Effect of 1,1-Dimethyl Piperidinium Chloride (Pix) on the Seed, Protein, Oil and Fatty Acids of Egyptian Cotton

Two field experiments were conducted in 1985 and 1986 on the cotton cultivar, Giza 75 (Gossypiitm barbadense L.) to determine the effect of foliar application of Pix at 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 or 100 ppm on cottonseed yield, seed index, protein and oil contents and fatty acid compositions of cottonseed oil. Pix was sprayed once at 90 days or twice at 90 and 110 days from sowing date.
Seed yield/plant or /ha, protein and oil yield/ha, and seed index increased due to the application of Pix compared to the control. The highest response occurred with 40 or 60 ppm Pix and with one application rather than two. The seed protein percentage increased due to Pix application, especially at 10 ppm. A slight increase in seed oil percentage was detected throughout Pix applications. The number of applications had no noticeable effect on seed protein and oil %. Application of Pix caused a general decrease in the saturated fatty acids (myristic, stearic, and palmitic), associated with an increase in the unsaturated fatty acids (oleic and linoleic). These results were confirmed bv the ratio of total unsaturated fatty acids to total saturated (TU/TS). Ten ppm Pix gave the highest TU/TS. Generally, the saturated fatty acids decreased while the unsaturated fatty acids increased with one application rather than two. Palmitic acid was the most abundant saturated fatty acid, whereas linoleic acid was the most abundant unsaturated ones.     

Growth and Yield Responses to Plant Density and Stage of Transplanting in Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.)

Growth and yield responses to plant density (6.75 × 10⁴, 9.75 × 10⁴ and 12.75 × 10⁴ plants ha^–1) and stage of transplanting (30, 35 and 40 days after sowing) of winter oilseed rape cultivar HO 605 were investigated in two field trials in the 1996/97 and 1997/98 growing seasons at Zhejiang University Farm, Huajiachi Campus, China. Results revealed a progressive decrease in leaf area per plant in response to increasing plant density and delayed transplanting, though leaf area m^–2 and leaf area index were higher in high-density plants. Number of effective branches and pod per branch decreased with increasing plant density and delayed transplanting. There were no significant differences in the mean seed weight among treatments. Although the average number of seeds per pod was significantly lower for high-density plants and delayed transplanting, the economically highest seed yields were realized in relatively high-density plants. Seed oil content was negatively affected by increasing plant density, but no significant differences were observed with delayed transplanting. The highest seed yields of 1730.7 and 1748.1 kg ha^–1 with no significant differences were observed for plant densities of 9.75 × 10⁴ and 12.75 × 10⁴ plants ha^–1, respectively, transplanted at 35 and 30 days after sowing.     

Relationships between seed oil content and fatty acid composition in high stearic acid sunflower

The high stearic acid sunflower mutant CAS-3 is characterized by a low seed oil content, which might represent a constraint for the commercial production of high stearic acid sunflower oil. The objective of the present research was to investigate the relationships between fatty acid profile and seed oil content in CAS-3. Plants of CAS-3 were reciprocally crossed with plants of breeding line ADV-37, with high oil content and standard fatty acid profile. Oil content and fatty acid composition were measured in individual F₂ seeds and F₂ plants (F₃ seeds averaged). Both F₂ seeds and F₂ plants from the cross ADV-37 × CAS-3 had a significantly higher oil content than those from the reciprocal cross, which indicated the existence of cytoplasmic effects in the genetic control of the trait. A consistent negative correlation between oil content and palmitic acid and a positive correlation between oil content and oleic acid were detected both in F₂ seeds and F₂ plants. Conversely, no consistent correlation between oil content and stearic acid was observed, which suggested the feasibility of simultaneous selection for both traits.     

Effect of Nitrogen and Sulphur Application on Yield and Fatty acid Composition of Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) Oil

The effects of nitrogen and sulphur on the yield and fatty acid composition of mustard ( Brassica juncea L.) oil were studied in a field experiment. Significantly higher grain and oil yields were obtained with N and S application. Applications of nitrogen up to 60 kg ha⁻¹ and sulphur up to 40 kg ha⁻¹ favourably influenced the grain yield. Increasing levels of N decreased the oil content while application of sulphur improved the oil content. The contents of linoleic and linolenic acid were maximum (16.82 and 8.73%, respectively) with 60 kg N along with 40 kg S ha⁻¹. No use of fertilizers led to higher contents of undesirable fatty acids such as palmitic (hypercholesterimic) and erucic (do not have food value) acids.     

