施用钙肥对盐胁迫条件下花生生长发育和产量的影响

以花育25号为试验材料,采用盆栽试验,设盐胁迫条件下施用0、75、150和225kg/hm2钙肥量处理,研究施用钙肥对盐胁迫条件下花生生长发育、光合产物积累和产量等的影响。结果表明,盐胁迫条件下花生植株的主茎高、侧枝长、地上部光合产物积累量、净光合速率、产量均显著降低,施用钙肥使主茎高、侧枝长、地上部干物质积累量、净光合速率、产量得以改善且以钙肥用量150kg/hm2处理效果最显著,结荚期至收获期地上部干物质积累分别提高35.5%、25.5%、32.1%、44.2%。产量提高达21.51%。表明钙肥的施用有效缓解了盐胁迫对花生生长发育的伤害,促进植株生长,提高光和能力,最终提高产量。     

膜下滴灌追肥种类对花生生长和产量的影响

为明确不同肥料种类及其相互配合追施提高花生产量的效应,确定适宜的追施肥料种类和配施方式,为花生科学施肥提供理论依据。在大田覆膜滴灌条件下,于花针期设置追施氮、钙、硼肥及其相互配施处理,研究了不同处理对花生生长和产量的影响。结果表明,与单独追施氮、硼、钙肥相比,三种肥料配合施用后单株果针数、结果数和荚果干重分别增加了18.61%~24.0%,12.50%~23.00%和12.13%~21.60%,进而提高了产量,且氮、钙和硼肥配合施用促进了花生的地上部干重、主茎高和分枝数,有利于各器官干物质积累,故以花针期追施一定比例的氮硼钙肥或氮钙肥能够有效促进花生营养生长并提高产量。     

石灰氮对连作花生生理特性及产量的影响

在池栽条件下,研究了施用石灰氮对连作花生生理特性及产量的影响。结果表明,合理施肥可以缓解连作对花生生长发育以及产量的不良影响,石灰氮的缓解效果明显优于常规速效化肥。石灰氮促进了连作花生主茎和侧枝的生长,提高了各时期叶片叶绿素含量以及净光合速率,增加了各生育时期叶片的硝酸还原酶活性和根系活力;提高了连作花生的出苗率、单株结果数、果重和出仁率,明显增加了荚果产量。在本试验条件下,以施用225kg/hm2石灰氮处理效果最好。     

不同钙肥用量对花生养分吸收利用与生长发育的影响

为探明钙肥对花生养分吸收利用及生长发育的调控效应,本研究以花育22(HY22)和白沙1016(BS1016)为试验材料,开展了大田定位试验,设3个钙肥处理(0kg/hm~2、75kg/hm~2、150kg/hm~2),研究了不同钙肥用量对花生农艺性状、抗氧化酶活性、养分含量、产量及肥料利用效率的影响。结果表明,增施钙肥增加了花生主茎高、侧枝长,促进了各器官干物质积累量增加,显著增加了总根长、根体积和根表面积,促进了根系的生长。增施钙肥显著提高了花生叶片SOD和POD活性,降低了MDA积累量。增施钙肥促进了氮、磷、钾养分的吸收,荚果氮、钾含量和各器官钙含量以及单株饱果数、百果质量和百仁质量、产量均显著增加,且施钙量为75kg/hm~2时,产量最高。钙肥增施,显著增加了花生养分利用效率、氮素利用效率、氮肥偏生产力和钙肥利用率,其中施钙量为75kg/hm~2时,氮素利用效率最高。可见,本试验条件下,施钙量为75kg/hm~2时效果最佳,为花生合理施肥、提高肥料利用效率、增加产量提供了科学理论依据。     

