植被对地表径流削减率的大小和降雨量大小关系不是单一的线性(递增、递减)关系:当降雨量小于73.04mm时,植被对洪峰的削减率随降雨量增加而增加,当降雨量大于73.04mm时,植被对洪峰的削减率随降雨量增加而呈总体下降趋势.以2004年为例,比较有林地与无林地在三种相同坡位情况下的土壤含水量大小关系,结果:坡上位土壤水分有林地大于无林地,而坡下、坡中无林地土壤水分大于有林地.说明林地植被能够拦蓄、调节径流,起到涵养水源、在空间和时间上合理配置土壤水分、提高生态效益的作用.     

坡面汇流汇沙与侵蚀—搬运—沉积过程

侵蚀、搬运和沉积过程是土壤侵蚀过程中相互影响又相互制约的三个子过程。自从 2 0世纪 40年代Ellison[1～ 4] 将水蚀过程分为四个子过程 ,即雨滴侵蚀过程、径流侵蚀过程、雨滴搬运过程和径流搬运过程以来 ,许多学者从不同角度对其进行了研究。Meyer和Wischeier[5] 及Meyer和Fo     

间歇降雨对红壤坡面土壤侵蚀特征的影响

自然条件下降雨多以间歇形式出现,而坡面土壤侵蚀又是一个渐变发育的复杂过程。通过3个雨强(60,90,120 mm/h)、5个坡度(5°,10°,15°,20°,25°)下的15场室内模拟降雨,研究一、二次降雨条件下不同雨强、坡度及降雨量对红壤坡面径流和侵蚀过程的影响,探讨间歇降雨条件下坡面侵蚀发育过程及其主要影响因素的变化。结果表明:(1)二次降雨的产流时间相比一次降雨均提前,一次降雨径流总量受到雨强、坡度和降雨量的共同影响,15°坡度是径流总量变化的一个转折点,二次降雨时降雨量的作用减弱,各雨强下的最大相差倍数减小,各坡度之间的倍数差距也减小。(2)一次降雨发生细沟侵蚀最主要的动力是降雨强度,大雨强、陡坡情况下细沟侵蚀更容易产生,而15°坡度对细沟侵蚀的产生具有重要作用,此时若发生细沟侵蚀,坡面侵蚀则多以细沟侵蚀为主,二者侵蚀量呈正比例函数关系,二次降雨的细沟侵蚀量和一次降雨过程中细沟发育情况相关,一次降雨的细沟发育越剧烈,二次降雨的细沟侵蚀量越少,此时细沟侵蚀量和总侵蚀量呈一次函数关系。总体来说,侵蚀总量的变化和细沟发育所处阶段紧密相关。(3)间歇降雨条件下,不同雨强、坡度、降雨量对坡面土壤径流和侵蚀过程的影响存在差异;同时,一次降雨土壤径流和侵蚀的变化对后期二次降雨径流和侵蚀的发展具有重要影响,使得在不同土壤侵蚀发展阶段,雨强、坡度、降雨量等因子对坡面土壤径流和侵蚀影响的程度也随之改变。     

降雨和径流条件下红壤坡面细沟侵蚀过程

为明确第四纪黏土发育红壤坡面侵蚀过程特征,采用人工模拟降雨和径流冲刷相结合试验,研究坡度、流量和降雨因素对坡面细沟侵蚀过程影响。结果表明:1)坡面侵蚀过程呈现明显阶段性,试验条件下侵蚀前3 min为层状面蚀为主的初始阶段,细沟出现后转变为细沟侵蚀为主的细沟发育阶段。降雨以及增加坡度和流量能加快细沟发育速度和侵蚀速率;2)各侵蚀阶段平均侵蚀速率关系为初始阶段细沟发育阶段细沟稳定阶段。初始阶段侵蚀速率对各水动力学参数响应关系为水流功率坡度水流剪切力单位水流功率=流速流量。细沟发育阶段平均侵蚀速率与水流功率、水流剪切力和坡度关系密切,而细沟稳定阶段侵蚀速率只与坡度和流量相关;3)水流功率是与初始阶段和细沟发育阶段关系最密切的水动力学参数,侵蚀初始阶段的层状面蚀、单独径流冲刷和降雨-径流作用下细沟侵蚀发生的临界水流功率分别为0.091、0.121、?1.691 N/(m·s)。试验在小尺度条件下初步揭示了红壤坡面细沟侵蚀过程特征,为南方红壤丘陵区土壤侵蚀预报模型和侵蚀防治提供理论参考。     

