山豆根多糖对猪圆环病毒Ⅱ型感染免疫细胞增殖活性及炎症相关因子的影响

【目的】探究山豆根多糖（SSP）对猪圆环病毒Ⅱ型（PCV2）感染RAW264.7细胞增殖活性及炎症相关因子的影响,揭示SSP对PCV2感染免疫细胞炎症相关因子的调控作用。【方法】PCV2体外感染RAW264.7细胞建立炎症模型,以不同浓度（25、50、100、200、400、800和1600μg/mL）SSP进行培养处理,然后采用CCK-8和ELISA分别测定SSP对PCV2体外感染RAW264.7细胞增殖活性及炎症相关因子（IL-1β、IL-8和MCP-1）分泌水平和胞内环氧合酶-1（COX-1）活性的影响。【结果】与细胞对照组相比,SSP浓度≤400μg/mL对RAW264.7细胞增殖活性无显著影响（P> 0.05）,但SSP浓度达800和1600μg/mL时RAW264.7细胞增殖活性极显著降低（P< 0.01,下同）,且随培养时间的延长,细胞增殖活性呈先降低后升高的变化趋势,于培养48 h时达最低值。PCV2感染RAW264.7细胞后其增殖活性极显著降低,炎症相关因子IL-1β、IL-8和MCP-1分泌水平及胞内COX-1活性极显著升高;100～400μg/mL SSP能极显著提高PCV2感染RAW264.7细胞增殖活性,且能有效降低RAW264.7细胞的IL-1β、IL-8和MCP-1分泌水平及胞内COX-1活性。具体表现为:与PCV2模型组相比,100μg/mL SSP能显著降低PCV2感染RAW264.7细胞的IL-1β和MCP-1分泌水平（P< 0.05,下同）;200μg/mL SSP能极显著降低PCV2感染RAW264.7细胞的MCP-1分泌水平,同时显著降低细胞IL-1β和IL-8的分泌水平及胞内COX-1活性;400μg/mL SSP能极显著降低PCV2感染RAW264.7细胞的IL-1β、IL-8和MCP-1分泌水平及胞内COX-1活性。【结论】SSP对RAW264.7细胞增殖活性无显著影响,也未表现出细胞毒性作用,且100～400μg/mL SSP能极显著提高PCV2感染RAW264.7细胞增殖活性,并通过调节PCV2感染免疫细胞的炎症相关因子水平而发挥抗炎作用。     

Control of viremia and prevention of clinical AIDS in rhesus monkeys by cytokine-augmented DNA vaccination

With accumulating evidence indicating the importance of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in containing human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) replication in infected individuals, strategies are being pursued to elicit virus-specific CTLs with prototype HIV-1 vaccines. Here, we report the protective efficacy of vaccine-elicited immune responses against a pathogenic SHIV-89.6P challenge in rhesus monkeys. Immune responses were elicited by DNA vaccines expressing SIVmac239 Gag and HIV-1 89.6P Env, augmented by the administration of the purified fusion protein IL-2/Ig, consisting of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and the Fc portion of immunoglobulin G (IgG), or a plasmid encoding IL-2/Ig. After SHIV-89.6P infection, sham-vaccinated monkeys developed weak CTL responses, rapid loss of CD4+ T cells, no virus-specific CD4+ T cell responses, high setpoint viral loads, significant clinical disease progression, and death in half of the animals by day 140 after challenge. In contrast, all monkeys that received the DNA vaccines augmented with IL-2/Ig were infected, but demonstrated potent secondary CTL responses, stable CD4+ T cell counts, preserved virus-specific CD4+ T cell responses, low to undetectable setpoint viral loads, and no evidence of clinical disease or mortality by day 140 after challenge.     