不同氮和钙肥用量对黑花生产量和品质的影响

黑花生因富含花青素而深受消费者青睐。为了探索黑花生高产优质的适宜氮肥和钙肥用量,本研究以黑花生品种济花黑1号为研究对象,设置不同的施氮量和施钙量处理,分析比较不同处理下农艺性状、荚果成熟饱满度、产量和品质的差异。结果表明,施氮120～360 kg/hm²和施钙300～600 kg/hm²,花生荚果产量分别较不施氮和不施钙对照增产5.95%～15.56%和5.40%～10.39%,N240和Ca450处理产量最高。氮和钙促进了花生营养生长,提高了单株结果数、单株饱果数、饱果率、百果质量、百仁质量和出米率。N120和N240处理的荚果产量和成熟饱满度差异较小,且均显著高于对照;Ca450处理的荚果产量和成熟饱满度显著高于对照,在钙处理中表现最优;最优用量之后继续增施氮肥和钙肥不利于荚果发育和产量形成。施氮和施钙提高了花生籽仁蛋白质、脂肪、总氨基酸、精氨酸等营养物质含量,增加了油酸含量和O/L比值,降低了饱和脂肪酸(硬脂酸和棕榈酸)含量,提高了黑花生的营养品质和保健价值。施氮120 kg/hm²和施钙450 kg/hm     

减氮配施钙肥对花生光合特性、产量及肥料贡献率的影响

长期大量施用化肥造成土壤退化、环境污染等诸多问题。为培肥地力、提高肥料利用率,于2018年和 2019年在山东省沂南县设置减氮配施钙肥试验,选用品种龙花5号为试材,探明氮钙运筹对花生光合特性、产量、肥 料贡献率的影响。结果表明：与常规施氮量相较,减氮25%和35%处理降低了花生的主茎高、叶面积指数、净光合 速率、百果重、百仁重和产量,但对出米率无显著影响。氮肥不变的前提下,增施钙肥可促进花生主茎高的生长,增 加花生叶面积指数、SPAD、净光合速率和产量。氮钙运筹情况下,减氮25%配施300 kg∙hm-2 钙肥处理的净光合速 率、叶面积指数、产量、肥料贡献率最高。通过数学建模分析得出,2018年减氮25%配施311.15 kg∙hm-2 钙肥时花生 产量最高,2019年减氮25%配施304.99 kg∙hm-2钙肥时花生产量最高。本试验为花生均衡施肥、高产、稳产提供理 论支撑。     

麦后直播花生施氮对根瘤生长发育、荚果产量和氮素利用的影响

大田条件下,以花生品种花育25为材料,采用麦收后贴茬种植方式,研究了不同施氮量对花生根瘤数、根瘤干重、根瘤固氮量、植株含氮量、荚果产量和氮素利用率的影响。结果表明,施氮量37.5kg/hm2处理的根瘤数和根瘤干重均高于其他处理,根瘤菌固氮量较高;植株、荚果含氮量和荚果产量与75kg/hm2施氮量处理间无显著差异,但均高于其他处理;氮素利用率显著高于其他处理。本试验条件下,综合考虑产量和氮素利用率两方面因素,施纯氮量37.5kg/hm2为兼顾高产和节肥的最佳栽培模式。     

不同施氮量对核桃林间作花生生长发育及产量的影响

在核桃林间作条件下,对不同氮肥施用量处理花生植株生长、干物质积累、产量构成及经济效益进行研究.2017年和2018年两年试验结果表明:施氮可促进花生生长和干物质积累,增加花生单株饱果数和百果质量,从而提高产量.在施氮量≤210kg/hm^2时,花生产量随氮肥施用量的增加而逐渐增加,氮肥施用量为300kg/hm2时,花生干物质向荚果分配被抑制,进而产量降低.氮肥施用量为210kg/hm^2时,两年间作花生的产量和利润均达最大值,分别为4938.56 kg/hm^2、4512.71 kg/hm^2和21648元/hm^2、19701元/hm^2.     

