大熊猫核糖体蛋白S17亚基基因（rps17）的克隆及序列分析

RPS17蛋白是核糖体40S亚基的组成部分,由rps17基因编码.为了解大熊猫核糖体蛋白亚基rps17基因的结构特点及其与已报道的人和其他哺乳动物核糖体蛋白亚基rps17基因的异同,分别运用RT-PCR和PCR技术,从大熊猫肌肉组织的mRNA中成功克隆了核糖体蛋白亚基S17基因的cDNA序列以及从总DNA中成功克隆了S17基因的结构基因序列.序列分析发现,大熊猫核糖体蛋白亚基S17基因的表达序列长为457bp,开放阅读框(ORF)为408bp,编码135个氨基酸的蛋白质.结构基因序列长2 368bp,含有4个外显子和3个内含子.拓扑预测显示,核糖体蛋白亚基RPS17的相对分子质量为15.52×103,PI为10.26,含有5个类型的功能位点,即:5个蛋白激酶C磷酸化位点,1个酪蛋白激酶II磷酸化位点,1个酪氨酸激酶磷酸化位点,1个N-豆蔻酰化位点及1个核糖体蛋白S17Esignature位点.进一步分析发现,该基因的表达序列及其编码的氨基酸序列与已报道的部分哺乳动物有很高的相似性,其蛋白质的高级结构除褐家鼠外与其它物种也具有一致性.对大熊猫rps17基因及其表达的蛋白质结构的比较研究,旨在丰富和完善哺乳动物r...     

海洋动物核糖体RNA基因的结构特征和功能进化

核糖体普遍存在于各种细胞中,由大小两个亚基组成,是细胞中进行合成蛋白质的场所。核糖体组成成分为核糖体RNA以及蛋白质。核糖体RNA基因被广泛应用于海洋动物研究中,本文着重介绍海洋动物核糖体RNA基因的结构特征以及功能进化,供生物进化、分子系统学、系统发育以及海洋动物分类和种质鉴定等研究者参考。     

小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基研究进展

小麦是重要的粮食作物,随着人们生活水平的提高,对小麦品质提出了更高的要求,小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)无疑对小麦品质有重大的影响。从高分子量谷蛋白亚基的命名、基因的定位、多态性和遗传以及高分子量谷蛋白亚基的结构和功能、与品质的关系、目前高分子量谷蛋白亚基分子标记的开发、转基因情况等方面进行了综述。     

小麦谷蛋白研究进展

全面了解小麦麦谷蛋白亚基的遗传、生化特性及烘烤品质的关系，有助于小麦品质的改良和研究。本文综述国内外对小麦麦谷蛋白亚基的遗传、多态性、基因表达、结构、分子特征及与小麦品质的关系等方面的研究，提出了引入优质亚基，改善小麦品质的可行性。     

植物核糖体失活蛋白研究进展

核糖体失活蛋白(Ribosome-inactivating proteins,RIPs)是广泛存在于高等植物体内的一类毒蛋白,其作用位点多为细胞的核糖体大亚基RNA。该蛋白通过去除核糖体RNA(rRNA)中一个或多个腺嘌呤残基,导致rRNA断链且核糖体结构被破坏,不能正常结合蛋白质合成过程中的延伸因子,进而导致植物体的蛋白质生物合成受抑制。有研究表明,RIPs对多种病菌、害虫具有广谱抗性,这一特性使得RIPs在农业领域具有很高的应用价值,可用于培育转基因作物、抗虫活性、研制免疫毒素等。     

低氧胁迫下斑马鱼鳃中核糖体蛋白基因家族的表达分析

为研究斑马鱼核糖体蛋白应对低氧胁迫的生物学功能，对低氧胁迫和常氧条件下斑马鱼（Danio rerio）鳃组织进行转录组分析，利用高通量测序检测了低氧胁迫与常氧条件下斑马鱼鳃转录组中核糖体蛋白家族基因的表达差异。结果表明：在两个不同浓度的低氧胁迫下，斑马鱼鳃组织中60个核糖体蛋白基因的表达量显著上调。其中大亚基核糖体蛋白基因35个，小亚基核糖体蛋白基因25个。在低氧胁迫下斑马鱼鳃中显著差异表达基因GO富集的前15条通路中，均包括核糖体蛋白基因，且其中的5条通路与核糖体蛋白组装合成相关。在富集到“translation”GO通路中，富集到44个核糖体蛋白基因。另外，利用前期筛选出的低氧条件下斑马鱼鳃中显著低表达的2个miRNAs，针对低氧下表达量显著上调的60个核糖体蛋白基因进行靶基因预测，结果表明：斑马鱼miR-455-3p可以同时靶向核糖体蛋白基因rpl13和rplp1来调控斑马鱼对低氧环境的适应。     