Regulation of expression of the interleukin-2 receptor on hematopoietic cells by interleukin-3

Remarkable similarities in the intracellular and genetic events occur when lymphoid and hematopoietic cells are exposed to their specific growth factors. The interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor, whose cell-surface expression is an absolute requirement for the growth and differentiation of lymphoid cells, was detected on various nonlymphoid hematopoietic cell types in this study. Cell lines consisting either of granulocyte-macrophage precursors or mast cells, which are dependent on interleukin-3 (IL-3) for their growth, expressed high levels of the IL-2 receptor on their surface. Analysis of the binding characteristics of these receptors with 125I-labeled recombinant IL-2 revealed that only receptors with low affinity for IL-2 were present on these cells. Addition of purified recombinant IL-3 to these cell lines led to an increase in IL-2 receptor gene expression within 1 hour in isolated nuclei. This IL-3--induced increase in the number of IL-2 receptors on the cell surface is maximal within 24 hours. Addition of 10,000 units of IL-2 to these cells had no apparent effect on their growth or differentiation. The presence of the receptor with only low affinity for IL-2 on hematopoietic cells and the regulation by IL-3 suggest that this receptor is involved in some important metabolic event in hematopoiesis.     

维生素C对β-伴大豆球蛋白诱导的仔猪肠上皮细胞炎性损伤的保护作用

为分析不同浓度维生素C(vitamin C,V_C)对β-伴大豆球蛋白(7S)诱导的仔猪肠上皮细胞(IPEC-J2)炎性损伤的保护作用,取对数生长期的IPEC-J2用于试验,随机分为对照组、7S模型组(5 mg·mL^-1 7S)和V_C(25、50、100、200、400、600、800、1 000 μmol·L^-1)保护组。细胞培养24 h后采用CCK-8法检测细胞存活率,倒置显微镜观察细胞形态学变化,ELISA法检测细胞上清液中LDH、ALP、DAO、IFABP1含量和IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、IL-4、IL-10的分泌水平,用qRT-PCR法检测IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、IL-4和IL-10 mRNA相对表达量。结果显示:7S可显著(P<0.01)降低IPEC-J2活力、破坏细胞膜完整性,上调细胞促炎性因子和下调抗炎因子的产生;与7S模型组相比,同时添加7S和V_C的试验组细胞活力增加,细胞上清液中LDH、ALP、DAO、IFABP1含量显著(P<0.01)降低,促炎因子IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α分泌水平降低,抗炎因子IL-4和IL-10的分泌水平升高。因此,不同浓度V_C均可保护由7S诱导引起的仔猪肠上皮细胞损伤,100 μmol·L^-1 V_C的修复和保护作用最佳。     

猪伪狂犬病毒体外诱导RAW264.7细胞炎症反应模型的建立

【目的】探讨猪伪狂犬病毒（Pseudorabies virus,PRV）感染对小鼠单核巨噬细胞（RAW264.7）炎症反应的影响,确定PRV的最佳感染剂量和感染时间,为建立RAW264.7细胞体外病毒感染炎症反应模型打下基础。【方法】PRV按10倍递增稀释成10-5~10-1 PRV稀释液,感染RAW264.7细胞并孵育1.5 h,弃病毒液后加入含5%胎牛血清的DMEM维持培养液继续培养,分别于继续培养2、4、8、12、24和48 h时收集细胞上清液,采用ELISA测定IL-6、IL-10、IL-1β、TNF-α、MCP-1和IFN-γ分泌水平及环氧合酶（COX-1和COX-2）活性,并以CCK-8法测定细胞活性。【结果】以PRV感染RAW264.7细胞4~48 h后均能通过PCR扩增获得PRV核酸的特异性条带,故选择4~48 h作为后续研究的PRV感染时间范围;10-2 PRV~10-1 PRV感染可显著降低RAW264.7细胞活性（P<0.05,下同）,10-3 PRV组仅在培养48 h时出现下降趋势,而10-5 PRV~10-4 PRV感染对RAW264.7细胞活性无显著影响。PRV感染RAW264.7细胞后,其胞内炎症因子IL-6、IFN-γ、TNF-α、IL-1β和MCP-1的分泌水平整体上呈升高趋势,其中10-3 PRV感染RAW264.7细胞12 h能显著或极显著（P<0.01）提高IL-6、IFN-γ、TNF-α、IL-1β和MCP-1的分泌水平;10-4 PRV~10-1 PRV感染组的IL-10分泌水平均呈升高趋势,而10-5 PRV感染组在感染8和24 h时IL-10分泌水平明显低于空白对照组,至感染48 h所有病毒感染组的IL-10分泌水平均降低;10-3 PRV~10-1 PRV感染8~24 h能有效提高RAW264.7细胞的COX-2活性,但对COX-1活性的影响不明显。【结论】PRV感染能诱导RAW264.7细胞发生炎症反应,其中10-3 PRV体外感染RAW264.7细胞8~12 h是建立RAW264.7细胞炎症反应模型的最佳条件。该模型可应用于PRV感染与RAW264.7细胞炎症反应相关干预药物的研究,为进一步揭示PRV感染机理及开发抗病毒感染药物提供理论依据。     