玉米苗期横垄坡面地表糙度的变化及其对细沟侵蚀的影响

通过野外人工模拟降雨试验,研究玉米苗期紫色土坡耕地地表糙度的变化特征,并分析地表糙度对细沟侵蚀过程中产流及侵蚀产沙的影响。结果表明,细沟侵蚀阶段,与降雨前相比,降雨后地表糙度整体呈减小的变化趋势。不同坡度下,地表糙度变幅(Rr)均随雨强的增大而增大,其中15°坡面变化较为明显,1.0,1.5,2.0mm/min雨强下地表糙度变幅(Rr)分别为0.50,5.82,12.96。地表径流随雨强的增大而增大,壤中流变化不明显。15°坡面,1.5,2.0mm/min雨强的地表径流显著高于1.0mm/min;20°坡面,各雨强间地表径流量差异显著。坡面侵蚀产沙量随雨强的增大而增大,15°坡面,1.5,2.0mm/min雨强的侵蚀产沙量均显著高于1.0mm/min,其侵蚀产沙量较1.0mm/min条件下分别提高9.74倍和16.91倍;20°坡面,各雨强间侵蚀产沙量差异显著,1.5,2.0mm/min雨强的侵蚀产沙量较1.0mm/min条件下分别提高5.38倍和8.96倍。地表糙度变幅(Rr)、雨强与地表径流量和细沟侵蚀产沙量均呈极显著相关,可较好地实现坡面径流和侵蚀产沙的预测。     

坡面细沟侵蚀发生的临界水力条件研究

通过径流冲刷实验,研究了坡面侵蚀方式由面状侵蚀向细沟侵蚀过渡,发达过程中径流的水动力学特征,根据侵蚀量的观测对比,提出了表明细沟开始产生的形态尺度大小,以及细沟侵蚀产生的临界条件,实验结果表明,基于对侵蚀量的贡献程度,当具有明为沟缘的侵蚀沟深度在0．8－1.0cm时,侵蚀方式已由面状侵蚀发展为细沟侵蚀,径流的弗罗德数可作为反映细沟侵蚀发生的水动力临界参数,弗罗德数大于1是细沟形成的水动力临界条件,除满足水动力临界条件外,细沟侵蚀发生还要求具有最小径流量,对于一定的土壤,临界径流量的大小主要由坡面倾斜度决定,在实际土条件下,细沟侵蚀发生临界流量与坡度有关系式：qc=0.8574(sinθ）^-7/8.     

紫色土细沟剥蚀率对近地表水流作用的响应

近地表水流的存在会加剧土壤侵蚀过程,剥蚀率是土壤侵蚀预报模型的重要物理参数,其对近地表水流的响应值得进一步研究.采用限定性细沟模拟冲刷试验,探讨不同工况条件(3个近地表水流饱和深度5,10,15 cm;3个坡度5°,10°,15°;3个流量2,4,8 L/min)下紫色土细沟剥蚀特征.结果表明:不同近地表水流饱和深度下...     

