Genetic diversity of Nile tilapia populations revealed by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)

Genetic diversity of the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus collected from the river Nile (Cairo, Assuit and Qena) and two Delta lakes (Burullus and Manzalla) in Egypt was examined by the analysis of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Of 25 primers examined,21 primers produced 230 RAPD bands. The percentage of polymorphic bands in Manzalla (29.4%) and Burullus (24%) populations was low compared with Assuit (30.54%), Cairo (33.5%) and Qena (44.84%) populations. The highest percentage of polymorphic bands was observed in the Qena population,suggesting a greater potential for use in breeding programs. The molecular phylogenetic tree constructed by unweighted pair‐group method of analysis shows Manzalla and Burullus populations strongly linked and separate from the Assuit and Cairo populations, with Qena population as outgroup. The data serve as a baseline analysis of the current genetic diversity found among O. niloticus populations in Egypt.     

中国鲤几个代表种群基因组DNA遗传多样性分析

中国鲤具有悠久的养殖历史和重要的经济价值,无论是天然种群还是养殖品种,年产量远超过其它鱼类。近几十年来,养殖新品种的开发获得成功,大大提高了产量,改善了品质。但是由于盲目的开发利用,许多重要的鲤养殖种类的种质资源遭到破坏。"江西三红"(Cyprinuscarpiovar.xingguonensis、Cyprinuscarpiovar.wuyuanensis、Cyprinuscarpiovar.wananensis)、黄河鲤(Cyprinusycarpiovar.)和黑龙江野鲤(Cyprinuscarpiohaematopterus)是中国鲤几个具有代表性的养殖品种和野生种,在我国鲤鱼遗传育种研究中均占有非常重要的地位。应用第二代分子标记,即微卫星标记(microsatellite)84个,对以上5个具有代表性的中国鲤进行了全基因组DNA检测。结果表明,当退火温度提高至60℃时,有43对标记引物扩增出清晰的条带,其中有14对在群体间呈现多态性,扩增等位基因位点为2～4个。微卫星座位MFW4,MFW19,MFW23和MFW26在群体内显示了高度的多态性,扩增等位基因位点为7～13个。统计实验结果发现,"江西三红"3个品种间遗传差异较小,兴国红鲤和荷包红鲤的亲缘关系较近(0.93);属于同一亚种不同地理种群的黄河鲤和黑龙江野鲤具有较高的遗传相似性(0.89)。另外,根据微卫星多态性分析结果,探讨了这5种鲤的遗传多样性。     

移动声源对鲤、草鱼的诱引效果

目前我国淡水水域的养殖对象大多为中、底层鱼类 ,仍主要采用传统渔具捕捞。其缺点是受底质、水深、环境以及水流等因素限制 ,要求鱼群较集中 ,劳动作业强度大。为了改进传统的捕捞作业方式 ,本研究利用鱼类的生物学特性 ,参考音响驯化技术的有关参数 ,结合投饵用 4 0 0Hz正弦波连续音移动声源对鲤鱼 (Cyprinuscarpio)、草鱼 (Ctenopharyngodonidellus)进行诱引驯化试验。结果表明 ,最初放声时 2种鱼均产生惊愕反应 ,迅速离声源而去 ;但驯化 6d后 ,鲤、草鱼在放声后迅速游向声源 ,聚集率均为 10 0 %。经移动声源驯化 6d后 ,鲤、草鱼能够跟随声源迅速移动 ,跟随率均为 10 0 % ,平均跟随时间分别为 19.8s和 2 0 .2s。t检验证实 ,2种试验鱼跟随时间无显著差异 (a =0 .0 5 ) ,说明鲤、草鱼对移动声源的诱引反应敏感。本研究成果旨为音响驯化技术在淡水渔业中的应用及新渔具渔法的研制开发提供更进一步的科学依据     

