带遗传标记的玉米基因雄性不育的发现及遗传和利用研究

1992年在玉米族远缘杂交组合3402F3(丹340×403-2)中首次发现带标记性状的基因雄性不育(GMS)材料。 遗传分析结果表明, 不育性受一对隐性基因控制。 当不育株(A)与可育株(B)进行兄妹交, 育性分离比例接近1∶1; 而可育株(B)自交的后代, 可育株与不育株的分离比例为3∶1。 连锁遗传分析结果证明, 不育基因(ms°)与标记性状     

核不育油用亚麻研究初报

1975年,于本院亚麻试验田里发现一株不育油用亚麻,经鉴定是一株无花粉型的、细胞质正常的、受一个显性雄性不育单基因(Ms)控制的天然突变体,在我国尚系首次发现.它的花为淡紫色、种皮近似白色.不育株与可育株杂交后,F_1代分离出来的不育株与可育株的比例为1:1;其中可育株自交后代育性不分离;不育株的育性分离没有中间类型,不是全育,就是全不育.这种核不育亚麻是进行亚麻育种的良好杂交材料.     

棉花核不育系豫98-8A育性遗传分析

为了阐明1999年从转基因后代遗传群体中发现的1株雄性不育植株不育基因的遗传规律及其与现有不育基因的等位性,采用表型观察测量,以及经典的自交和测交手段,研究了该不育材料败育性状的遗传规律。花器官形态特征调查表明：不育株花柱长和花柱外露长度均明显高于同质系的正常可育株,而每朵花的子房直径及花药数量没有明显差异。遗传分析表明：杂合体可育株自交,后代不育株与可育株呈3:1分离,不育株与杂合姊妹可育株测交,不育株与可育株呈1:1分离,表明该核不育材料受隐性单位点控制;与阆A(msc1)、洞A(msc3)等育性位点杂合可育株分别杂交,其F1代单株育性均得到恢复。由其F1代产生的F1:2家系中均出现不育株与可育株呈1:3和7:9两个育性分离群体,表明该材料败育基因为不同于阆A、洞A的不育基因位点。     

萍乡核不育水稻的新恢复系及遗传分析

在构建萍乡核不育水稻显性核不育基因定位群体时,我们意外发现一些前人报道的保持系表现出恢复性,为此本试验对这几个品系与萍乡核不育水稻杂交后代育性分离做了系统的分析。结果表明,萍乡核不育水稻不育单株与可育单株杂交F₁代的不育株与可育株按1∶1分离,高温自交后代不育株与可育株按3∶1分离。萍乡核不育水稻不育单株分别与桂99、特青和9311BB23杂交,它们的F₁代均可育,表现恢复性。由F₁代产生的F_1:2家系中出现全可育群体和育性分离群体的比例为1∶1。其中育性分离群体中不育株与可育株按3∶13进行分离。从育性分离的F_1:2家系中的可育株自交产生的F_2:3家系出现全可育群体和育性分离群体的比例为7∶6。这些分离规律表明,桂99、特青和9311BB23具有恢复基因,并对萍乡核不育水稻的显性核不育基因表现出显性上位作用,能抑制显性不育基因的表达,从而使不育性转变为可育。     

水稻三明显性核不育基因的初步鉴定

2001年在福建省尤溪县西城镇凤元村进行两系核不育系育性鉴定时, 在SE21S/Basmati 370组合编号为S221的800多株F₂代分离群体中发现1株与其他不育株的花粉败育形态不同的植株。经测交、回交、姐妹交的后代育性分离调查, 不育株与可育株呈1︰1分离, 以不育株为母本与普通品种配制杂交组合, 其后代育性呈1︰1分离, 可育株后代分离不出不育株, 表明S221不育性受核内1对显性不育基因控制。     

食荚豌豆雄性不育突变体的遗传研究

对国内首例豌豆雄性不育突变体的不育度、遗传特点及稳定性进行研究。观察发现：在生育前期。不育株外部形态特征与正常株没有明显差异;现蕾后,剥开花蕾可看到不育株的花药呈淡黄色半透明状。而可育株的花药呈橙黄色。用I2-KI染色法镜检花粉的可染性,发现不育株的花药内没有花粉粒,败育彻底,为典型的“无花粉型”雄性不育。用不育株作母本,与同品系的正常可育株进行姊妹交,F1全部可育,F2可育株与不育株的分离比例为3：1。用不育株作母本,其他品系作父本进行测交,同时用其他品系作母本,姊妹交F1作父本进行反交,正反交后代的育性表现一致。F1全部可育。F2可育株与不育株呈3：1分离。结果表明：该雄性不育突变体的不育性是可遗传的,属单隐性基因控制的核不育类型,与细胞质遗传物质无关。在不同年份、不同季节下,不育性状表现稳定。     