PRRSV诱导猪体内肺泡巨噬细胞炎症模型的建立

[目的]建立猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)诱导体内猪肺泡巨噬细胞(PAM)炎症模型,评价PRRSV感染对仔猪免疫系统的影响,为猪繁殖与呼吸综合征(PRRS)的临床诊断及科学防控提供参考依据.[方法]以PRRSV-GXNN1396株人工感染30日龄健康断奶仔猪,复制出PRRS病症,剖杀后采集病料,通过组织病理学和RT-PCR检测观察各免疫器官组织的病理变化及其病毒分布情况,并检测PAM细胞内的COX-1、COX-2等酶活性变化及IL-6、IL-8、IL-10、IL-1β、IFN-γ、MCP-1和TNF-α等炎性细胞因子水平变化.[结果]断奶仔猪接种PRRSV-GXNN1396株后第3d开始表现出典型的PRRS病症,PRRSV主要集中在肺脏、颌下淋巴结、血液和扁桃体等样品组织中,攻毒仔猪各主要器官的实质细胞及有关淋巴细胞均出现不同程度坏死和炎症细胞浸入现象,尤其以肺脏、肾脏、脾脏等器官受损严重,出现巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞浸润.PRRSV感染早期(第3d)仔猪PAM细胞中的ROS水平及COX-2、IL-6、IL-8、IL-10和TNF-α等因子水平均呈升高趋势,且COX-2、IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α因子水平极显著升高(P<0.01);随着感染天数的增加,PAM细胞内的COX-2、IL-6和IL-8因子水平呈下降趋势,TNF-α因子水平呈上升趋势.[结论]成功建立了PRRSV诱导仔猪体内PAM细胞炎症模型,进一步佐证PRRSV主要侵害猪的免疫器官组织,以达到免疫抑制的效果,并推断感染第3d是病猪炎症反应的高峰期.     

IL-24对瘢痕疙瘩成纤维细胞增殖、细胞周期和缺氧诱导因子-1α表达的影响

目的观察IL-24对瘢痕疙瘩成纤维细胞（KF）的抑制效应及缺氧诱导因子-1α（HIF-1α）表达的影响。方法建立KF组、携带绿色荧光蛋白表达质粒的KF组（pEGFP-KF组）、携带转染IL-24基因表达质粒的KF组（IL-24-pEGFP-KF组）,用噻唑蓝法及流式细胞术检测KF增殖、细胞周期变化。建立KF、pEGFP-KF、IL-24-pEGFP-KF细胞株裸鼠移植瘤模型,免疫组织化学检测KF中HIF-1α表达。结果 IL-24-pEGFP-KF组较pEGFP-KF组、KF组到达平台期延迟,IL-24明显抑制了细胞增殖（P〈0.05）。IL-24-pEGFP-KF组的G0/G1期比例明显高于pEGFP-KF组、KF组,而S、G2/M期比例明显降低（P〈0.05）。IL-24-pEGFP-KF组的HIF-1α表达明显低于pEGFP-KF组和KF组。结论 IL-24可抑制KF增殖和HIF-1α表达,阻止细胞周期于G0/G1期。     

Interleukin-2: inception, impact, and implications

Interleukin-2 (IL-2), the first of a series of lymphocytotrophic hormones to be recognized and completely characterized, is pivotal for the generation and regulation of the immune response. A T lymphocyte product, IL-2 also stimulates T cells to undergo cell cycle progression via a finite number of interactions with its specific membrane receptors. Because T cell clonal proliferation after antigen challenge is obligatory for immune responsiveness and immune memory, the IL-2-T cell system has opened the way to a molecular understanding of phenomena that are fundamental to biology, immunology, and medicine.     