Cottonseed, Protein and Oil Yields, and Oil Properties as Affected by Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization and Growth Regulators

Two experiments were carried out at Giza Agric. Res. St., Agric. Res. Centre, Ministry of Agric, Egypt, during 1981 and 1982 seasons on cotton cultivar Giza 75 ( Gossypium barbadense L.) to investigate the influence of nitrogen fertilization rates (72, 144 or 216 kg N/ha), phosphorus levels (36 or 72 kg P₂O₅/ha) and three growth regulators (IAA, IBA or NAA), each was applied to cotton plants at 10 ppm and sprayed three times (70, 85 and 100 days after sowing), on cotton seed, protein and oil yields and oil properties. A randomized complete block design, with four replications treatment combinations was used.
The combined analysis of the results of the two seasons revealed that, cottonseed, oil and protein yields/ha increased by raising N- and P-levels and under the application of growth regulators. Seed index increased by raising the added-N and the applied growth regulants. No detectable effect of P-levels was observed. The seed oil percentage decreased, while the protein percentage increased by raising N-rate. Application of growth regulators and high P-level increased the seed oil percentage, while the seed protein percentage was not affected. The seed oil properties, i.e. acidity, saponification and iodine values, tended to decrease slightly by increasing N-rate and the application of growth substances, while a reverse trend was noticed by raising P-level. The mean values of oil specific gravity and refractive index did not show any definite response.     

棉仁高油分材料筛选及其脂肪酸发育分析

对2个主要栽培棉种共61个棉花材料的棉仁油分含量测定表明,棉花种间的棉仁油分含量差异较大。陆地棉和海岛棉材料的平均棉仁油分含量分别为30.42%和37.25%。陆地棉材料中棉仁油分含量变幅较大,从25.27%到35.42%;海岛棉材料的棉仁油分含量相对一致。分别以海岛棉‘Pima90-53’和陆地棉‘徐州142’、‘T586’为材料,考察了棉子发育过程中,油分含量及成分的发育变化进程。研究发现,棉仁油分含量在开花后20d时已达到棉仁干重的25%左右,棉子完全成熟时油分相对含量达到最高。气相色谱分析表明,棉仁脂肪酸主要包括棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸等,其中亚油酸的含量可达50%以上。随着棉子的发育,棉仁亚油酸含量逐渐减少,而棕榈酸、硬脂酸和油酸含量逐渐增加。棉花种间和种内材料的棉仁油分含量差异较大,说明对棉花材料的棉仁油分含量进行遗传改良具有较大的潜力。     

Interactive Effect of Nitrogen and Sulphur on Growth and Yield of Rape-seed-Mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern. and Coss. and Brassica campestris L.) Genotypes

A simple randomized field experiment was conducted to assess the growth and yield of rape-seed-mustard in relation to sulphur and nitrogen interaction. Three levels of sulphur (0, 40 and 60 kg ha⁻¹) in combination with three levels of nitrogen (60, 100 and 150 kg ha⁻¹) were tested as treatments, T₁, T₂, T₃, T₄, and T₅. Results indicated significant favourable effects of sulphur and nitrogen, when applied together, on yield components, seed and oil yield. Maximum response was observed with treatment T₃ (having S and N of 40 and 100 kg ha¹, respectively). Percentage oil content of seed was maximal at T₄ (having S and N of 60 and 100 kg ha¹) in both cultivars. The increase in N dose from 100 to 150 kg ha⁻¹ without any change in applied S, i.e. 60 kg ha¹ (T₅), decreased the percentage oil content. The seed and oil yield, however, were similar to T₃. Favourable responses of S and N interaction on leaf area index, rate of photosynthesis and biomass production were also observed.     

柠条籽粗蛋白及含油率的测定

柠条籽的粗蛋白含量为35.58%,经脱皮处理后其粗蛋白含量可达到42.79%,比大豆粗蛋白含量高出了7.69%,是一种很好的蛋白饲料资源。柠条籽的含油率为12.61%,经脱皮处理后,其含油率可提高到15.91%,其脂肪酸组成及含量与大豆油很相似,完全可以作为生物质能源的原料。     

花生油掺伪棉籽油的检验鉴别

采用碱式甲酯化方法制备脂肪酸甲酯,用气相色谱方法分析、测定纯花生油、纯棉籽油和不同浓度模拟掺伪花生油的脂肪酸组成与含量。结果表明,不同浓度的棉籽油掺入纯花生油后,原有脂肪酸组分随掺入油种脂肪酸的含量而发生变化,以山嵛酸甲酯含量的变化趋势,能较准确地测定掺伪棉籽油的量。     

Effect of 1-Naphthaleneacetic Acid Concentrations and the Number of its Applications on the Yield Components, Yield and Fibre Properties of Egyptian Cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.)