稀土元素示踪坡面次降雨条件下的侵蚀过程

为定量研究次降雨条件下坡面侵蚀形态的演变过程,该文利用REE-INAA（稀土元素-中子活化分析）方法,将REE元素沿坡面垂直分层布设并结合室内模拟降雨试验,研究了次降雨条件下面蚀和细沟侵蚀的转变和动态发育过程。结果表明：降雨初期坡面主要发生面蚀,细沟出现后,坡面侵蚀将加快加剧,细沟侵蚀深度随之迅速增加。坡面侵蚀中面蚀量约占总侵蚀量的30%左右,细沟侵蚀量占70%左右。单位深度范围内最上层土壤侵蚀量最大,向下依次递减。可以将坡面侵蚀形态演变过程划分为面蚀、细沟发育和细沟稳定3个阶段,各阶段转化都有明显的拐点出现。因此,利用REE-INAA方法可以对土壤侵蚀演变过程进行较准确地定量研究。     

工程堆积体陡坡坡面土壤侵蚀水动力学过程

工程堆积体产生的新增水土流失严重威胁工程建设区及其附近区域的生态安全。该文采用野外放水冲刷试验的方法,对神木-府谷高速公路沿线典型工程堆积体陡坡坡面土壤侵蚀水动力过程进行了研究,结果表明,1）水流剪切力、水流功率及径流动能对薄层水流侵蚀土壤剥蚀率的影响皆可用线性方程描述,单位水流功率、过水断面单位能量的影响不显著;2）水流剪切力、水流功率、过水断面单位能量对细沟侵蚀土壤剥蚀率的影响皆可用线性方程描述,单位水流功率的影响可用幂函数方程描述,径流动能的影响可用对数线性方程描述;3）水流功率是与土壤剥蚀率关系最好的水动力学参数,是坡面侵蚀的动力根源;4）发生细沟侵蚀的临界水流功率为3 N/(m·s),细沟可蚀性参数为8×10-3 s2/m2。该结果可为工程堆积体陡坡坡面土壤侵蚀模型的建立奠定基础,为生产建设项目区新增水土流失治理提供科学依据。     

土壤侵蚀磁性示踪剂的研制及其示踪效果研究

Soil erosion, which includes soil detachment, transport, and deposition, is one of the important dynamic land surface processes. The magnetic tracer method is a useful method for studying soil erosion processes. In this study, five types of magnetic tracers were made with fine soil, fly ash, cement, bentonite, and magnetic powder (reduced iron powder) using the method of disk granulation. The tracers were uniformly mixed with soil and tested in the laboratory using simulated rainfall and inflow experiments to simulate the interrill and rill components of soil erosion, in order to select one or more tracers which could be used to study detachment and deposition by the erosive forces of raindrops and surface flow of water on a slope. The results showed that the five types of magnetic tracers with high magnetic susceptibility and a wide range of sizes had a range of 0.99-1.29 g cm?3 in bulk density. In the interrill and rill experiments, the tracers FC1 and FC2 which consisted of ?y ash and cement at ratios of 1:1 and 2:1, respectively, were transported in phase with soil particles since the magnetic susceptibility of sediment approximated that of the soil which was uneroded and the slopes of the regression equations between the detachment of sediment and magnetic tracers FC1 and FC2 were very close to the expected value of 20, which was the original soil/tracer ratio. The detachment and deposition on slopes could be accurately reffected by the magnetic susceptibility differences. The change in magnetic susceptibility depended on whether deposition or detachment occurred. However, the tracer FS which consisted of fine soil and the tracers FB1 and FB2 which consisted of fly ash and bentonite at ratios of 1:1 and 2:1, respectively, were all unsuitable for soil erosion study since there was no consistent relationship between sediment and tracer detachment for increasing amounts of runo?. Therefore, the tracers FC1 and FC2 could be used to study soil erosion by water.     

