酒花超临界CO_2萃余物中芦丁提取工艺的研究

研究了从酒花超临界CO2萃余物(废酒花)中提取芦丁的工艺条件。采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定芦丁含量,通过单因素和正交试验确定了废酒花中芦丁的最佳提取条件:浸提剂体积分数40%乙醇,料液比1∶35,超声辅助提取,温度60℃,提取时间1.75 h,在此条件下芦丁的提取量为1.546 mg/g废酒花。     

微波辅助制备颗粒状冷水可溶性淀粉的工艺研究

以玉米淀粉为原料,采用乙醇-碱法制备颗粒状冷水可溶性淀粉。研究乙醇体积分数、固液比、碱量、微波处理时间对颗粒状冷水可溶性淀粉溶解度的影响。通过单因素试验和正交试验得到最佳条件,即NaOH 30 mL,固液比1∶15,乙醇体积分数80%,微波处理时间4 min,此条件下制备的颗粒状冷水可溶性淀粉溶解度高达83.23%。     

花生乳中加入荷叶黄酮生产复合饮料的研究

采用正交试验设计确定荷叶中黄酮的最佳提取工艺,然后将提取出来的黄酮添加到花生乳中生产复合饮料。结果表明,荷叶黄酮最佳提取工艺参数为:固液比1∶50,提取温度90℃,乙醇体积分数为40%,提取时间2h;花生乳最佳制作工艺为:微波加热3m in后,在质量分数为0.5%的NaH CO3水溶液中浸泡6h;辅助物质的最佳配方为:7%食糖,0.10%羧甲基纤维素钠和0.05%黄原胶;最佳稳定剂配方为0.10%吐温80和0.06%单甘酯。     

紫心甘薯色素提取工艺研究

紫心甘薯是一种特殊的甘薯品种,含有大量的花青素类色素物质,具有较强的保健功能。针对紫心甘薯的色素提取及其饮料开发进行了研究,分别选用乙醇和柠檬酸溶液作为提取剂,在单因素实验基础上,利用正交实验确定紫心甘薯色素提取最佳工艺参数。研究结果表明,以乙醇为提取剂,当乙醇体积分数为20%,料液比为1∶20,搅拌时间为2 h时,色素提取率最高为0.421 mg/100 g;以柠檬酸为提取剂,当柠檬酸溶液体积分数为0.8%,液料比为1∶40,搅拌时间为1.5 h时,色素提取率最高为0.195 mg/100 g;通过比较可以发现,乙醇溶液比柠檬酸溶液的提取效果好。     

果脯加工废糖液发酵猕猴桃酒的工艺研究

以猕猴桃果脯厂产生的废糖液为原料,对其酿造果酒的生产工艺及最佳工艺参数进行了系统研究。结果表明:①废糖液较佳的澄清条件为离心处理;②废糖液较佳的脱色条件为活性炭处理;③较佳发酵温度为22℃,发酵时间为9d;④废糖液酿造果酒的最佳培养条件为糖分的质量分数为20%,pH值为6,酵母质量分数为4%。     

菜花气调保鲜的研究

以新鲜菜花为试验原料,研究不同浓度的O2和不同浓度的CO2气体配比混合对菜花气调贮藏的影响。贮藏期间通过对新鲜菜花失质量率、VC、可滴定酸、呼吸强度、PPO酶活的测定,确定最佳贮藏条件。试验表明,菜花在4℃,O2体积分数为5%和CO2体积分数为3%的气体配比混合条件下,贮藏时间为17 d。菜花贮藏环境中的最大可耐受CO2体积分数为6%。     

啤酒花CO_2萃余物中总黄酮的提取纯化工艺研究

研究了啤酒花CO2萃余物中总黄酮的提取纯化工艺。采用单因素试验确定乙醇体积分数、提取时间、提取温度和料液比对提取效果的影响;通过正交试验,得到最佳提取工艺条件为:乙醇体积分数为60%,料液比为1∶30,温度为70℃,提取时间为90 min,在该提取条件下总黄酮质量分数为62.7 mg/g;经饱和的水正丁醇溶液萃取,可得到纯度为20.3%的黄酮提取物;经聚酰胺树脂分离纯化,可得到总黄酮纯度为62.2%的提取物。     

蚂蚁蛋白提取及氨基酸营养液制备的研究

为研究用碱法提取蚂蚁蛋白及用单酶水解的方法提取蚂蚁蛋白,考察其最佳工艺条件。采用蚂蚁经干燥、脱脂后,用稀碱进行溶解,确定最佳溶解条件为：碱液浓度1.5%,浸泡温度80℃,固液比1∶20,蚂蚁蛋白提取率达18.82%。然后,用中性蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶和胰酶分别进行酶解,确定胰蛋白酶为较适宜酶,最佳水解条件为：pH值8.0,酶量2.0%,反应温度40℃,固液比1∶7.5,反应时间5h,水解率达19.28%。结论为用单酶水解的方法提取蚂蚁蛋白提取率高。     

沙棘叶总黄酮的浸提研究

优选水浴振荡提取方法。以乙醇为萃取剂,研究了新疆伊犁地区沙棘叶中总黄酮提取的工艺条件。采用单因素试验和正交试验,确定了最佳工艺参数:提取温度为60℃,固液比为1∶20,乙醇体积分数为80%,浸提时间为3h,溶液pH值为10。     

碱法—酶法处理麦秆木质纤维素的工艺研究

研究了碱预处理麦草秸秆和纤维素酶酶水解碱预处理的麦草滤渣对糖化过程的影响。通过对碱预处理麦草的各因素分析,以木质素去除率为目标,得到碱水解木质纤维素的最佳工艺条件为:碱质量分数为1%,温度为90℃,时间为2.5h,固液比为1∶12。在此条件下,碱水解后木质素的去除率为43.8%。在最佳的碱处理条件下,酶解纤维素的最佳工艺条件为:温度为50℃,pH值为4.8,硫酸镁质量浓度为0.5g/L,酶用量为25FPU/g干物质,酶解纤维素的糖化率最高为80.1%。比未处理麦秆酶解的糖化率提高3倍。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.