Field experiments were performed in two successive seasons at the Experimental Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt, on the Egyptian cotton cultivar Giza 75 ( Gossypium barbadense L.). Cotton plants were sprayed with the growth regulator 1-naphthaleneace acid (NAA) once (at 90 days), or twice (at 90 and 105 days) or thrice (90, 105 and 120 days) after sowing, during the square initiation and boiling stage at the concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 20 or 25 p.p.m. The volume of solution was the same for all treatments. 9601 ha⁻¹. The control plants were sprayed with water only. The effect of the previous treatments on yield components, cotton yield and fibre properties was studied.
The application of NAA increased the number of opened bolls plant⁻¹, boll weight, seed index, seed cotton yield plant⁻¹ and seed cotton and lint yields ha⁻¹. The most significant effects were obtained with the 15 and 20 p.p.m. concentrations. Lint percentage, fibre length parameters and micronaire value were not significantly affected by NAA. Flat bundle strength was significantly affected by NAA but with no definite trend. The application of NAA twice or thrice tended to give the best results on yield components and cotton yield compared with one application. The results of this study suggested that 20 p.p.m. of NAA gave the best figures when applied twice on the Egyptian cotton plants.     

Physiological Investigation of the Impact of Nitrogen and Sulphur Application on Seed and Oil Yield of Rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.) and Mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern. and Coss.) Genotypes

Field experiments were conducted to determine the physiological basis of the effects of N and S interactions on seed and oil yield of Brassica species. Five combinations of N and S (in kg ha⁻¹) 0S+100N (T₁), 40S+60N (T₂), 40S+100N (T₃), 60S+100N (T₄) and 60S+150N (T₅), were used for this purpose. Nitrate reductase (NR) activity and ATP-sulphurylase activity in the leaves were measured at various growth stages, as the two enzymes catalyse rate-limiting steps of the assimilatory pathways of nitrate and sulphate, respectively. The activities of these enzymes were strongly correlated with seed and oil yield. The highest nitrate reductase activity, ATP-sulphurylase activity and yield were achieved with the combination T₃ in both species. Any variation from this combination decreased the activity of these enzymes, resulting in a reduction of the seed and oil yield of Brassica species. The higher seed and oil yield achieved in these species at T₃ could be due to optimization of leaf soluble protein and photosynthetic rate, as these parameters are influenced by N and S assimilation.     

The Effect of Seeding Rate and Nitrogen Fertilization on Barley Yield and Yield Components in a Cool Maritime Climate

Soil and climatic conditions in Newfoundland are on the margins of agricultural capability, and almost all feed grain is imported. The overall objective of this work was to develop guidelines for the production of barley in Newfoundland, with the goal of establishing modern cropping recommendations. We conducted a 4-year study near St. John's to examine the effect of seeding rate and topdress ammonium nitrate (N) fertilization rate on Chapais six-row barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) yield components and grain yield. Increasing seeding rate from 200 to 380 seeds m^–2 did not alter grain yield in any year. Increasing topdress fertilization from 0 to 60 kg N ha^–1 increased spike density m^–2 at harvest, resulting in linear increases in grain yield in all years. Highest N rates had greatest lodging in two years. Based on our results, agronomic recommendations for eastern Newfoundland now include barley seeding rates of 250 ± 50 seeds m^–2, with topdress applications up to at least 30 kg N ha^–1.     