微卫星分子标记辅助镜鲤家系构建

用微卫星标记辅助进行镜鲤(Cyprinus carpio L.)家系的建立及选育,通过对亲本遗传结构及遗传差异的分析,预测产生优良家系的最佳配组。用28个微卫星分子标记评估松浦镜鲤亲本群体的遗传潜力,结果显示,群体的多态信息含量(PIC)达到0.5627,处于高度的遗传多样性水平,具备进一步繁育筛选优良群体的潜质。用x2检验和遗传偏离指数(d)估计Hardy-Weinberg平衡,结果表明群体处于平衡状态,但在16个位点表现出杂合子缺失,这可能跟长期的人工选择有关。依据个体间的遗传距离,连续2年共建立1对1亲本的繁育家系70个,用网箱分别养殖,2月龄家系体长均值为7.24～10.60cm,体质量均值为14.02～40.63g,方差分析显示家系间体长、体质量差异均极显著;对其中4个家系1龄鱼种生长情况及遗传结构分析也表明家系间的遗传分化较大,近交系数(Fst)达到0.1537,家系的多态信息含量在0.3056～0.4077之间,保持中度多态水平。由子代家系的生长和遗传结构两方面的实验结果证实了微卫星在辅助家系建立尤其是亲本选配方面具有较好的预测性,所获得的家系差异较大,具备进一步选育优良家系的潜力,从而证实了用此方法对现有镜鲤种质进行遗传改良是可行的。     

红鲤4群体间红细胞免疫功能及其差异

应用红细胞C3b受体花环试验和红细胞天然免疫粘附肿瘤细胞花环试验方法，证实兴国红鲤(Cyprinuscarpio.var.singguonensis)、玻璃红鲤(C.carpio.var.wananensis)、荷包红鲤(C.carpio.var.wananensis)及瓯江彩鲤(C.carpio.var.color)的红细胞表面都存在C3b补体受体，均可形成花环；红鲤的红细胞免疫粘附能力存在着种群间差异，上述2种花环试验的花环率大小的顺序均是：兴国红鲤＞荷包红鲤＞瓯江彩鲤＞玻璃红鲤，差异都极显著(P＜0．01)；4群体红鲤的红细胞均具有吞噬作用。结果证实，鱼类红细胞免疫功能在机体防御病原的过程中占有重要地位。     

江西三种红鲤起源与遗传多样性研究的进展

遗传多样性 (ｇｅｎｅｔｉｃｄｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ)是生物多样性的重要组成部分。广义的遗传多样性是指地球上所有生物携带的遗传信息的总和。这里指的遗传多样性主要是指种内不同群体之间或一个群体内不同个体之间的遗传变异的总和 ,这或许可称是遗传多样性狭义的定义[1] 。产于江西省婺源县的荷包红鲤 (Ｃｙｐｒｉｎｕｓｃａｒｐｉｏｖａｒ.ｗｕｙｕａｎｅｎｓｉｓ)、兴国县的兴国红鲤 (Ｃｙｐｒｉｎｕｓｃａｒｐｉｅｖａｒ.ｘｉｎｇｇｕｏｎｅｎｓｉｓ)和万安县的玻璃红鲤 (Ｃｙｐｒｉｎｕｓｃａｒｐｉｏｖａｒ.ｗａｎａｎｅｎｓｉｓ)是我…     

Koi herpesvirus and carp edema virus threaten common carp aquaculture in Croatia

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is a very important fish species for warm-water aquaculture in Croatia. All Croatian carp farms are subjected to a surveillance programme for the presence of koi herpesvirus (KHV), causing a deadly disease called koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD). However, there is no surveillance for other viral pathogens of importance like carp edema virus (CEV), a causative agent of koi sleepy disease (KSD). During regular testing within the KHVD surveillance programme, we tested samples for CEV simultaneously. The screening indicated possible outbreaks of KHVD and KSD. During 2016, KHVD broke out in an isolated area and soon thereafter a KHV eradication programme was successfully performed. However, during 2018 and 2019, two additional mortality events occurred in lakes in the southern part of Croatia during the spring. Samples from both events tested positive for CEV. An epidemiological investigation confirmed the introduction of infected carps from an infected farm to one of the lakes. To prevent the spreading of CEV into open waters, it is of utmost importance to introduce CEV testing before fish movement or to perform regular testing of all carp farms in the country to determine CEV prevalence for the purpose of implementation of control measures.     