不同施氮处理对不同类型粳稻产量与品质的影响

本文采用裂区设计,研究了不同氮肥施用量和不同施用比例(基蘖肥与穗粒肥比例)对穗重型品种绥粳4号和穗数型品种垦鉴稻6号产量和稻米品质的影响。试验结果表明,穗重型品种在纯氮用量为150 kg/hm2、基蘖肥与穗粒肥比例为7∶3时产量最高,达8 750.2 kg/hm2;穗数型品种在纯氮用量为128 kg/hm2、基蘖肥与穗粒肥比例为7∶3时产量最高,达9 083.3 kg/hm2;合理施用氮肥可以改善稻米品质,特别是蒸煮食味品质,本试验条件下纯氮用量为128 kg/hm2时大米的品质最佳。     

减施氮肥对旱地花生农艺性状及产量的影响

为明确减施氮肥对提高氮肥利用效率和稳定提高花生产量的途径,采用田间小区试验,研究减量施用氮肥和配施有机肥、钙肥对花生生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明,减施氮肥可显著降低肥料贡献率、花生主茎高、侧枝长、生物积累量和饱果数,最终降低产量,减氮量越多影响作用越大。减量施用氮肥同时增施有机肥,可显著提高花生主茎高、侧枝长、生物积累量、饱果数及产量,其中N1O3处理效果最为理想,其主茎高、侧枝长、生物积累量、饱果数及产量均优于常规施肥处理(CK),较之分别增加2.63%、1.44%、3.74%、2.58%、2.41%、3.89%,但差异不显著。减量施用氮肥同时配施钙肥可显著增加花生地下部生物积累量、单株荚果数、饱果数及产量,其中N1Ca2处理效果最为理想,其地下部生物积累量、饱果数及产量均优于常规施肥处理,较之分别增加6.86%、0.81%、6.92%,但各处理与CK间差异均不显著,减氮配施钙肥处理对主茎高、侧枝长、地上部生物积累量的影响不明显。本研究为花生生产中氮肥减量、提高花生产量提供了技术途径。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

生物质能作物——甘薯开发利用现状及趋势

甘薯是世界上重要的粮食、饲料、工业原料及新型能源用块根作物，在我国乃至世界再生能源开发中起到重大作用，其分布地域广，适应性强，沙荒地、岗坡地均可种植。生物产量高，而且种植栽培容易。甘薯含淀粉15％～30％，晒干率20％～35％，世界各国以薯干或淀粉为原料生产乙醇有着悠久的历史。随着全球能源的日趋紧张，乙醇作为一种可再生的环保燃料．将快速步入全球成品油市场，在替代汽油供应方面起到越来越大的作用。各国正在推行或制定燃料乙醇计划，并着眼于生物燃料乙醇应用方案，认为甘薯可能是摆脱将来粮食和能源危机的“最后一张王牌”。     

棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术应用与推广

经过多年实践,探索总结出抗病虫品种、频振式太阳能杀虫灯、糖盆诱蛾、黄蓝板诱虫、生物多样性控虫等绿色防控技术,形成了切合库尔勒实际的棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术模式。介绍了上述技术措施及其在当地棉田的推广应用效果。     

热区蔬菜质量安全分析与评价

对影响我国热区主要蔬菜产前、产中、产后的质量安全相关因素与现状进行调研,获取基础数据与有关信息。对比分析国内不同生产区质量安全存在的差异与差距,研究我国热区蔬菜从生产至市场各个环节的质量安全评价方法,提出建立我国热区蔬菜质量安全评价体系方案。     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响

采用盆栽试验，研究施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响，结果表明：适量施用镁肥，可以促进烟草的生长发育、改善其农艺学性状，影响烟株对其它营养元素的吸收与积累，提高烟叶产量，并能使烟叶N，P，K，Ca等营养元素含量更趋协调。随着施镁量的增加，烟叶中镁含量提高10．7％～71．4％，烤烟单株吸镁量、叶片叶绿素含量、干物质产量分别提高17．6％～115．4％，1．9％～23．ooA和6．3％～25．7％，而对烟叶含钾量没有明显影响。在镁比较缺乏的土壤上，镁肥作基肥施比叶面喷施的效果好，基肥施镁结合叶面喷镁的效果最佳；叶面喷镁，肥料用量少、成本低、见效快，是一种有效的镁肥施用方法；提高镁肥用量，施镁的效果更加显著。