紫苏二酰基甘油酰基转移酶2基因克隆与功能研究

二酰基甘油酰基转移酶(diacylglycerol acyltransferase, DGAT)是植物合成三酰甘油(TAG)最后一步的关键酶,其中DGAT2在某些植物的种子油中能选择性积累更多不饱和脂肪酸。本文成功克隆了紫苏二酰基甘油酰基转移酶2基因(PfDGAT2),并进行生物信息学分析。PfDGAT2实时荧光定量结果表明,不同器官中PfDGAT2基因均有表达, 10 d种子的表达量最高,在根中的表达量次之,在种子发育中后期,PfDGAT2表达量逐渐降低。与野生型拟南芥相比,过表达PfDGAT2拟南芥种子含油率提高了21.68%～77.89%,其中种子含油率增加最多的4个株系,其亚麻酸(C18:3)增加4.57%,花生一烯酸(C20:1)增加7.44%,花生二烯酸(C20:2)增加5.4%,二十二一烯酸(C22:1)增加10.37%,而棕榈酸(C16:0)、硬脂酸(C18:0)和亚油酸(C18:2)含量分别降低了3.47%、6.64%和4.83%,油酸(C18:1)和花生酸(C20:0)分别只降低了0.18%和1.91%。本研究结果表明,紫苏PfDGAT2基因不仅能提高种子含油率,还...     

杭白芍结实性状及籽油品质分析

分析杭白芍结实性状及其籽油品质,为芍药籽油专用品种培育及籽油开发利用提供理论参考。对杭白芍的结实性状相关性和籽油理化性质进行测试和分析,结果表明：（1）单心皮种子数和心皮长均与单株产量呈极显著正相关,蓇葖果数与单株产量呈显著正相关,分株数与单株产量呈显著负相关;主成分分析表明,前4个主成分累计贡献率达88.8768%。（2）籽油测试结果表明,种子含油率21.31%,油酸40.56%,亚油酸29.16%,亚麻酸22.11%,籽油不饱和脂肪酸91.83%,维生素E含量79.64 mg/100 g。因此,在选育高产品系时要重点关注单心皮种子数、心皮长和蓇葖果数等性状指标。杭白芍籽油具有较高的食用价值,可以作为一种新型的油料作物,具备深入研究推广的价值。     

Effect of Gibberellic Acid Spray and Basal Nitrogen and Phosphorus on Productivity and Fatty Acid Composition of Rapeseed-Mustard

Two field experiments were conducted during] 994-95 to study the effect of spray of 10⁻⁵ M GA3 at 40 days after sowing on mustard ( Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss.) cv. Varuna grown with basally applied 0, 40, 80 and 120 kg N ha⁻¹ (Expt. 1) and 0,15, 30 and 45 kg P ha⁻¹ (Expt. 2) on pod number per plant, seeds per pod, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, biological yield, harvest index and fatty acid composition of oil. No significant difference between water and GA3 spray was found when basally applied nitrogen was 0 or 40 kg N ha⁻¹. N₈₀ proved to be the best for yield characteristics. In another experiment on phosphorus, GA₃ and 30 kg P ha⁻¹ individually enhanced the yield, but interaction of GA₃ and P remained non-significant. The fatty acid composition of oil in both experiments was significantly affected only by nitrogen and phosphorus treatments for oleic acid and erucic acid. It was found that return in the form of yield was more for every kg applied fertilizer under GA, spray treatment. The response was more for N fertilizer in comparison to P. GA₃ at a low level of fertilization significantly increased the return from fertilization.     

The Nutritive Value and Yield of Alfalfa Cultivated on Sulphur Postmining Lands

The study was carried out on the reclaimed lands of a bore-hole sulphur mine. The cropping of two succeeding cuts of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was determined and its chemical composition was analyzed. Alfalfa was cultivated on waste lime (flotation tailings), enriched with a humus layer. The levels of basic nutrients, total S, total F, Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Fe and Mn were determined in alfalfa. The biomass of an average crop was 6830 kg  ha^–1 in the first cut and 14300 kg  ha^–1 in the second one. The yields of dry matter as well as of crude and true proteins were positively correlated with the phosphorus level in the dry matter of alfalfa (P < 0.01). The level of total sulphur was positively linearly correlated with the phosphorus content (P < 0.01). No harmful accumulation of sulphur or fluoride was observed. A deficiency of phosphorus in alfalfa and an abnormal Ca:P weight ratio was found. The S total level was positively correlated with N total concentration. (P < 0.01). The percentage of true protein in crude protein was negatively correlated with total sulphur (P < 0.01). The level of nonprotein nitrogen compounds was positively correlated with S total level (P < 0.01).     

