树民血清酯酶的遗传多态性

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对来源于青海省杂多县１０９匹藏马血清酯酶多态性进行了测定。在藏马酯酶位座共发现５种表型,由Ｅｓ＾Ｆ、Ｅｓ＾Ｓ和Ｅｓ＾Ｓ等３个等位基因控制,其基因频率分别为０．４１２８、０．５３６７及０．０５０５;基因的杂合度、基因均质度指数和有效等位基因数分别为０．５３９０、０．１９１５和２．１６９２。     

棘豆中毒绵羊血清酯酶多态性特征的研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对１０９只棘豆中毒绵羊血清酯酶多态性的特征进行了研究，并与８７只临床健康绵羊做了比较，结果发现，棘豆中毒绵羊的ＥＳＡ表型频率（５８．１０％）和ＥＳ＾Ａ基因频率（０．３５２７）较高，但与临床健康绵羊的ＥＳＡ的表型频率和ＥＳ＾Ａ基因频率没有显著性差异（Ｐ〉０．２５或Ｐ〉０．０５）。     

柴达木马血清白蛋白多态性的研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺电泳对１３１匹柴达木马血清白蛋白的多态性进行研究。结果：（１）柴达木马血清白蛋白基因座有ＡＬＡ＾Ａ和ＡＬＢ＾Ｂ两个等位基因，基因频率分别为０．４１２２和０．５８７８；（２）柴达木马存在ＡＬＢ ＡＡ，ＡＬＢ ＡＢ和ＡＬＢ ＢＢ三种基因型，以ＡＬＢ ＡＢ为优势基因型；（３）基因杂合度为０．４８４６，有效等位基因数为１．９４个。     

玉树藏马运铁蛋白的遗传多态性

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳１０９匹玉树藏马运铁蛋白多态性进行了测定。结果发现：①藏马的血清运铁蛋白受Ｔｆ＾Ｄ、Ｔｆ＾Ｆ、Ｔｆ＾Ｈ、Ｔｆ＾Ｈ、Ｔｆ＾Ｏ和Ｔｆ＾Ｒ等位基因控制。其基因频率分别为０．１１９３,０．６８８１,０．００１４６,０．００４６和０．１８８１;②在藏马运铁蛋白位点共发现８种表现型,其中以ＦＦ为优势表现型;③基因杂合度、有效等位基因和基因均质度指数分别为０．４７６９、１．９１１７和０．４     

互助白耗牛血液蛋白质多态性的研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对７１头互助白牦牛４种血液蛋白质的多态性进行研究。结果表明：（１）血红蛋白显著ＨＢＦ＾＋Ｓ＾－，ＨＢ ＦＳ和ＨＢＦ＾－＾Ｓ＋三种表型，其表型频率分别为４．３％，９４．３％和１．４％；（２）血清白蛋白、血清运铁蛋白和血清亲血色蛋白均呈单态，显现单一的ＡＬＢＡＡ，ＴＦＤＤ和Ｈｐｌ－１型；（３）互助白牦牛４种血液蛋白质的Ｐｐｏｌｙ为２５．０％，Ｈ为０．０２７３。     

玉树藏马血清白蛋白多态性的研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳示对来源于青海省杂多县的１０９匹藏马血清白蛋白进行了测定。发现藏马血清白蛋白有ＡＬＦＦ，ＡＬＦＳ和ＡＬＳＳ三种基因型，以ＡＬＦＳ为优势基因型（４２．２０％），共由ＡＬ和ＡＬ两个等位基因控制，其频率分别为０．４５７８和０．５４１３。基因杂合度，基因均质度批娄和有交等位基因数分别为Ｈ＝０．４９６６，Ｈ．Ｉ．＝０．００６８，Ｎｅ＝１．９８６４。     

宁夏滩羊血清酯酶—1同工酶多态性与双羔性能的研究

采用垂直板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳地对宁夏滩羊双羔羊实验组群体血清酯酶－１同工酶的多态性进行研究。结果表明,宁夏滩羊血清酯酶－１有五种表型（ＡＢ、Ｂ、Ｃ、ＡＣ、ＣＣ型）,受三个常染色体复等位基因控制（ＥＳ＾Ａ－ＥＳ＾Ｂ－１、ＥＳ＾Ｃ－１）。其中双羔羊以ＢＢ型为优势表型;ＥＳ＾Ｂ－１基因可能有较双羔性能。     

