共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 187 毫秒
1.
稻种资源的磷利用效率差异及其分类评价 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
采用溶液水培试验,以289份稻种资源为供试材料,探讨了相同供磷水平下水稻生物量与磷利用效率的品种差异,并通过对其进行系统分类与评价,进一步阐明水稻磷素吸收及其生物学性状与磷素利用效率的关系。结果表明:(1)在水稻分蘖期与拔节孕穗期,供试品种生物量与磷利用效率均存在较大变幅,生物量的变异系数分别达到36.03%和34.85%,磷利用效率的变异系数分别为15.80%和17.73%。(2)通过动态聚类将供试稻种资源分为5种磷利用效率类型,它们存在明显的基因型差异;在分蘖期及拔节孕穗期两个时期,Ⅰ类高效型的生物量分别是Ⅴ类低效型的3.22倍和3.08倍,而其磷素利用效率分别是Ⅴ类低效型的1.73倍和1.82倍。(3)磷高效型水稻和低效型水稻体内含磷量和磷积累量也呈现出显著的基因型差异,Ⅰ类磷高效型水稻相对Ⅴ类低效型含磷量较低,磷累积量高,能吸收利用有限的磷素,维持自身的生理代谢,并产生较大的生物量。(4)不同磷利用效率类型的水稻的生物学性状中株高及分蘖数体现出极显著的基因型差异,并与磷利用效率呈极显著的正相关关系。 相似文献
2.
不同基因型水稻苗期氮营养特性差异及综合评价 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
氮肥过量施用,不仅造成氮肥大量流失,还增加了农业生产成本,对生态环境带来了巨大的威胁。筛选氮高效基因型水稻品种是提高氮素利用效率、降低环境污染的有效途径。本文利用营养液培养方法,研究了55个水稻品种(系)在相同供氮水平(40 mg·L~(-1))、不同供氮形态(NH_4~+-N和NO_3~–-N)条件下苗期吸收与积累氮素的差异。并采用隶属函数法将评价指标进行标准化,基于氮效率综合值,运用分层聚类热图分析,进行55个水稻品种氮效率类型的划分,为氮高效水稻品种的筛选提供依据。在NH_4~+-N和NO_3~–-N培养下,不同水稻品种的整株生物量、茎叶生物量、根系生物量、根系氮含量、茎叶氮累积量差异性显著,变异系数分别在0.69~0.80和0.57~0.74之间。通过因子分析发现,在NH_4~+-N和NO_3~–-N培养条件下的主成分情况相同,第1主成分由整株生物量、茎叶生物量、根系生物量、整株氮累积量、茎叶氮累积量、根系氮累积量决定,主要为反映植株的生物量及氮素累积量指标;第2主成分由不同器官的氮含量决定。综合水稻苗期氮素吸收累积变异特征及因子分析,将整株生物量、茎叶生物量、根系生物量、茎叶氮累积量作为水稻苗期氮高效综合评价指标。根据隶属函数法计算出的氮效率综合值和采用欧氏距离平方拟合的分层聚类热图,55个供试水稻品种可分为氮高效型、氮中效型、氮低效型3大类,分别占供试品种总数的10.91%、27.27%、61.82%。在NH_4~+-N和NO_3~–-N供应条件下,初步确定‘广两优3905’、‘甬优9号’、‘中籼2503’、‘Ⅱ优602’、‘两优766’和‘深两优1813’为氮高效型品种。 相似文献
3.
不同氮效率木薯品种根系形态、构型及氮吸收动力学特征 总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2
4.
玉米杂交种氮效率基因型差异 总被引:37,自引:11,他引:37
利用北京地区推广的 8个主要玉米杂交种 ,在不施N和施N条件下研究了产量、N累积量及N效率的基因型差异。结果表明 ,在不施N和施N条件下 ,不同品种之间产量的变异幅度分别为 62%、57% ;N累积总量的变异幅度则分别为 55%、48%。其中以农大 108的产量和N累积总量最高 ,中单 120和中单 2号最低。随施N量增加 ,吸收效率和N效率显著下降 ,利用效率则变化不大。在 2个施N水平下 ,N效率基因型差异主要决定于吸收效率 相似文献
5.