清水江鲤基于微卫星标记和形态指标的遗传分析

利用12个微卫星标记对鲤(Cyprinus carpio)的4个野生群体 [清水江鲤、太湖鲤、黄河鲤(C.carpio haematopterus)和黑龙江鲤(C.carpio amurensis)] 和2个选育群体 [福瑞鲤(C.carpio var. FFRC)和松浦镜鲤(C. carpio var. specularis 'Song-pu')] 共208尾个体进行遗传分析。结果显示,12个位点共检测到341个等位基因,平均等位基因数为28.67,其中1个位点(HLJ1127)检测到正向选择压力;选育群体的遗传多样性参数普遍低于野生群体,其中松浦镜鲤群体的各项参数均值最低(N_a=6.82,H_o=0.54,PIC=0.50),清水江鲤群体的各项参数均值最高(N_a=21.25,H_o=0.80,PIC=0.91);分子方差分析显示,整体遗传变异主要来自群体内,但群体间呈极显著遗传分化(P<0.01);基于群体Nei's遗传距离的UPGMA聚类树和PCoA分析表明,鲤4个野生群体间遗传距离较近,而与2个人工选育群体间遗传距离较远;基于个体遗传结构及PCoA分析显示部分野生个体遗传结构比较混杂,而选育个体的遗传结构则相对单一。研究表明,中国鲤野生资源具有较高的遗传多态性,而人工选育群体维持着较纯的遗传种质。     

利用OneMap软件构建鲤遗传连锁图谱

首次使用R环境中的OneMap软件包,以荷包红鲤抗寒品系(♂)和云南大头鲤(♀)为祖父母本所培育的110个F2个体为作图群体,以荧光扩增片段长度多态性(fluorescent amplification fragment length polymorphism,fAFLP)为主要分子标记,采用远交全同胞家系模型构建鲤的遗传连锁图谱。结果显示,110个F2个体中共产生1513个清晰的fAFLP标记,其中多态性标记911个;另开发多态性的EST标记12个,最后总计923个标记用于构建遗传连锁图谱;采用OneMap软件包构建的遗传图谱含有238个fAFLP标记和8个EST标记分布在50个连锁群上,总图距为2876.64cM,标记间平均间距为14.68cM,图谱覆盖率为66.56%。     

First year growth and survival of common carp in two glacial lakes

Abstract  Cohorts of common carp, Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, were monitored from hatch through the next spring in two South Dakota, USA lakes to identify factors affecting year-class strength. Hatching occurred over 37- and 47-day periods in the two lakes. Common carp that hatched earlier achieved greater total lengths at the end of the first growing season (Brant Lake: r  = −0.84, d.f. = 77, P  <   0.001; Campbell Lake: r  = −0.87, d.f. = 78, P  <   0.001). Mean daily growth rates were approximately 1.0 mm day⁻¹ and similar between lakes. Total length was positively related to daily growth rate in the two lakes, indicating that members of the cohort that grew faster achieved greater total lengths by time of capture. Hatch date was inversely related to daily growth (fish hatched earlier grew faster) in one lake ( r  = −0.44, d.f. = 77, P  < 0.001) but not the other ( r  = −0.04, d.f. = 78, P  = 0.678), suggesting that length at the end of the growing season can be affected by length of growing season and growth rate. Overwinter survival of age-0 fish appeared to be size dependent because age-1 common carp length–frequency distributions from both lakes comprised only of the larger cohort members present the previous autumn.     

草鱼与鲢、鲤不同混养模式系统的氮磷收支

采取陆基围隔实验法,选用草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)、鲢(Hypophythalmichthys molitrix)、鲤(Cyprinus carpio)研究不同养殖模式系统氮磷的收支。实验于2011年5月开始,10月结束,实验周期为6个月,每月定期采样,围隔面积为7 m×7 m。分别测定了草鱼单养(G组)、草鱼–鲢混养(GS组)、草鱼–鲤混养(GC组)、草鱼–鲢–鲤混养(GSC1,GSC2)系统氮磷的输入和输出,并分析了不同养殖模式水体和底泥氮磷的积累情况。主要实验结果为:(1)不同养殖模式下,饵料氮磷的输入是系统氮磷输入的主要途径,分别占总输入的85.54%~93.38%和82.60%~84.26%,其余为放养生物、降水和初始水层。(2)不同养殖模式下,系统氮的输出依次为养殖生物收获、底泥积累、水层积累、围隔布吸附和氨挥发,所占比例分别为62.80%~77.15%、15.19%~27.60%、5.04%~7.71%、1.54%~2.14%和0.22%~0.30%;系统磷的输出依次为底泥积累、水层积累、养殖生物收获、围隔布吸附,所占比例分别为76.46%~80.04%、13.04%~15.14%、4.09%~9.79%、0.71%~1.16%。(3)不同养殖模式下,底泥氮积累量GSC1组和GSC2组显著低于G组、GS组和GC组(P0.05),而磷积累量GSC1组和GSC2组显著低于G组和GS组(P0.05);水体氮磷积累量GSC2组显著低于G组(P0.05)。(4)系统氮磷利用率GSC2组显著高于G组、GC组和GSC1组(P0.05)。实验结果表明,GSC2组(草鱼0.38 ind/m2、鲢0.69 ind/m2和鲤0.55 ind/m2)能有效降低系统氮磷的积累,提高氮磷的利用率,是一种高效清洁的草鱼混养模式。     