Zeylenone对急性淋巴细胞白血病细胞增殖及凋亡的影响

目的探讨Zeylenone体外抗急性淋巴细胞白血病(Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia,ALL)效应及作用的可能机制。方法应用MTT法比较Zeylenone对肿瘤细胞、正常细胞增殖的影响;AO/EB染色观察其对ALL细胞(Reh、RS4;11)凋亡形态学的改变;流式细胞仪检测药物对细胞凋亡及细胞周期的影响。结果 Zeylenone对多种细胞呈现增殖抑制作用,且对ALL细胞株呈现更高的敏感性,而对外周血单个核细胞(Peripheral blood mononuclear cell,PBMC)抑制作用较小,抑制Reh、RS4;11细胞增殖呈时间依赖性和剂量依赖性;Zeylenone能够诱导ALL细胞凋亡,阻滞细胞周期于G0/G1期。结论 Zeylenone体外具有抗ALL细胞增殖的作用,其作用与诱导细胞凋亡、阻滞细胞周期相关。     

IL-15过表达对猪骨骼肌细胞成肌分化的影响

【目的】研究肌肉因子IL-15（interleukin 15）对猪骨骼肌成肌细胞增殖与凋亡的影响,为进一步研究IL-15在动物肌肉品质调控和骨骼肌疾病治疗提供依据。【方法】构建IL-15过表达慢病毒载体GV-492-IL-15,体外无菌分离培养猪骨骼肌卫星细胞,诱导分化,并通过免疫荧光染色进行成肌细胞验证。将成肌细胞转染IL-15过表达重组慢病毒载体,试验分别设置空白对照组（Control）、转染阴性对照病毒组（IL-15-）和转染GV-492-IL-15（IL-15+）慢病毒试验组（n=3）。培养72 h后,收集细胞和培养上清液。分别采用实时定量PCR（qRT-PCR）和Western Blot技术分析目的基因和蛋白的表达情况,采用ELISA试剂盒分析培养液中IL-15含量,采用CCK-8试剂盒分析成肌细胞活力,采用流式细胞术分析细胞周期和细胞凋亡,采用Western Blot技术检测与细胞凋亡密切相关的caspase-3蛋白表达水平的变化。【结果】（1）经鉴定后的质粒转染293T细胞,细胞内可观察到明显的绿色荧光,经Western Blot检测,可以观察到20 kD附近处有特征条带;（2）分离培养的猪骨骼肌卫星细胞呈梭形或纺锤形,诱导后可分化为呈管状的成肌细胞。将分化后的成肌细胞,进行α-SMA单克隆抗体免疫荧光染色,视野中90%的细胞呈阳性反应,胞浆染成红色,表明细胞为骨骼肌成肌细胞。（3）转染GV-492-IL-15慢病毒后,与对照细胞组相比,成肌细胞内IL-15 mRNA和蛋白相对表达量均极显著升高（P<0.001）,但培养液中IL-15蛋白水平变化不大（P>0.05）。CCK-8结果显示,过表达IL-15可增强细胞的增殖能力（P<0.05）。与对照组相比,转染GV-492-IL-15慢病毒的细胞早期凋亡率差异不显著（P>0.05）,但细胞晚期凋亡率显著下降（P<0.05）。与对照组相比,转染慢病毒组细胞中caspase-3蛋白有下降的趋势,但差异不显著（P>0.05）。此外,转染IL-15过表达慢病毒可使G1期细胞比例显著下降,S期和G2/M期细胞比例显著升高（P<0.05）。【结论】在正常生理条件下,IL-15是定位在细胞内并发挥作用的,IL-15过表达对猪骨骼肌成肌细胞早期凋亡没有显著影响,但可以抑制其晚期凋亡,并促进细胞增殖。这一研究将为IL-15正向调控猪骨骼肌肌肉品质和治疗相关肌肉疾病提供技术和理论依据。     