为探明不同磷肥类型和用量对设施辣椒产量、干物质累积和磷肥利用率的影响,以期为安徽设施辣椒磷肥高效利用提供理论和实践依据。以“皖椒101”为供试作物,通过田间试验,以不施磷肥为对照(CK),设置普通磷酸二铵和聚氨酯包膜磷酸二铵2个磷肥类型,每个磷肥类型包括4个磷肥用量,分别为P2O5 30 kg/hm2(P30)、60 kg/hm2(P60)、90 kg/hm2 (P90)、120 kg/hm2(P120),共9个处理,主要研究了辣椒产量、干物质累积、磷素吸收和磷肥利用率等对不同磷肥类型和用量的响应。结果表明,施用普通磷酸二铵条件下,随着施磷量的增加,辣椒产量、茎、叶、果实的干物质和磷素的累积量呈现逐渐增加的趋势,均以P120处理为最高;施用聚氨酯包膜磷酸二铵条件下,随着施磷量的增加,辣椒产量、叶、果实的干物质和磷素的累积量呈现先增加后稳定的趋势,均以P90处理为最高。在P30和P90条件下,施用聚氨酯包膜磷酸二铵较普通磷酸二铵显著增产10.1%和7.8%;在P30和P60条件下,与普通磷酸二铵相比,施用聚氨酯包膜磷酸二铵可分别显著增加辣椒的果实和地上部干物质积累10.1%、26.6%和6.7%、18.8%,增加果实和地上部磷素吸收13.9%、27.0%和10.6%、21.9%,提高磷肥利用率11.5%和13.8%,增加磷肥农学利用率43.7%和32.0%,提高磷肥偏生产力10.1%和9.4%。本研究条件下,聚氨酯包膜磷酸二铵能促进辣椒生长发育,提高磷素的利用率,该地区最佳包膜磷酸二铵施用量为P2O5 86.9 kg/hm2。 相似文献
6.
随着水稻节水栽培技术越来越得到广泛的应用与推广以及水稻在淹水条件下根际氧化圈的存在,水稻的硝酸盐营养作用受到更大的关注。利用水培方法研究了4种具代表性的水稻基因型(常规籼稻、常规粳稻、杂交籼稻、杂交粳稻)在苗期(2 8d)的铵(NH 4 )吸收动力学特性以及硝(NO-3 )对NH 4 吸收动力学特征和叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶活性(GSA)的影响。结果表明:增NO-3 营养可以增加水稻对氮素的吸收,提高氮素利用率,进而促进水稻生长;不同基因型之间NH 4 吸收速率的差异为:杂交籼稻>常规籼稻>杂交粳稻>常规粳稻;NO-3 的存在促进了水稻对NH 4 的吸收,增加水稻吸收NH 4 的Vmax值(4个品种平均增加31 5 % ) ,而对其Km 值影响不大(4个品种平均增加4 2 6 % ) ,说明NO-3 对NH 4 吸收的影响主要在于影响NH 4 载体的运转速率而非吸收位点与NH 4 之间的亲和性;增NO-3 营养可以增加叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)的活性,提高水稻同化NH 4 的能力 相似文献
7.
针对西南地区辣椒生产中磷素吸收分配及土壤磷素累积特征不明的问题,通过田间试验明确辣椒不同时期各器官的磷素累积、分配及土壤磷累积动态过程,阐明基于辣椒产量、磷素吸收和土壤磷环境风险的最佳磷肥用量。试验于2018年以当地主栽品种开展田间试验,通过设置5个施磷水平(P 0、33、65、131、393 kg/hm2),测定辣椒各器官干重、磷含量、磷累积量及土壤磷累积量、土壤有效磷浓度、土壤水溶性磷浓度等指标。结果表明,随施磷量的增加:初花期和收获期辣椒茎、叶、果的干重均显著增加,施磷使初花期茎、叶干重增幅分别为50.0%~150%、50.0%~175%,施磷使收获期茎、叶、果干重增幅分别为39.7%~122%、66.7%~143%、15.2%~51.0%;磷累积量均显著增加,施磷使初花期茎、叶磷累积量增幅分别为63.6%~200%、40.9%~ 相似文献
8.