小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基的研究进展及其与面包主要烘烤品质指标间的关系

综述了国内外对小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基的研究进展,主要包括亚基的结构及遗传特点,优质亚基的组成、聚合及与面包烘烤品质的关系等内容。     

植物中异三体G蛋白结构与功能

综述了植物中异三体G蛋白结构与功能研究概况。总结了植物异三体G蛋白的类型与亚基结构,归纳了该种蛋白的生物化学功能、所涉及的信号通路和参与的多种植物激素信号的调控。     

基于LC-ESI-MS/MS技术与生物信息学的蚕豆种子贮藏蛋白亚基鉴定

蚕豆蛋白亚基是蚕豆种子贮藏蛋白重要组成部分,深入鉴定蚕豆蛋白亚基,对了解蚕豆种子蛋白不同亚基的结构和功能具有重要意义。本研究应用液相色谱、电喷雾离子化与串联质谱联用技术和生物信息技术对蚕豆种子贮藏蛋白6个特异亚基进行了质谱鉴定。结果表明:这些特异亚基中的64、47、42及38ku分别鉴定出4个蛋白:豌豆球蛋白、豆球蛋白前体、假定糖结合蛋白、LEGB7_VICFA;97ku亚基蛋白为分子伴侣GroEL;96ku亚基蛋白由6个具有不同代谢功能的蛋白组成。     

小麦Glu－3位点编码亚基的研究进展

 小麦Glu-3位点编码的低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基对面筋有重要决定作用,但由于其分子量与醇溶蛋白相近,单向电泳很难将其分离出来。低分子量谷蛋白亚基自身的复杂多态性,也增加了其深入研究的难度,因此有关低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基的文献报道较少,更谈不上将其用于育种实践。本文拟从亚基命名、遗传及多态性、结构、分子标记及与烘烤品质的关系等方面全面回顾了低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基的研究状况。     

Structure of the 70S ribosome complexed with mRNA and tRNA

The crystal structure of the bacterial 70S ribosome refined to 2.8 angstrom resolution reveals atomic details of its interactions with messenger RNA (mRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA). A metal ion stabilizes a kink in the mRNA that demarcates the boundary between A and P sites, which is potentially important to prevent slippage of mRNA. Metal ions also stabilize the intersubunit interface. The interactions of E-site tRNA with the 50S subunit have both similarities and differences compared to those in the archaeal ribosome. The structure also rationalizes much biochemical and genetic data on translation.     

Crystal structure of the eukaryotic ribosome

Crystal structures of prokaryotic ribosomes have described in detail the universally conserved core of the translation mechanism. However, many facets of the translation process in eukaryotes are not shared with prokaryotes. The crystal structure of the yeast 80S ribosome determined at 4.15 angstrom resolution reveals the higher complexity of eukaryotic ribosomes, which are 40% larger than their bacterial counterparts. Our model shows how eukaryote-specific elements considerably expand the network of interactions within the ribosome and provides insights into eukaryote-specific features of protein synthesis. Our crystals capture the ribosome in the ratcheted state, which is essential for translocation of mRNA and transfer RNA (tRNA), and in which the small ribosomal subunit has rotated with respect to the large subunit. We describe the conformational changes in both ribosomal subunits that are involved in ratcheting and their implications in coordination between the two associated subunits and in mRNA and tRNA translocation.     

Translational operator of mRNA on the ribosome: how repressor proteins exclude ribosome binding

The ribosome of Thermus thermophilus was cocrystallized with initiator transfer RNA (tRNA) and a structured messenger RNA (mRNA) carrying a translational operator. The path of the mRNA was defined at 5.5 angstroms resolution by comparing it with either the crystal structure of the same ribosomal complex lacking mRNA or with an unstructured mRNA. A precise ribosomal environment positions the operator stem-loop structure perpendicular to the surface of the ribosome on the platform of the 30S subunit. The binding of the operator and of the initiator tRNA occurs on the ribosome with an unoccupied tRNA exit site, which is expected for an initiation complex. The positioning of the regulatory domain of the operator relative to the ribosome elucidates the molecular mechanism by which the bound repressor switches off translation. Our data suggest a general way in which mRNA control elements must be placed on the ribosome to perform their regulatory task.     

Crystal structure of the ribosome at 5.5 A resolution

We describe the crystal structure of the complete Thermus thermophilus 70S ribosome containing bound messenger RNA and transfer RNAs (tRNAs) at 5.5 angstrom resolution. All of the 16S, 23S, and 5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) chains, the A-, P-, and E-site tRNAs, and most of the ribosomal proteins can be fitted to the electron density map. The core of the interface between the 30S small subunit and the 50S large subunit, where the tRNA substrates are bound, is dominated by RNA, with proteins located mainly at the periphery, consistent with ribosomal function being based on rRNA. In each of the three tRNA binding sites, the ribosome contacts all of the major elements of tRNA, providing an explanation for the conservation of tRNA structure. The tRNAs are closely juxtaposed with the intersubunit bridges, in a way that suggests coupling of the 20 to 50 angstrom movements associated with tRNA translocation with intersubunit movement.     