Seed Composition, Seedling Emergence and Early Seedling Vigour of Red Kidney Bean Seed Produced at Elevated Temperature and Carbon Dioxide

Understanding the influence of growth temperature and carbon dioxide (CO₂) on seed quality in terms of seed composition, subsequent seedling emergence and early seedling vigour is important under present and future climates. The objective of this study was to determine the combined effects of elevated temperature and CO₂ during seed-filling of parent plants on seed composition, subsequent seedling emergence and seedling vigour of red kidney bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris ). Plants of cultivar 'Montcalm', were grown at daytime maximum/nighttime minimum sinusoidal temperature regimes of 28/18 and 34/24 °C at ambient CO₂ (350 μmol mol⁻¹) and at elevated CO₂ (700 μmol mol⁻¹) from emergence to maturity. Seed size and seed composition at maturity and subsequent per cent emergence, early seedling vigour (rate of development) and seedling dry matter production were measured. Elevated CO₂ did not influence seed composition, emergence, or seedling vigour of seeds produced either at 28/18 or 34/24 °C. Seed produced at 34/24 °C had smaller seed size, decreased glucose concentration, but significantly increased concentrations of sucrose and raffinose compared to 28/18 °C. Elevated growth temperatures during seed production decreased the subsequent per cent emergence and seedling vigour of the seeds and seedling dry matter production of seed produced either at ambient or elevated CO₂.     

我国主栽棉花品种的棉籽油资源评价与分析

【目的】探讨不同地区、不同棉花品种棉籽油脂肪酸含量与组成的差异。【方法】以收集于我国棉花主产区的82份棉花品种的棉籽为试验材料,采用索氏法提取种子中粗脂肪,并利用气相色谱法分析脂肪酸组成和含量,最后通过聚类分析等分析脂肪酸组成与棉花品种和产地之间的内在联系。【结果】棉籽仁脂肪总含量在188.4~302.8 mg·g~(-1),平均为249.52 mg·g~(-1)。棉籽仁中主要脂肪酸为亚油酸(104.88~180.68 mg·g~(-1))、棕榈酸(41.53~69.77 mg·g~(-1))、油酸(28.29~48.86 mg·g~(-1))和硬脂酸(3.56~6.8 mg·g~(-1));各品种脂肪酸含量具有差异。聚类分析表明,棉籽脂肪酸总含量和脂肪酸组成与产地具有相关性。【结论】本研究筛选得到棉籽脂肪酸总含量以及油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸高的材料,明确了82份种质资源的棉籽油分特征、特性和利用价值。     

野生和栽培大豆种质油脂组成特点及其与演化的关系

以58份不同类型(野生、半野生和栽培)大豆种质为材料,利用32对SSR标记分析大豆种质间的遗传多样性和进化关系,采用NIRS和GC方法分别分析大豆脂肪含量和脂肪酸组分含量,研究不同类型大豆种质油脂组成特点及其与演化的关系。结果显示,野生大豆和栽培大豆的油脂组成存在显著差异,栽培大豆脂肪含量(平均20.8%)显著高于野生大豆(平均10.49%),油酸含量(平均28.5%)显著高于野生大豆(平均14.37%),而亚麻酸含量却显著低于野生大豆;由相关性分析可知,大豆种子中的脂肪与油酸含量显著正相关(r=0.85^**),而与其他脂肪酸组分极显著负相关;油酸与所有其他脂肪酸组分均负相关,特别是与亚麻酸和亚油酸呈极显著负相关(r=.0.90^**和.0.89^**);油脂组成和SSR标记对不同类型大豆种质的聚类和主成分分析表明,2种分类结果基本一致,可分为栽培和野生2个亚群,半野生大豆则分布于2个亚群中。由此可见,大豆油脂组成与大豆种质的驯化程度有关,脂肪含量和亚麻酸含量可以作为大豆演化分类的参考指标。     

Effect of Depth and Method of Irrigation and Nitrogen Application on Herb and Oil Yields of Java Citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt.) under Semi-arid Tropical Conditions

A field expenment was conducted during 1992–94 at CIMAP, Field Station, Bangalore, India to study the effect of depth (25, 37.5 and 50 mm) and methods (Ridge and furrow and Broad Bed and furrow method) of irrigation and nitrogen levels (0, 200 and 400 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) on herb and oil yields of Java citronella. At the highest level of N application (400 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) ridge and furrow method was better suited for irrigating citronella. However, under lower N levels (0 and 200 kgN ha⁻¹ year⁻¹), as much as 30 % water can be saved by the broad bed and furrow method. The results have shown that highest herb and oil yields of citronella were achieved with the application of 400 kg N and maintaining 25 mm depth of irrigation. Content and quality of oil were not affected either by irrigation or nitrogen.