口蹄疫的诊断

主要从实验室诊断和类症鉴别等方面介绍了目前用于口蹄疫诊断的常用方法，以期为临床诊断口蹄疫提供参考。     

犬皮肤病的诊断与治疗

当今时代，犬已经成为了人们的伙伴，而且养犬的人越来越多，随之引发的疾病也越来越多，然后犬的皮肤病发病率相当高，因此本文就犬皮肤病的临床特征、实验室检查、治疗、预防等方面加以介绍。     

猪呼吸道传染病的诊断与控制体会

2003年9月份以来，我市一些中、小型规模化猪场发生呼吸道传染病，通过现场调查、临床检查、剖检病死猪只以及实验室检验，确定了病原，采取了一系列控制措施．降低了病死率，减少了损失。现将防治情况及体会介绍如下：     

猪链球菌病的诊治体会

2003年8月某养猪户断奶小猪发热，有的伴有神经症状，发病急、死亡快，经临床观察、病理剖检和实验室检查，确诊为猪急性链球菌病，现将疾病诊治情况介绍如下：     

猪场兽医诊断实验室的建立及要求

通过对建立猪场兽医诊断实验室选址、房间设置、仪器与人员配备、实验室主要工作内容及实验室质量管理进行介绍,以期为猪场建立兽医诊断实验室提供参考。     

绵羊链球菌病的诊治

21044年2月19日，乌鲁木齐市达板城区东沟乡一个体户饲养的绵羊发生疫情，短时间内死亡了6只。接到疫情后，我们立即赶赴现场，进行流行病学调查、尸体剖检和实验室诊断，现将有关情况介绍如下：     

鸡新城疫的诊断

对鸡新城疫的主要临床表现、病理变化、临床诊断进行了阐述,并重点对实验室诊断进行了介绍,以期为鸡新城疫的诊断提供参考.     

鸡新城疫的诊断

对鸡新城疫的主要临床表现、病理变化、临床诊断进行了阐述,并重点对实验室诊断进行了介绍,以期为鸡新城疫的诊断提供参考。     

口蹄疫诊断技术研究进展

口蹄疫是偶蹄动物的一种重要的烈性传染病，可使世界范围内的畜牧业遭受严重的经济损失，作者综述了目前的口蹄疫诊断技术研究进展，其中包括了传统的病毒分离技术，实验室的血清学检测技术以及分子生物学诊断技术等，着重对目前在全世界应用广泛的ELISA技术进行了重点介绍，并对口蹄疫诊断技术进行了展望。     

猪蓝耳病与圆环病毒病混合感染的诊断报告

2006年2月，河北藁城、栾城两个养猪场分别来我院就诊。我们对患病猪场进行了流行病学调查，通过对临床症状观察、病理剖检，以及实验室诊断，确诊两个猪场的猪均为蓝耳病和圆环病毒混合感染。现将诊断情况介绍如下：     

Biodiversity of Domestic Livestock in the Republic of Yemen

This paper describes the domestic livestock of the Republic of Yemen and aspires to complement earlier sources listing or partially describing `breeds'. It attempts to cover all species and provide indications of production parameters through a literature review and via field observations made by the author in 1999. Information is provided on livestock numbers and the economic importance of animal production. Most animals are kept in sedentary mixed crop–livestock production systems; transhumant systems have the next greatest number of stock; with nomadic systems being of least and declining importance. Yemen's livestock appear to comprise at least 11 breeds of sheep, 5 breeds of goat, 2 breeds of cattle, 4 breeds of camel, 2 breeds of donkey and 1 breed of horse. There are no data on breeds of poultry but domestic fowl (where clearly considerable diversity exists) and pigeons are kept. There is little formal information on the history and relationships of most breeds. Some appear to be of ancient local origin, whereas others show affinities with those of neighbouring and other countries. None of the identified types is considered endangered, so conservation would be premature. A more formal and detailed genetic characterization, to add to the largely morphological and traditional classification, may, however, reveal such a need.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A prediction model for strike in the sheep nasal fly, Oestrus ovis, in Namibia

A model was developed for predicting outbreaks of Oestrus ovis throughout the main sheep farming areas of Namibia. Pupal developmental periods were studied, concomitant air and soil temperatures enabling degree-day calculations to be made for prediction of adult fly strike. Monitoring of larval infection established seasonal incidence of O. ovis infestation and acted as verification of predictions. The establishment of relevant isothermal maps for Namibia made possible extrapolation from the several study sites to the entire sheep farming area. Retrospective and actual predictions of the important first peak after winter were considered accurate enough to recommend timing of control measures. No evidence of overwintering of first stage instars was found, the strategy used instead being extended pupation. Adult fly energy reserves were determined.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

The effect of diethylene glycol monoethyl ether as a vehicle for topical delivery of ivermectin