Structural basis for the rescue of stalled ribosomes: structure of YaeJ bound to the ribosome

In bacteria, the hybrid transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA) rescues ribosomes stalled on defective messenger RNAs (mRNAs). However, certain gram-negative bacteria have evolved proteins that are capable of rescuing stalled ribosomes in a tmRNA-independent manner. Here, we report a 3.2 angstrom-resolution crystal structure of the rescue factor YaeJ bound to the Thermus thermophilus 70S ribosome in complex with the initiator tRNA(i)(fMet) and a short mRNA. The structure reveals that the C-terminal tail of YaeJ functions as a sensor to discriminate between stalled and actively translating ribosomes by binding in the mRNA entry channel downstream of the A site between the head and shoulder of the 30S subunit. This allows the N-terminal globular domain to sample different conformations, so that its conserved GGQ motif is optimally positioned to catalyze the hydrolysis of peptidyl-tRNA. This structure gives insights into the mechanism of YaeJ function and provides a basis for understanding how it rescues stalled ribosomes.     

The complete atomic structure of the large ribosomal subunit at 2.4 A resolution

The large ribosomal subunit catalyzes peptide bond formation and binds initiation, termination, and elongation factors. We have determined the crystal structure of the large ribosomal subunit from Haloarcula marismortui at 2.4 angstrom resolution, and it includes 2833 of the subunit's 3045 nucleotides and 27 of its 31 proteins. The domains of its RNAs all have irregular shapes and fit together in the ribosome like the pieces of a three-dimensional jigsaw puzzle to form a large, monolithic structure. Proteins are abundant everywhere on its surface except in the active site where peptide bond formation occurs and where it contacts the small subunit. Most of the proteins stabilize the structure by interacting with several RNA domains, often using idiosyncratically folded extensions that reach into the subunit's interior.     

Structure of the S15,S6,S18-rRNA complex: assembly of the 30S ribosome central domain

The crystal structure of a 70-kilodalton ribonucleoprotein complex from the central domain of the Thermus thermophilus 30S ribosomal subunit was solved at 2.6 angstrom resolution. The complex consists of a 104-nucleotide RNA fragment composed of two three-helix junctions that lie at the end of a central helix, and the ribosomal proteins S15, S6, and S18. S15 binds the ribosomal RNA early in the assembly of the 30S ribosomal subunit, stabilizing a conformational reorganization of the two three-helix junctions that creates the RNA fold necessary for subsequent binding of S6 and S18. The structure of the complex demonstrates the central role of S15-induced reorganization of central domain RNA for the subsequent steps of ribosome assembly.     

Hybrid ribosome formation from Escherichia coli and chloroplast ribosome subunits

A 70S ribosome was prepared from a 30S ribosome subunit from Euglena gracilis chloroplasts and a 50S ribosome subunit from Escherichia coli. This hybrid ribosome was active in polyuridylic acid-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis.     

Stabilizing isopeptide bonds revealed in gram-positive bacterial pilus structure

Many bacterial pathogens have long, slender pili through which they adhere to host cells. The crystal structure of the major pilin subunit from the Gram-positive human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes at 2.2 angstroms resolution reveals an extended structure comprising two all-beta domains. The molecules associate in columns through the crystal, with each carboxyl terminus adjacent to a conserved lysine of the next molecule. This lysine forms the isopeptide bonds that link the subunits in native pili, validating the relevance of the crystal assembly. Each subunit contains two lysine-asparagine isopeptide bonds generated by an intramolecular reaction, and we find evidence for similar isopeptide bonds in other cell surface proteins of Gram-positive bacteria. The present structure explains the strength and stability of such Gram-positive pili and could facilitate vaccine development.     

Structures of the bacterial ribosome at 3.5 A resolution

We describe two structures of the intact bacterial ribosome from Escherichia coli determined to a resolution of 3.5 angstroms by x-ray crystallography. These structures provide a detailed view of the interface between the small and large ribosomal subunits and the conformation of the peptidyl transferase center in the context of the intact ribosome. Differences between the two ribosomes reveal a high degree of flexibility between the head and the rest of the small subunit. Swiveling of the head of the small subunit observed in the present structures, coupled to the ratchet-like motion of the two subunits observed previously, suggests a mechanism for the final movements of messenger RNA (mRNA) and transfer RNAs (tRNAs) during translocation.