不同氮效率玉米杂交种的根系生长、氮素吸收与产量形成 总被引:28,自引:15,他引:28
以氮效率不同的4个玉米杂交种(组合)为材料,在两个氮水平下分析了根系大小与氮素累积及产量形成方面的相互关系。结果表明,氮高效杂交种(NE1和ND108)吸氮量显著高于氮低效品种,但这种差异主要来自于吐丝后氮累积量,而在前期不同基因型间氮素累积差异不显著。两个氮水平下,氮高效品种NE1和ND108都具有较大的根系;在不施氮条件下,氮低效品种209115的根系干重与ND108相近,而其氮累积量及产量均最低。说明根系大小是决定氮累积量的主导因素,但氮吸收速率的作用也不可忽视。 相似文献
9.
不同施氮量对旱地不同品种冬小麦氮素累积、运输和分配的影响 总被引:36,自引:19,他引:36
通过田间试验研究了西北旱地4个主要冬小麦品种在不同供氮水平下对氮素的吸收、累积和转移特性。结果表明,增施氮肥显著地促进了小麦地上部分氮素累积总量,子粒氮素累积量在施氮量180.kg/hm2时最高,再增加氮肥用量子粒氮素累积量降低;施氮明显增加了收获时茎秆氮素的残留量。不同品种间氮素累积量差异显著,其中小偃22最高,其后依次为陕253、小偃503和陕229;小偃22的氮肥利用率、氮肥农学效率和氮肥生理效率均高于其它几个小麦品种。不同器官相比,开花前氮素主要累积在叶片中,茎秆的累积量在开花期达到最大。不同部位氮素转移效率为叶片穗茎秆;叶、茎、穗氮素转移效率存在基因型差异。 相似文献
10.
小麦苗期氮素吸收利用效率差异及聚类分析 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
【目的】氮肥过量施用,不仅造成氮素大量流失,还增加了农业生产成本,对生态环境带来了巨大的威胁。筛选和培育氮高效小麦品种是提高氮肥利用率、 降低环境污染风险的有效途径。本文通过对44个小麦品种苗期性状的考察,初步筛选出具有氮高效潜力的小麦品种。【方法】利用循环营养液培养方法,研究了安徽省44个小麦品种(系)在正常氮(5 mmol/L)和高氮(45 mmol/L)条件下苗期氮素吸收利用效率的差异。采用隶属函数法将评价指标数据进行标准化,区间为[0,1];而后采用客观赋权法将标准化后的数据整合成一个无量纲的综合值,最后基于综合值运用最短距离法、 欧氏距离平方聚类分析方法,将44个小麦品种划分成不同的氮效率类型。【结果】在两种供氮水平下,不同小麦品种的茎叶干重、 根干重、 叶面积、 茎叶氮累积量和根氮累积量存在显著性差异,其变异系数分别在27.9%~33.7%和21.5%~32.8%之间,可作为小麦苗期氮效率的评价指标。小麦苗期氮效率综合值在正常氮和高氮水平下分别在0.053~0.920和0.001~0.853之间,其中鉴76在正常氮和高氮条件下的氮效率综合值均大于80%。通过隶属函数氮效率综合值及其聚类分析,将44个供试小麦品种分为氮高效型、 氮中效型和氮低效型三类;其中扬麦16和鉴76在正常氮和高氮条件下均表现为高效型,皖麦68、 F60501-4、 鉴62和安农1026只在高氮条件下表现为高效型。氮高效型、 氮中效型、 氮低效型小麦品种在正常供氮和高氮条件下分别占供试品种总数的4.54%、 54.55%、 40.91%和13.63%、 38.64、 47.73%。【结论】在正常供氮和高氮条件下,44个供试小麦品种的茎叶氮累积量、 茎叶干重、 根部氮累积量、 根部干重和叶面积存在显著性差异,可以作为小麦苗期氮效率评价指标;初步确定扬麦16和鉴76为正常供氮和高氮条件下的氮高效型品种,皖麦68、 F60501-4、 鉴62和安农1026 为高氮条件下的氮高效型品种。 相似文献
11.