以Tal基因为工具代替常规杂交的可行性探讨

70年代初,我国首次发现了小麦的天然突变体一由显性雄性不育单基因控制的太谷核不育小麦,为小麦育种开拓了新的领域,提供了一个非常好的遗传改良工具。由于其后代按照1∶1方式分离可育株和不育株,因此,可以利用其雄花不育特点,杂交时不用人工去雄,从而可以成倍地增加配制组合数,减少杂     

水稻显性雄性核不育基因鉴定初报

1978年我所用栽野型组合(萍矮58×华野)F_2中的无花粉型不育株与反交组合(华野×萍矮58)F_4中的正常株杂交,后代出现典败型变异株。经13个世代观察,该不育材料的测交、回交、姊妹交(不育株×可育株)F_1分离出的不育株与可育株呈1∶1;可育株自交后代育性不分离;“不育株”幼穗分化期在高温下(白天平均温度30℃以上)有部分结实,     

甘蓝型油菜凸耳隐性细胞核雄性不育系的转育及育性表现

以自育的甘蓝型油菜双低细胞核隐性核不育材料98-116 A为母本与甘蓝型油菜凸耳双低品系T2632为杂交父本进行杂交转育,在F1可育株自交的同时进行去雄与杂交父本进行正反交,在杂交后代中选取生长健壮具有凸耳性状的可育株自交,并调查自交后代中的育性分离比例,自交4个世代后进行兄妹交,即获得双低的凸耳甘蓝型油菜隐性细胞核雄性不育系,该不育系的不育株率远高于98-116 A,其不育株率达到90%以上,而且其育性遗传恢复机理也发生了改变.该不育系在油菜隐性核不育两系杂优育种的研究与利用中具有重大的研究价值和应用前景.     

谷子不育性的化学保持研究

以谷子高度雄性不育系927A和其近等基因可育系927C为材料,研究了不育株与可育株内源激素含量水平的差异,结果表明927A的败育与低水平的内源细胞生长素(IAA)有关.对927A施用外源细胞生长素(IAA)可部分恢复其雄配子的育性,显著提高其当代的自交结实率,证明IAA对927A的不育性具有化学保持作用.     

Analysis of reproductive isolation between pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.) and P. ramosum, P. schweinfurthii, P. squamulatum, Cenchrus ciliaris

Crosses between pearl millet lines and Pennisetum ramosum, P. schweinfurthii, P. squamulatum or Cenchrus ciliaris were observed for the frequency and development of zygotes, the possibility of embryo rescue, and the fertility of F1 hybrids obtained. Eight per cent of the ovules from diploid millet × P. ramosum crosses showed small embryos which could not be rescued. However, 59% of the ovules from tetraploid millet × P. ramosum crosses showed well-developed embryos that were easy to rescue 14 days after pollination. F1 hybrids were male sterile but female fertile when pollinated by diploid millet. Both diploid and tetraploid millet ovules showed the presence of hybrid zygotes after pollination with P. schweinfurthii at rates ranging from 25% to 45%. The diploid millet× P. schweinfurthii hybrid zygotes often developed almost normal seeds giving, without embryo rescue, totally sterile plants. The tetraploid millet × P. schweinfurthii hybrid embryos were normal but the endosperm was severely defective. A hybrid obtained by embryo rescue was totally sterile. A diploid millet-P. schweinfurthii amphidiploid was obtained by somatic embryogenesis associated with colchicine treatment during callogenesis. This amphiploid plant was male sterile, but gave many seeds when pollinated by a tetraploid millet and few seeds when pollinated by a diploid millet. P. squamulatum pollinating diploid millets produced proembryos with large undifferentiated endosperms in 73% of the ovules. A normal seed set was observed on tetraploid millets pollinated by P. squamulatum and the resulting F1 hybrids were partially male and female fertile. Backcrosses of these hybrids were much more fertile when pollination was from a tetraploid millet rather than from a diploid millet. C. ciliaris pollinating a diploid millet showed, in 60% of the ovules, proembryos and endosperms similar to those observed with P. squamulatum and no hybrid could be rescued. Crosses with a tetraploid millet could not be attempted due to the pistil-pollen incompatibility of tetraploid millets available with C. ciliaris. Ploidy levels of mating partners do not seem to influence pistil-pollen compatibility, but play a major role in post-zygotic abortion. With adequate ploidy levels of parents, and embryo rescue, it seems that the pearl millet gene pool can be considerably enlarged by germplasm from many other species.     