On the nature of a defect in cells from individuals with ataxia-telangiectasia

The cells and tissues of patients with ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), an inherited disease characterized by a high degree of proneness to cancer, are abnormally sensitive to ionizing radiation. Noncycling cultures of normal human and A-T fibroblasts were exposed to x-rays so that the breakage and rejoining of prematurely condensed chromosomes in the G1 phase could be compared. After a dose of 6.0 grays, both cell types had the same initial frequency of breaks and the same rate for rejoining of the breaks, but the fraction of breaks that did not rejoin was five to six times greater for the A-T cells. The results also show that progression of cells into the S phase is not a prerequisite for the increased frequency of chromosome fragments that appear in mitosis after A-T cells are irradiated in the G1 or G0 phase.     

Identification of a putative regulator of early T cell activation genes

Molecules involved in the antigen receptor-dependent regulation of early T cell activation genes were investigated with the use of functional sequences of the T cell activation-specific enhancer of interleukin-2 (IL-2). One of these sequences forms a protein complex, NFAT-1, specifically with nuclear extracts of activated T cells. This complex appeared 10 to 25 minutes before the activation of the IL-2 gene. Studies with inhibitors of protein synthesis indicated that the time of synthesis of the activator of the IL-2 gene in Jurkat T cells corresponds to the time of appearance of NFAT-1. NFAT-1, or a very similar protein, bound functional sequences of the long terminal repeat (LTR) of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1; the LTR of this virus is known to be stimulated during early T cell activation. The binding site for this complex activated a linked promoter after transfection into antigen receptor-activated T cells but not other cell types. These characteristics suggest that NFAT-1 transmits signals initiated at the T cell antigen receptor.     

Cytokine-induced expression of HIV-1 in a chronically infected promonocyte cell line

A model system for cytokine-induced up-regulation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) expression in chronically infected promonocyte clones was established. The parent promonocyte cell line U937 was chronically infected with HIV-1 and from this line a clone, U1, was derived. U1 showed minimal constitutive expression of HIV-1, but virus expression was markedly up-regulated by a phytohemagglutinin-induced supernatant containing multiple cytokines and by recombinant granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor alone. Recombinant interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-2, interferon-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha did not up-regulate virus expression. Concomitant with the cytokine-induced up-regulation of HIV-1, expression of membrane-bound IL-1 beta was selectively induced in U1 in the absence of induction of other surface membrane proteins. This cytokine up-regulation of IL-1 beta was not seen in the uninfected parent U937 cell line. These studies have implications for the understanding of the mechanism of progression from a latent or low-level HIV-1 infection to a productive infection with resulting immunosuppression. In addition, this model can be used to delineate the potential mechanisms whereby HIV-1 infection regulates cellular gene expression.     

蛋白激酶C抑制剂对CNE—2Z细胞周期的影响

目的：蛋白激酶Ｃ（ＰＫＣ）抑制剂诱导ＣＮＥ－２Ｚ细胞凋亡时细胞周期的观察。方法：ＰＫＣ催化区抑制剂Ｓｔａｕｒｏｓｐｏｉｎｅ（ＳＴ）和调节区抑制剂Ｓｐｈｉｎｇｏｓｉｎｅ（ＳＳ），终浓度分别为１×１０＾－６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ和４×１０＾－５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，诱导ＣＮＥ－２Ｚ细胞２４ｈ，用流式细胞仪（ＲＣＭ）分析。结果：诱导组细胞周期与对照组比较，ＳＴ使细胞Ｇ１和Ｓ期明显减少及Ｇ２期明显增加，（Ｐ〈０．０１），ＳＳ使     

PCV2感染猪血管内皮细胞相关免疫调节分子的表达变化

将猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)接种猪血管内皮细胞(VEC),于接种后不同时间收集细胞及上清,利用实时荧光定量PCR和ELISA技术分析VEC相关免疫调节分子表达变化。与对照组相比,PCV2感染后血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、IL-6与巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(M-CSF)的mRNA水平变化趋势基本一致,VEGF和M-CSF在感染后12h显著上调,IL-6与M-CSF在48h显著下调;MCP-1和IL-8在感染后4h和48h均显著上调,且IL-8在24h时上调显著,72h下调显著。蛋白水平上,VEGF在4h显著下降,24h显著增高;IL-8在4h和24h显著上升。以上结果表明,PCV2体外感染导致VEC免疫调节功能分子表达异常,其炎性趋化、黏附能力以及对树突状细胞(DC)的分化、成熟等免疫调节功能可能受到影响。     