The effect of diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (DGME; Transcutol) on the permeation of ivermectin, a broad-spectrum antiparasitic agent, through bovine skin was evaluated byin vitro permeation experiments followed by serial sectioning of the skin to assess the amount of ivermectin retained in the skin. Ivermectin permeation through bovine skin was enhanced by DGME and this enhancement was DGME-concentration-dependent. Permeation of ivermectin was effectively enhanced in vehicles with low proportions of DGME, but the magnitude of permeation enhancement decreased as the proportion of DGME increased. The permeation was accompanied by the formation of cutaneous depots of ivermectin. Furthermore, the data indicated that the flux and the cutaneous accumulation of ivermectin were sensitive to the concentration gradient of DGME across the skin. This suggested that ivermectin was permeating with DGME, in which it is very soluble. Hence, the enhancing mechanism involves solubilization of the ivermectin by DGME and the transport of DGME itself across the skin. Based on these results, DGME appears to be a potential vehicle for topical delivery of ivermectin by transport through the skin and through formation of cutaneous depots of ivermectin.Abbreviations DGME diethylene glycol monoethyl ether     

储存环境对鸡蛋壳表面3种沙门氏菌存活与迁移的影响

为探明不同储存环境对蛋壳表面沙门氏菌存活和向蛋内迁移的影响,在鸡蛋壳表面人工接种肠炎沙门氏菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌和鸡白痢沙门氏菌,试验环境设定温度4、25和37℃,环境相对湿度（RH）设定为50%和90%,在不同的储存环境下,各个时间点检测蛋壳表面沙门氏菌数量与蛋内容物中沙门氏菌污染情况。结果显示,4℃环境下可显著减少蛋壳表面3种沙门氏菌的数量;50% RH、25和37℃环境下蛋壳表面3种沙门氏菌的数量均逐渐下降;90% RH、25℃环境下蛋壳表面肠炎沙门氏菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌在个别时间点出现数量反弹,其总体数量呈现下降趋势,37℃环境下鸡白痢沙门氏菌的数量快速下降,而肠炎沙门氏菌和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的数量先下降后上升,并保持在接种的数量级水平。鸡蛋内容物的检测结果显示,肠炎沙门氏菌和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌在高温、高湿环境下更易被检出,而鸡白痢沙门氏菌始终未被检出。综上所述,低温、低湿可减少蛋壳表面沙门氏菌存活,并阻止其菌体向蛋内迁移,高温、高湿环境促进蛋壳表面沙门氏菌的增殖,增加了其向蛋内迁移的几率,不同血清型沙门氏菌在鸡蛋壳表面的存活和向蛋内迁移的侵袭力存在一定差异。     

Effects of Mixed Grazing of First- and Second-year Calves on Trichostrongylid Infections in Lithuania

The objective of this study was to examine whether susceptible calves grazing together with second-year resistant heifers are less exposed to trichostrongylid infection than are calves grazing on their own. Two groups of animals representing each age category were turned out onto pasture on 24 May 1997 and grazed at comparable stocking rates. The grazing of calves and heifers together was compared to groups of each age category grazing separately. The results indicated that herbage larval counts were significantly reduced in the second part of the grazing season on the plot grazed by the mixed group compared to the plot grazed by the first-season calves only. The mixed grazing strategy protected the young calves and no clinical signs were observed in this group, while most of the calves that grazed alone exhibited clinical signs. The availability of herbage was reduced towards the end of the season, with subsequent competition for the grass forcing all the animals to graze the tufts around the faecal pats, where the quality of the grass is poor and the numbers of infective larvae are high. The effect of this was visible in the form of increased parasite burdens in the calves that were grazed together with the heifers, confirmed by increased blood serum pepsinogen concentrations and reduced daily weight gains in the second part of the grazing season. The lower numbers of infective larvae on the pasture were probably achieved through the heifers ingesting many of the larvae but subsequently depositing relatively few eggs, since they had acquired some degree of resistance against trichostrongylid infections during their first grazing season. Thus they did not suffer any parasitological ill-effects during mixed grazing with first-season calves.     

DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND EXAMINATION AND ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN ATLANTIC SALMON (Salmo salar)

Diagnostic ultrasound examination was performed on 53 mature, tranquillized, Atlantic salmon. Wild fish and farmed fish were equally represented. The purpose was to find a rapid method of examination that could be used to identify and separate fish with cardiomyopathy syndrome while fish are tranquillized for other procedures. Three methods of examination were studied. The non-elastic pericardium and absence of lungs results in cardiac function which is clearly different from that in mammals. M-mode echocardiography was complex, technical and time consuming and calculated fractional shortening was not reliable. Subjective evaluation of the heart and liver was valuable and easy to perform. Measurement of the transverse dimension of the atrium and ventricle on a ventro-dorsal axis through the cranial limit of the A-V valve gave acceptable objective data for comparison of the ventricular and atrial size. Diagnostic ultrasound is both practical and valuable for the clinical study of disease in fish.