Effect of external and internal factors on the calcium content of paprika and bean fruits In water culture experiments with paprika and bean plants the effect of Ca supply, transpiration and growth rate on the Ca content of the fruits has been studied. A 10-fold increase in Ca supply only slightly increased the Ca content. The Ca content of the paprika fruits was increased considerably at high transpiration rates of either the whole shoot or the single fruit. High transpiration also increased the Mg content but had no effect on the K content. In bean high transpiration rates only increased the Ca content in the early stages of fruit development. The ratio of Ca translocation versus water loss by transpiration sharply declined during fruit growth in both species. In paprika the highest ratio (μg Ca/ml) in the fruits corresponded with the ratio in the leaves. In bean fruits, however, this ratio distinctly exceeded that of fully developed leaves. At high transpiration rates of the shoot 20% of the Ca (45Ca) injected into the fruit were translocated out of the fruit. At low transpiration rates of the shoot the corresponding value was below 1%. Most of all the growth rate of the fruits affected the Ca content. With increasing growth rate the Ca transport into the fruits was hardly altered which in turn led to a sharp decrease of the Ca content per unit dry weight. The results support the idea of the Ca transport into the fruit via the xylem. This Ca transport — i.e. also the Ca content of the fruit — is regulated and is also to be influenced by direct or indirect alterations of the water transport in the xylem. 相似文献
12.
13.
Luengwilai K Fiehn OE Beckles DM 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2010,58(22):11790-11800
Sink and source activity in two tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) genotypes that vary in fruit Brix were investigated to identify differences that potentially underscore this trait. Solara (Brix 9%) accumulated almost twice the glucose, fructose, and sucrose in ripe fruit and had a higher horticultural yield (25% greater) compared to Moneymaker (Brix 5%). 14C-glucose feeding suggested large disparities in sucrose metabolism in ripe fruit between genotypes. Biochemical pathways in the leaf adjacent to a fruiting truss at night were also analyzed since in many species, this is the period when leaf reserves are mobilized to feed the plant. Surprisingly, leaf metabolism, i.e., starch and sugar content, the levels of polar metabolites assayed by GC-TOF MS and 14CO2-pulse-chase fluxes in detached leaves, did not change between the day and night in either genotype. Solara has a higher morphological source-to-sink ratio, and this may contribute to higher Brix in that genotype. 相似文献
14.
Pilar Flores Inmaculada Castellar Pilar Hellín José Fenoll Joaquín Navarro 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(3):367-379
ABSTRACT A greenhouse experiment was conducted to examine the effect of using three different rates (zero, low-input, and high-input) of a mineral fertilizer (nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg)) on growth and yield of pepper cultivated in a soil after biofumigation (with horse manure at the rate of 4 kg· m? 2) and solarization. Several physiological traits related with pepper plant development (leaf mineral concentration, net photosynthesis rate, transpiration, leaf sugar, and chlorophyll concentration) and fruit yield were determined. In T-1, chlorophyll was significantly lower and sugar concentration was significantly higher than in those where mineral fertilizers had been added (T-2 and T-3). There were no significant differences in photosynthetic rate among treatments. Increasing mineral fertilizer rates increased vegetative growth at the expense of fruit yield. Leaf nutrient concentrations most affected by the treatments were the N-fractions, and changes in the other parameters measured are discussed on the basis of these differences. 相似文献
15.