Performance of soil and water conservation practices in the erosion evolution process,runoff dynamics and surface roughness

Soil and water conservation practices are used widely to prevent soil erosion and protect soil and water resources, which is significant for ecological restoration and food security. However, rill evolution processes, erosion and deposition characteristics and critical hydrodynamic parameters need more research. In order to investigate the effect of soil and water conservation practices on soil erosion dynamics, simulated rainfall experiments were undertaken in a laboratory on 15° loess slopes with engineering measures (fish-scale pits, FSPs), tillage measures (artificial digging, AD; contour ploughing, CP) and bare slope (CK). The results showed that: (1) during rill erosion, hillslopes with FSPs, CP and AD were more likely to develop wide and shallow rills, while a bare slope (CK) was more likely to develop narrow and deep rills. At the end of the experiment (cumulative rainfall was about 150 mm), headward retreat erosion dominated the AD slope (maximum rill length: 3.27 m), side-wall expansion erosion dominated the CP slope (maximum rill width: 0.522 m) and bed incision erosion dominated the CK (maximum rill depth: 0.09 m); (2) soil and water conservation practices reduced surface erosion and sediment transport and runoff velocity. However, the positive effects disappeared when rainfall amounts exceeded 82.5, 105 and 127.5 mm for FSPs, CP and AD, respectively; (3) for runoff kinetic energy and runoff shear strength of 3 J and 1.5 N/m², respectively, soil and water conservation measures had greater anti-erosion abilities than CK; (4) as rainfall duration increased, surface roughness, runoff rate and sediment concentration increased on the CK and FSP treatments, but decreased on the CP and AD treatments. This study has important implications for managing different soil and water conservation measures based on rainfall conditions and offers a deeper understanding of soil erosion processes.     

Effects of tillage practices combined with mucuna fallow on soil erosion and water dynamics on Ishigaki Island,Japan

Abstract

This study was conducted on a sloping field at the Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Okinawa Subtropical Station, Ishigaki Island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, to evaluate the effects of zero tillage farming combined with mucuna fallow as a cover crop on soil erosion and water dynamics. Two fallow systems (natural and mucuna) in combination with two soil tillage treatments (zero tillage and conventional tillage) were imposed on three sloping fields (2.0°, 3.5° and 5.0°). A sorghum crop (Sorghum bicolor (L) moench) was planted after the soil tillage treatment. Soil loss for zero tillage farming combined with mucuna fallow was equivalent to only 3% of that for the conventional tillage farming with natural fallow. Runoff water was also reduced by between 74% and 77% when compared with the conventional tillage system with natural fallow. These results indicate that zero tillage with mucuna fallow is a very effective measure for the control of soil erosion and water runoff. Moreover, this farming system improved water infiltration during both the fallow and the sorghum cropping periods. For the zero tillage plot, water loss as deep percolation increased 1.6-fold compared with that for the conventional farming under heavy rainfall conditions. It is expected that under less rainfall areas or seasons, the effects of zero tillage farming combined with the mucuna cover crop may be more pronounced on water runoff control and, therefore, may greatly improve soil water conditions.     

Simulation of rill erosion in black soil and albic soil during the snowmelt period

Snowmelt-induced rill erosion could bring serious harm for soil quality and agricultural productive conditions of slope farmland in the black soil zone of Northeast China. In this study, we conducted laboratory experiments to investigate the effects of the freeze-thaw (FT) temperature, number of FT cycles, water content, flow rate, and thaw depth on rill morphology and erosion amount in two common soil (black soil and albic soil). The thaw depth obtained the maximum range, which was the primary factor for the width-to-depth ratio of rills in the black soil; whereas, the flow rate obtained the maximum range as the primary factor for rill erosion in black soil and albic soil. The number of FT cycles had a minor effect on rill erosion in the two soils. Under the same conditions, the rill morphology showed a large difference between the two soils, and higher rill erosion occurred in albic soil than black soil. Rill erosion was relatively high in black soil and albic soil when the FT temperature fluctuated around 0°C during freezing-thawing. The water content exhibited a greater effect on rill erosion in black soil than in albic soil. The unthawed frozen layer could promote rill erosion during snowmelt period to some extent. The results could provide some reference for future study snowmelt-induced rill erosion mechanism and preventive measures.     