Anoxia survival in common carp and crucian carp is related to high zinc concentration in tissues

ABSTRACT:   Ten lots of common carp and six lots of crucian carp (each lot of 100 fish) were treated under anoxia for five days at water temperatures of 25–31°C. The average per group mortality of common carp was 17%, but none of the 600 crucian carp died. The digestive tract tissues of the common carp that died had significantly lower zinc concentrations than those that survived (59 ± 41 vs 142 ± 60 μg/[g fresh tissue], P  < 0.001). The digestive tract tissues of the crucian carp had mean zinc concentrations of 652 ± 458 μg/(g fresh tissue). One lot of common carp that had low tolerance for anoxia was fed a high zinc diet (2000 mg zinc/kg diet) for 1, 2 or 6 months and then subjected to 5 days anoxia. The survival rates of those fed the high zinc diet 1 and 2 months increased from 0 to 50%, respectively; all of fish that had fed a high zinc diet for 6 months survived. Thus, anoxia survival in common carp and crucian carp is closely related to the high concentrations of zinc in their tissues.     

中国红鲤四群体线粒体DNA遗传多样性、起源及分化

用13种限制性内切酶对兴国红鲤、玻璃红鲤、荷包红鲤及瓯江彩鲤4种红鲤的线粒体DNA(mtDNA)进行RFLP分析。共产生17种限制性态型,其中5种酶为限制性片段长度多态性(RFLPs),归结为5种单倍型;兴国红鲤、玻璃红鲤、荷包红鲤和瓯江彩鲤的核苷酸多样性(Ⅱ)分别为0．0087、0．0059、0．0094、0．0286,瓯江彩鲤的遗传多样性最为丰富;瓯江彩鲤起源于单倍型Ⅱ为主的母系祖先,推算分化时间分别约在11．5万年、9．5万年前;玻璃红鲤和荷包红鲤起源于单倍型I为主的母系祖先,推算分化时间分别约为5～5．6万年、2万年前。     

Random amplified polymorphic DNA markers for three Japanese laminarian species

ABSTRACT: Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was studied to detect genetic markers for three economically important Japanese laminarian species, Laminaria japonica Areschoug, L. religiosa Miyabe and L. ochotensis Miyabe, which were sampled from their representative localities on the coasts from Tsugaru Straits to the Sea of Japan. DNA templates for RAPD were extracted from lamina using a DNA extraction kit and were purified with glassmilk. Reproducible RAPD markers for these three species were detected using three random primers from a total of 15 tested. In L. japonica and L. religiosa , these RAPD markers were confirmed to be useful for populations from other localities. The three species studied showed high intraspecific and interspecific band sharing index (BSI) values. Like annual typical L. religiosa from other localities, biennial individuals identified as putative L. religiosa from Atsuta could be discriminated from L. japonica but not from L. ochotensis by any of the RAPD genetic markers studied so far.     

鲤病毒病原的感染性测定

为查明养殖鲤（Cyprinus carpio）突然大批发病死亡的原因，对鲤病样品进行了细胞攻毒、空斑测定、电镜观察，以及鱼体感染等实验。先以患病鲤的组织匀浆液，经过滤后，分别接种到草鱼鳍条细胞（GCF）、鲤上皮瘤细胞（EPC）等14种培养细胞中。利用倒置显微镜观察显示，在1-2d内，该病鱼组织匀浆液可使其中9种细胞出现典型的细胞病变。收集出现病变的细胞液（即病毒悬液），进一步进行病毒滴度检测、空斑测定和鱼体感染实验。结果显示，在GCF细胞上的病毒滴度为10^7.3TCID50／mL；在FHM，TSB和GCO等细胞中可产生直径1～4mm的圆形空斑，空斑的大小与宿主细胞的种类和接种的病毒浓度有关。通过对感染细胞制备的超薄切片和病毒负染样品进行电镜观察，显示这是一类呈典型子弹头样的弹状病毒颗粒。感染了病毒悬液的鲫和鲤先后在第2天和第3天开始出现病症，间隔1～2d后发病的鱼开始死亡，至第14天，两种感染鱼的死亡率均达到83．3％。收集人工感染后濒死的鲫和鲤，分别制备组织匀浆液，回接感染鱼类培养细胞，24h内能使其出现与原发病鲤组织匀浆液所引起的类似的细胞病变。因此证实患病鲤是由病毒病原感染所致。[中国水产科学，2006，13（4）：617—623]     