籽粒苋富钾基因型筛选研究 总被引:12,自引:4,他引:12
在营养液培养或土壤培养条件下,采用植株含钾量、单株吸钾量和植株吸钾率等作为富钾基因型的筛选指标,对不同籽粒苋(红苋Amranthus crenentus)品种的富钾能力进行了筛选。结果表明,D8-1、R109、R104和K12等品种对钾具有较强的富集能力,在低钾溶液培养30d(不包括25d的育苗期)和缺钾土壤培养60d时,其植株含钾(K)量一般都在3%~4%之间,单株吸钾(K)量分别在50~75mg和100~120mg范围内,植株(鲜根)吸钾速率大于1 70mol (gh),为富钾基因型;而M9和Cr047等品种对钾的富集能力则相对较弱,其植株含钾量一般在2.7%以下,单株吸钾量低于40mg和80mg,植株(鲜根)吸钾速率小于1.35mol (gh),属一般型。在供钾正常(K5mmol L,)时,所有品种的含钾量和吸钾量均大幅上升,但随着培养介质中钾浓度的提高,两基因型的富钾能力差距逐渐缩小,低钾溶液培养时含钾量和吸钾量最高的品种分别是最低时的2 5倍和2 3倍,而供钾正常时含钾量和吸钾量最高的品种仅分别为最低的1.3倍和1.8倍。因此,在缺钾土壤上播后60d或0.5mmol L的低钾溶液培养30d,能较好地反映两种基因型在富钾能力上的差异。同时,两种基因型在缺钾土壤上的根冠比和主根长仅为低钾溶液培养时的一半左右。但无论在那种介质中,富钾型的根冠比和主根长均大于一般型;在供钾 相似文献
16.
Calcium uptake by bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. ‘California Wonder') varied by stage of plant development and N form supplied (NO3 ‐NH4 + ratios: 1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, and 0:1) in a hydroponic study. Uptake of Ca++ was highest at bloom and during fruit expansion, making the fruit development stage the highest demand period. Calcium uptake declined with each increasing increment of NH4 + relative to NO3 ‐ supplied, although fruit yield was not significantly reduced until the ratio of NH4 + to NO3 ‐ exceeded 50%. Tissue Ca++ levels in the blossom‐end of the fruit were reduced whenever NH4 + was included with N supplied. Vegetative yield of plants followed the same trend as that observed for total fruit dry weights. Our results indicate that pepper yields are higher when NO3 ‐ is the predominant form of N. Also, these results strongly suggest that Ca++ fertilizer applications should precede the bloom period and continue during fruit development to ensure adequate Ca++ availability for fruit development. 相似文献
17.
Uptake of NO3 ‐, NH4 +, P, K++, Ca++ and Mg++, as influenced by the stage of plant development and three NO3 ‐: NH4 + ratios (1: 0, 1: 1, and 0: 1), was determined for sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. ‘California Wonder'). Uptake was highest during fruit development and immediately after fruit harvest, indicating that fruit removal promotes nutrient uptake. When NO3 ‐ and NH4 + were supplied in equal concentrations, NO3 ‐ was absorbed more readily. Each increment in NH4 + decreased the uptake of K+, Ca++, and Mg++ by fruit tissue, while no significant effect on the N and P content of the fruit was observed. Ammonium nutrition reduced plant dry weight and fruit yield in comparison to NO3 ‐. Results from this study suggest that NO3 ‐ is the preferred N form, and that fertilizer application should be scheduled according to specific physiological stages to maximize nutrient uptake. Nutrient content of vegetative tissue was not indicative of potential yield. 相似文献
18.