A male sterile line with dominant gene (Ms) in cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) and its utilization for hybrid seed production

A male sterile plant, 79-399-3, was identified from a spring cabbage line 79-399 in 1979. Light-microscopic studies with paraffin section indicated that meiotic division stopped at the tetrad stage. The ratio of male sterile plants to fertile plants in the progenies of test crosses was 1:1 in five experiments conducted in 1982 and 1991–1994. However, some male sterile plants were sensitive and developed a very low number of viable pollen grains. When sensitive male sterile plants were selfed, the progenies segregated into male sterile and fertile plants at a ratio of 3:1. The male sterile plants from selfing of sensitive male sterile plants were propagated by tissue culture and crossed with different inbred lines. From the progenies of the crosses, populations with 100% male sterile plants were observed. The results indicated that homozygous dominant male sterile (MsMs) plants segregated from the selfed progenies. Populations with 100% male sterile plants and stable male sterility were developed as male sterile lines. Several favorable combinations were also selected by crossing the male sterile lines with inbred lines with high combining ability for desirable horticultural characters. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Inheritance of male sterility mutations induced in haploid sorghum tissue culture

Summary A high frequency of male sterile mutants regeneration was shown in callus cultures derived from leaves and panicles of haploid sorghum (Ms_c1, A1 cytoplasm) and a spontaneous autodiploid obtained from this haploid. The cultures derived from the embryos of this autodiploid yielded significantly fewer mutants. Absolutely or partially male sterile mutants appeared among the regenerants or in the progeny of fertile regenerants. In the self-fertilized progenies of partially male sterile mutants and in the hybrids of sterile mutants with autodiploid line (i.e. under one and the same nuclear genome) male sterility mutations were inherited as cytoplasmic. Non-Mendelian segregation of sterile, partially male sterile and fertile plants was observed in these progenies. Partially male sterile plants were characterized by somatic segregation of male sterility genetic factors. In test-crosses with some CMS A1 fertility restorers, mutations were manifested as nuclear recessive while with others as nuclear dominant. These differences are supposed to be the result of interaction of fertility restorer genes of these testers with the novel cytoplasm. Male sterility mutations accompanied with female sterility were inherited as nuclear recessives.Abbreviations f fertile - ps partially male sterile - s male sterile plants     

Description and Breeding Behavior of Two Partial Male Sterile Guar Plants

This investigation describes two partial male sterile plants of guar, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub. (MS-1 and MS-II), and gives results of their hybridization with a fertile cultivar. Detectable natural crossing between MS-1 plants and a fertile cultivar averaged 20.6%, with maximum crossing of 70 %. Crossing between MS-II plants and a fertile culuvar averaged 5.0 5.0 % about the same as previously reported for fertile × fertile, crosses. Honeybees, Apis mellifera (L.), caged with MS-II plants and a fertile cultivar did not increase seed set on male sterile plants. Hand separation of mature pods into short- and long-pod groups was only partially effective in identifying hybrid seed produced on the male sterile plants.     

Height,competition and yield potential in winter wheat

Summary A monogenic dominant male sterility is used for hybrid production in autumn and winter cauliflower. The ratio of male sterile plants in the backcross progenies of autumn cauliflower was 1:1 over five years (1987–1991). However, a significant deficit of male sterile plants was observed in the winter type over the same period.The influence of the temperature on the male sterile phenotype was studied within backcross progenies planted inside polythene tunnels. Six classes of phenotype were defined during the flowering period (from May to November). At low temperature, some male sterile plants developed partial to complete male fertility, whereas at high temperature, male fertile plants became male sterile.Segregation among the progenies of self-pollinated unstable male sterile plants did not deviate from the expected 3:1 ratio. Plants homozygous for the male sterility allele have been revealed by test crosses with a male fertile plant.For use in seed production, stable male sterile plants are vegetatively maintained; however, crossing lines isogenic except at the MS locus would allow male sterile plants to be raised from seed.     

Analysis of genic male sterility in Brassica oleracea

Summary The male sterility system MS-1 of Brassica oleracea was studied in order to elucidate if nucleo-cytoplasmic interactions determine this system. Crosses of male sterile MS-1 genotypes with heterozygous MS-5 genotypes gave fully fertile F₁ progenies. Selfing of seven F₁ plants resulted in five F₂ populations showing a 9:7 segregation ratio and two a 3:1 ratio for fertile and male sterile plants. Two F₂ progenies deviated from the expected 9:7 or 3:1 segregation ratios for fertile and male sterile plants. Thermosensitivity and distortion of the meiosis are suggested as the causal factors underlying the deviation of the segregation ratios. It was concluded that nuclear factors determine the male sterility in the MS-1 system, because the presence of a nucleocytoplasmic interaction in this system should have given only a 3:1 segregation ratio for fertile and male sterile plants in the F₂ generation.