鲤、鲢、鳙、草鱼消化道结构与食性的研究

本文通过组织解剖与切片法测量了鲤、草、鲢、鳙的相关生物学参数,系统观察了四种鱼的消化道肌肉层、肠绒毛以及粘液细胞的显微结构及分布特点,探究其与食性的相互关系。结果显示：鲤比肠长1.0,环行肌较纵行肌发达,肠绒毛丰富,粘液细胞均匀分布在整个消化道中;草鱼比肠长2.13,消化道组织结构均一,肌肉壁中纵行肌所占比例高,粘液细胞体积小,分散于整个消化道中,肠绒毛极发达;鲢比肠长8.49,环行肌极发达,粘液细胞集中于消化道前段,肠绒毛由前至后逐渐呈短粗状;鳙比肠长4.58,环行肌极为发达,粘液细胞数量多且均匀地分布于消化道前、中段,肠绒毛较为稀疏短粗,粘液细胞较少。这四种鱼消化道的组织结构特征与各自食性密切相关。     

清水江鲤生物学特性及人工驯养技术研究

为探究清水江鲤(Cyprinus carpio)种质资源现状,基于分子标记和形态指标对其进行分析。研究发现清水江鲤群体呈现较高遗传多态性水平,12个微卫星位点的等位基因数(N_a)、有效等位基因数(N_e)、表观杂合度(H_o)、期望杂合度(H_e)和多态性信息含量(PIC)均值分别为10、8.37、0.54、0.86和0.84。遗传结构分析结果推测实验个体来源于3个理论种群,并将来源概率>70%的个体分成3个区组,进行遗传变异分析。基于微卫星标记的遗传分析,发现区组间达到中等水平的遗传分化(F_ST>0.05,P<0.01);区组间Nei’s遗传距离为0.473~0.546,区组间个体遗传结构相对独立。基于形态学指标,研究发现个体间存在较大形态差异,体质量的变异系数最大(38.0%);区组间在背鳍硬棘数、侧线鳞数、侧线上鳞数和尾柄长/体长等性状间存在显著差异(P<0.05);此外,基于形态学数据的欧式距离与Nei’s遗传距离的聚类结果相符。结果表明,清水江鲤群体表现出较高的遗传多样性水平,且群体内存在显著遗传分化。     

鲤、鲢、鳙、草鱼消化道结构与食性的研究

本文通过组织解剖与切片法测量了鲤、草、鲢、鳙的相关生物学参数,系统观察了四种鱼的消化道肌肉层、肠绒毛以及粘液细胞的显微结构及分布特点,探究其与食性的相互关系.结果显示:鲤比肠长1.0,环行肌较纵行肌发达,肠绒毛丰富,粘液细胞均匀分布在整个消化道中;草鱼比肠长2.13,消化道组织结构均一,肌肉壁中纵行肌所占比例高,粘液细...     

中国对虾5个地理群体的RAPD分析

采用随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)技术对取自辽东湾、渤海湾、海州湾、乳山湾及海洋岛5个群体的中国对虾共95个个体的遗传多样性进行分析。14个随机引物共检测出103个位点(200～2500bp),各群体的多态位点比例在31．07％～34．95％之间。遗传距离显示中国对虾群体间有一定遗传分化,其中辽东湾和乳山湾群体问的遗传距离最大(0．0742),而辽东湾和渤海湾群体间的遗传距离最小(为0．0243),群体间的遗传分化系数为0．2083。整体来看,中国对虾的遗传变异水平较低,遗传多态度为0．1621。用UPGMA对5个群体进行聚类分析,构建谱系关系图。     

中草药对鲤不同组织溶菌酶活性的影响

中草药具有增强机体免疫、抗氧化和抗疲劳等作用。在水温23℃下,给饲养在水族箱中平均体质量85.88±2.45g的鲤（Cyprinus carpio L）投喂添加了复方中草药AB（由甘草等组成）、CD（由茵陈、板蓝根等组成）的配合饲料和一个对照组,连续饲喂28d后,停食一天,采集实验鱼血清和组织（肝胰脏、脾、鳃）样本,测...