在黄土高原半干旱区,采用LI-1600稳态气孔仪和LI-6200便携式光合测定仪对不同土壤水分条件下盆栽核桃的生理指标进行了观测,研究土壤含水量对核桃蒸腾速率与光合速率的影响.结果表明,不同土壤含水量条件下核桃蒸腾速率、光合速率和水分利用效率的日变化具有显著的差异.当土壤体积含水量在5%以下时,核桃气孔导度很低,蒸腾速率日变化也不明显;当体积含水量为10%和15%时,蒸腾速率、光合速率和水分利用效率随着土壤水分的增加而升高,而且具有明显的日变化.土壤含水量越低,核桃叶片气孔导度与蒸腾速率和光合速率的相关性越差.通过对比得出,核桃光合作用适宜土壤体积含水量为10%~15%;土壤体积含水量控制在15%时核桃的水分利用效率达到较好状态. 相似文献
19.
施钾对有些茄科作物产量和品质的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Over a period of two years,field experiments were conducted on wto silty loam soils grown with four solanaceous vegetable crops of geggplant(var.serpentinum Bailey),tomato(var.commune Bailey),sweet pepper(var.grossum Bailey) and chilli (var.lengum Bailey),respectively,Each experiment included four treatments with from low to high doses,0-450 kg ha^-1 for eggplant ,tomato and sweet pepper,and 0-270 kg ha^-1 for chilli,of K fertilizers in the from of sulfate of potash(SOP) applied together with N and P fertilizers. One CK treatment without K,N and P fertilzers applied and one treatment of K fertilizer in the form of muriate of potash(MOP) applied at the high level(450kg ha^-1) together with N and P fertilizers were included in the experiments of eggplant,in order to compare the effects of SOP and MOP,The fruit yields of the tested crops increased significantly with the increasing rate of K application.The crops supplied with K fertilizers yielded more stably as the CV% of their yields decreased with the rate of K application,The K fertilizers yielded more stably as the CV% of their yields decreased with the rate of K application,The dry matter and vitamin C contents in fruits of tomato,sweet pepper and chilli,and the sugar content and the titratable acidity level of tomato fruits were increased,and the S/A ratio( ratio of sugar content to titratable acidity) of tomato fruits were decreased by K fertilization,indicating that K fertilization could improve the fruit quality of the solanaceous vegetable crops.However,the high rate of Kfertilizer might lower the dry matter and vitamin C contents of tomato fruits and sewwt pepper fruits.SOP was more effective than MOP in increasing the yield and quality of eggplant fruits at the high fertilization rate;therefore,the choice of applying SOP may be better for high levels of K fertilization. 相似文献
20.
Beatrice Pezzarossa Diletta Piccotino Carol Shennan Fernando Malorgio 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(10):1613-1635
Aim of this work was to investigate if the variation among tomato genotypes in selenium (Se) uptake and accumulation observed in short term experiments are maintained over longer growth periods and if there is a positive correlation in shoot between sulphur (S) accumulation and Se accumulation across different genotypes or if higher tissue S results in greater feedback inhibition of Se uptake. Two experiments were carried out under greenhouse conditions and different genotypes of Lycopersicon lycopersicum (UC82B and LA2711), Lycopersicon pennellii (LA716) and Lycopersicon peruvianum (LA2157) were grown until fruit ripening. The results obtained in the two experiments confirmed that sulphate in the growth solution reduced selenate uptake by plants and increased the S content of the leaves. Under low sulphate treatment there was a clear correlation (R2=0.82) between leaf S content and shoot Se content across genotypes in both experiments, indicating that the overall activity of the S transport systems also determines Se transport. Selenium was translocated from shoot to fruit, but the edible portion of the plant contained much less total Se than the inedible plant parts. The difference in Se content between the low and the high sulphate treatments was significantly higher in shoot than in root, confirming that the Se translocation from root to shoot is probably more affected by high sulphate supply than Se uptake by root. In the first experiment the genotype LA716 showed ah higher Se, accumulation together with higher S content in leaves, indicating a marked ability of this genotype to absorb ions from substrate. In the second experiment UC82B appeared to be more capable to accumulate Se and S rather than LA2711 and LA2157. In both experiments Lycopersicon peruvianum appeared to be less affected by the high concentration of ions in the growth solution and to be able to reduce ion uptake than Lycopersicon lycopersicum and Lycopersicon pennellii. 相似文献