不同透水状况对坡地土壤侵蚀和养分流失的影响

 为研究坡地物质迁移的重要过程,通过室内人工降雨模拟试验,研究不同透水状况坡地土壤侵蚀和养分流失的过程与机制。研究结果表明:不透水坡地的初始产流时间比半透水和完全透水坡地提前57min,且土壤侵蚀总量大于其余两者土壤侵蚀量之和;在二次降雨条件下,不透水坡地的土壤侵蚀剧烈,土壤侵蚀量大于其他2种状况之和的5倍;在首次降雨过程中3种不同透水状况的径流养分浓度变化表现一致,仅在降雨75min后开始呈现差异;二次降雨过程中径流养分浓度存在显著差异。因此,存在不透水底层或入渗速率低的犁底层坡地,具有潜在的严重土壤侵蚀与磷钾流失趋势,尤其在初始土壤含水量较高的情况下。为合理配置坡地水土保持管理措施和控制养分流失提供参考。     

降雨类型对褐土横垄坡面土壤侵蚀过程的影响

雨型是影响土壤侵蚀过程的重要因子之一,而影响效应与耕作措施密切相关。目前,雨型对横垄坡面土壤侵蚀过程的影响机制尚不清楚。该文以褐土横垄坡面为研究对象,设计了平均雨强和降雨量相同的4种雨型(增加、减弱、增加-减弱和减弱-增加型),采用可同时调节垄向和坡面坡度的土槽进行模拟降雨,研究各个雨型下不同侵蚀阶段的产流产沙特征。结果表明:雨型间的径流量和侵蚀量在细沟间和细沟侵蚀阶段均差异显著,且差异在细沟阶段体现的更为明显。雨型间径流量的大小顺序为增加-减弱型减弱型减弱-增加型增加型,侵蚀量则为增加-减弱型减弱-增加型减弱型增加型。给定雨强下(30、60或90 mm/h),径流量、径流贡献率和侵蚀量贡献率均随降雨过程中雨强发生时序的延迟而增加,而单位径流侵蚀量呈相反趋势;雨型间给定雨强同一发生时序下的径流量和侵蚀量及其它们对总径流量和总侵蚀量的贡献率均差异显著。4种雨型下,幂函数均能很好的描述细沟间和细沟侵蚀阶段内产沙率与径流率间的关系,且方程中的指数均低于2,但雨型间幂函数方程中的指数存在明显差异。以上研究结果有助于深入理解褐土垄作系统下的土壤侵蚀机理,并为横坡垄作的合理利用提供科学指导。     

衡山花岗岩地貌过程与水土流失关系的研究

通过对衡山地貌和侵蚀过程分析，发现地貌是影响土壤侵蚀的基本因素，古代侵蚀地貌是现代地貌过程的基础，也决定着现代土壤侵蚀发展的规律。人类活动不能改变这种规律，却可影响土壤侵蚀的进程，土壤侵蚀加速了现代地貌过程，现代地貌过程的加速又强烈地影响土壤侵蚀程度和方式。用长时间尺度，区分古代侵蚀与现代侵蚀、正常侵蚀与加速侵蚀，将更有利于监控现代地貌过程，实施合理的水土保持措施，防止加速侵蚀，减缓现代侵蚀进程，从而保护环境和风景名胜区。     

衡山花岗岩地貌过程与水土流失关系的研究

通过对衡山地貌和侵蚀过程分析,发现地貌是影响土壤侵蚀的基本因素,古代侵蚀地貌是现代地貌过程的基础,也决定着现代土壤侵蚀发展的规律.人类活动不能改变这种规律,却可影响土壤侵蚀的进程,土壤侵蚀加速了现代地貌过程,现代地貌过程的加速又强烈地影响土壤侵蚀程度和方式.用长时间尺度,区分古代侵蚀与现代侵蚀、正常侵蚀与加速侵蚀,将更有利于监控现代地貌过程,实施合理的水土保持措施,防止加速侵蚀,减缓现代侵蚀进程,从而保护环境和风景名胜区.