Effect of Zinc Toxicity on Lymphoid Organs in Chickens

The experiment was conducted with the objective of studies on effects of zinc toxicity on lymphoid organs by the methods of experimental pathology and flow cytometry (FCM). 200one-day-old Avian broilers were divided into four groups randomly, and fed on diets as follows: controls (Zn 100mg kg-1)and zinc toxic (Zn 1 500mg kg-1, zinc toxic group Ⅰ; Zn 2 000 mg kg-1, zinc toxic group Ⅱ; Zn 2 500 mg kg-1, zinc toxic group Ⅲ) for seven weeks. The weight and growth index of the thymus, spleen and bursa of Fabricius were reduced in both zinc toxic group Ⅱ and zinc toxic group Ⅲ when compared with those of control group. The G0/G1 phase of the cell cycles of the lymphoid organs was higher, and S, G2+M phases lower in zinc toxic groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ than in control group. Lymphocytes were depleted and degenerate in the lymphoid organs. The reticular cells of the bursa of Fabricius proliferated and the reticular cells of the thymus were also degenerate and necrotic,particularly in zinc toxic groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ. The results demonstrated that more than 1 500 mg kg-1 impaired the progression of lymphocytes from the G0/G1 phase to S phase obviously, inhibited the development of lymphoid organs and caused marked pathological changes in the lymphoid organs. Potential mechanisms underlying these observations are also discussed.     

Cell cycle control of DNA replication by a homologue from human cells of the p34cdc2 protein kinase

The regulation of DNA replication during the eukaryotic cell cycle was studied in a system where cell free replication of simian virus 40 (SV40) DNA was used as a model for chromosome replication. A factor, RF-S, was partially purified from human S phase cells based on its ability to activate DNA replication in extracts from G1 cells. RF-S contained a human homologue of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe p34cdc2 kinase, and this kinase was necessary for RF-S activity. The limiting step in activation of the p34 kinase at the G1 to S transition may be its association with a cyclin since addition of cyclin A to a G1 extract was sufficient to start DNA replication. These observations suggest that the role of p34cdc2 in controlling the start of DNA synthesis has been conserved in evolution.     

Generation and analysis of interleukin-4 deficient mice

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) promotes the growth and differentiation of many hematopoietic cells in vitro; in particular, it directs the immunoglobulin (Ig) class switch to IgG1 and IgE. Mice homozygous for a mutation that inactivates the IL-4 gene were generated to test the requirement for IL-4 in vivo. In the mutant mice T and B cell development was normal, but the serum levels of IgG1 and IgE were strongly reduced. The IgG1 dominance in a T cell-dependent immune response was lost, and IgE was not detectable upon nematode infection. Thus, some but not all of the in vitro properties of IL-4 are critical for the physiology of the immune system in vivo.     

The RAD9 gene controls the cell cycle response to DNA damage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Cell division is arrested in many organisms in response to DNA damage. Examinations of the genetic basis for this response in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae indicate that the RAD9 gene product is essential for arrest of cell division induced by DNA damage. Wild-type haploid cells irradiated with x-rays either arrest or delay cell division in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. Irradiated G1 and M phase haploid cells arrest irreversibly in G2 and die, whereas irradiated G2 phase haploid cells delay in G2 for a time proportional to the extent of damage before resuming cell division. In contrast, irradiated rad9 cells in any phase of the cycle do not delay cell division in G2, but continue to divide for several generations and die. However, efficient DNA repair can occur in irradiated rad9 cells if irradiated cells are blocked for several hours in G2 by treatment with a microtubule poison. The RAD9-dependent response detects potentially lethal DNA damage and causes arrest of cells in G2 until such damage is repaired.