锗─132对鸡马立克氏病肿瘤病变的抑制效果及其作用机理的研究Ⅰ．锗─132对健康及人工感染MDV雏鸡抗氧化功能的影响

选用１日龄肉用雏鸡３００只，随机分为４组：Ｉ组为健康对照；Ⅱ、Ⅲ组喂１００ｐｐｍ锗─１３２（Ｇｅ－１３２）；Ⅲ、Ⅳ组人工感染马立克氏病病毒（ＭＤＶ）。经６０ｄ临床观察并每隔１０ｄ用电子自旋共振波谱（ＥＳＲ）法测定胸腺、法氏囊及脾组织中自由基含量，同时检测全血ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ、血清ＳＯＤ活性及血清丙二醛含量。结果，健康雏鸡全血ＧＳＨ－ｐｘ活性均值为７．９３８７±１．２３７８Ｕ／ｍＬ血清ＳＯＤ活性为８０．４６４３±１．０９８７ｎＵ／ｍＬ血清丙二醛含量为２．９９７８±０１７６０ｎｍｏｌ／ｍＬ；健康雏鸡胸腺、法氏囊及脾组织中自由基平均含量分别为：０．２７±０．０４、０．３４±０．０８、０．２８±０．０６相对浓度（×１０１０ｓｐｉｎｓ／ｇ湿重）。通过与健康对照组比较，人工感染ＭＤＶ雏鸡全血ＧＳＨ－ｐｘ和血清ＳＯＤ活性明显降低，而上述各组织中自由基和血清丙二醛含量则显著增多。Ⅲ、Ⅳ两组对比结果表明：Ⅲ组的全血ＧＳＨ－ｐｘ和血清ＳＯＤ活性高于Ⅳ组，组织中自由基和血清丙二醛含量却低于Ⅳ组，从而证实Ｇｅ－１３２能增强人工感染ＭＤＶ雏鸡的抗氧化功能。     

磷酸钙介导马立克氏病病毒DNA转染鸡胚成纤维细胞

提取马立克氏病病毒（ＭＤＶ）Ｒｉｓｐｅｎｓｅ株感染的鸡胚成纤维细胞（ＣＥＦ）总ＤＮＡ，运用磷酸钙－ＤＮＡ沉淀转染ＣＥＦ，可以成功地得到ＭＤＶ的病变空斑。用每份沉淀含２０μｇ的ＭＤＶ和细胞总ＤＮＡ转染次代ＣＥＦ，其转染形成空斑的数量为４－２２１个，转染频率约为１－０＾－６＝１０＾－５；将磷酸钙－ＤＮＡ沉淀加入到ＣＥＦ中，于３７℃５％ＣＯ２培养箱中培养４ｈ后，室温下用１５％甘油休克２ｍｉｎ，由此可以提     

兔狲血液蛋白质和酶的电泳分析

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对２只兔狲的４种血液蛋白质表型和３种血液同工酶酶谱进行研究。结果发现：①被检兔狲的血红蛋白（ＨＢ），白蛋白（ＡＬＢ）和后白蛋白（Ｐａ）分别呈单一的ＨＢＡＢ，ＡＬＢＡＡ和ＰａＡＡ型，运铁蛋白（ＴＦ）有ＴＦＡＢ和ＴＦＢＢ两种表型；②血清碱性磷酸酶（ＡＬＰ）由ＡＬＰＡ，ＡＬＰＢ，ＡＬＰＣ和ＡＬＰＤ四种同工酶组成；③血清酯酶（ＥＳ）由ＥＳＩ和ＥＳＩＶ两种同工酶共７条区带组成；④血清乳酸脱氢酶（Ｓ－ＬＤＨ）由ＬＤＨ１，ＬＤＨ２，ＬＤＨ３，ＬＤＨ４和ＬＤＨ５五种同工酶组成，红细胞内只有前四种ＬＤＨ同工酶。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -