辽宁西部北票市生态修复区生态退化驱动力分析

探讨东北漫岗丘陵水土流失类型区生态退化的主导驱动力因子,为该地区生态修复工程的建设提供科学依据,以辽宁西部北票市生态修复区为典型研究区域,利用1998年、2003年和2008年三期土壤侵蚀遥感解译数据以及相关统计年鉴资料,采用主成分分析与多元回归分析方法,对研究区生态退化的主导驱动力因子进行了研究。主成分分析结果表明,影响生态退化的驱动力因子排序为土地垦殖率>人均养畜量>人均经济林面积>人口密度>人均粮食产量>地面坡度>年均降水量>人均耕地面积>人均农业产值,其中,体现农业结构状况的土地垦殖率、人均养畜量和人均经济林面积等社会经济因子,对该地区生态退化的影响较为明显。多元回归分析结果表明,超载放牧、土地资源的过渡开发等社会经济因子(人为因素)是导致该地区水土流失与生态退化的主导驱动因素,而作为自然环境因子的地面坡度是发生水土流失与生态退化的前提和基础。     

基于生态系统服务功能价值方法的土地利用总体规划环境影响评价研究——以大庆市为例

对土地利用总体规划环境影响的评价方法进行实证研究,促进土地资源可持续利用与社会经济可持续发展,为土地利用规划修编提供依据,提高规划的科学性与合理性。以生态系统服务功能价值理论为基础,结合研究区实际确定的大庆市各种土地利用生态系统的单位面积服务功能价值,根据大庆市规划期内的各种土地利用类型的面积变化,预测大庆市新一轮土地利用总体规划方案实施前后生态系统服务功能总价值的变化,评价实施规划将产生的生态环境影响。大庆市土地利用总体规划（2006－2020年）是切实可行的,方案的实施将给大庆市带来良好的生态环境效益。研究表明:生态系统服务功能价值理论的引入,实现了土地利用规划环境影响定性分析与定量评价的结合,对正确制定土地利用决策具有重要的意义。     

三峡地区土地利用/土地覆被变化及其驱动力分析

三峡地区是生态环境的脆弱地区，这与其特殊的自然地理环境息息相关。从土地利用／土地覆被的角度出发，利用RS和GIS技术，阐明了20世纪最后10年库区土地利用／土地覆被变化在数量、结构、类型和空间分布上的特点，并进一步分析了库区土地利用／土地覆被变化的驱动力，得出以下结论：(1)10年间除建设用地和草地面积增加外，其他土地利用类型都呈现出不同程度衰减；(2)建设用地以高速增长，增幅达21528．09hm^2；(3)耕地减少的幅度较大，达18399．29hm^2，主要转变为建设用地；且减少的耕地多为位置相对优越，产量较高的优质良田；(4)林地面积总趋势是减少，主要转变为草地、旱地和建设用地，其中有林地减少的幅度较大，达7411．93hm^2；(5)草地的面积总体增加，主要源自于林地和旱地的变化；(6)库区土地利用／土地覆被的空间格局分为3个主导因子变化区域：耕地-城镇型、林灌-耕地型和复合型；(7)库区土地利用／土地覆被变化的驱动力主要为：经济因素、人口压力、宏观政策及三峡工程4个方面，这4个方面不是孤立的，而是互相影响、互相制约的，共同影响库区的土地利用／土地覆被类型。     

川西平原土壤微生物生物量碳氮磷含量特征及其影响因素分析

本文通过区域调查采样和统计分析,探讨了川西平原土壤微生物生物量碳（MBC）、土壤微生物生物量氮（MBN）和土壤微生物生物量磷（MBP）含量特征及其对气候、海拔、母质和土地利用等因素的响应,揭示了其关键影响因素,以期为川西平原地区土壤质量管理提供参考。结果表明,不同土壤类型的MBC、MBN和MBP含量表现为冲积土显著高于水稻土、潮土和黄壤（P<0.05）,潮土MBC/MBN显著高于水稻土。气候和海拔的影响为：MBC、MBN和MBP含量随着≥ 0℃积温、≥ 10℃积温、年均温和年均降水量的增加呈指数减少,而随干燥度和海拔增加呈线性增加。不同成土母质中,MBC、MBN和MBP含量均为灰色冲积物显著高于老冲积物。不同土地利用方式下,三者含量为草地显著高于水田和旱地,水田、旱地和林地差异不显著。皮尔森相关分析和冗余分析表明,MBC和MBN均与≥ 0℃积温、年均温呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）,与海拔呈极显著正相关关系,MBP与母质呈现极显著负相关关系。逐步回归分析表明,MBC主要受年均温、干燥度、年均降水量和母质的影响;MBN主要受海拔、干燥度和年均降水量的综合影响;MBP主要受母质、年均温、≥ 10℃积温和年均降水量的调控。因此,川西平原土壤MBC、MBN、MBP能灵敏地反映不同采样点气候的变化,可为该区气候变化下土壤碳、氮、磷的响应预测提供参考。     

甘肃省土地退化类型特征及其驱动力分析

随着经济发展,资源开发规模和强度不断加大,甘肃省的生态环境日趋脆弱,生态功能逐渐减弱,土地退化问题十分严重。分析了甘肃省土地退化的主要类型特征,并从自然与人文两个方面对甘肃省土地退化的驱动力进行了探讨,在此基础上提出了防治土地退化的主要策略。     

亚热带典型地区土地退化对生态环境的影响——以江西兴国县为例

土地退化不仅是当前全球重大的环境问题之一,而且是重大经济和社会问题之一。以兴国县的实地调研为依据,简述了兴国县的土地退化状况,分析了土地退化的原因和过程,论述土地退化对生态环境的影响,提出了土地退化调控对策。     

攀枝花市土地退化过程

土地退化不仅是目前全球性的重大环境问题，而且也是重大的经济问题和社会问题。分析了土地退化过程的不可逆性及攀枝花市的土地退化过程。     

西藏自治区北部草地退化驱动力系统分析--西藏自治区那曲县试验区

在阐述草地驱动力系统含义与结构的基础上，运用因子分析的方法对草地退化主要影响因素进行了定量分析。结果表明，自然环境的变化是试验区草地退化的根本原因，决定了草地生态系统逆向演替的总体趋势；不合理人类活动是草地退化的主要驱动因素，决定了自然条件基本相同地区的草地退化强度的空间分异。根据对草地退化的影响程度，对各影响因素排序为：蒸发量／降水量〉年均降水量〉牧业产值〉人口数量〉大风日数〉年均气温〉牲畜出栏率〉牲畜总量。     

土地退化及其防治的社会经济理论体系初探

阐述了从社会经济角度系统研究土地退化及其防治的必要性 ,着重讨论了土地退化及其防治的社会经济理论的主要研究内容。认为主要内容应包括 :土地退化的社会经济成因和后果、经济评估和宏观核算、土地利用的伦理意识、土地退化防治的成本效益分析、立法与行政、经济激励和社会组织     

1964-2014年玛曲高原土地沙漠化驱动力定量分析

[目的]对玛曲高原土地沙漠化的驱动因子进行定量分析,为黄河上游地区沙化草地恢复及生态环境治理提供科学依据和理论基础.[方法]以多期玛曲高原遥感数据和近50 a气象及社会经济资料为数据源,采用主成分分析等方法开展研究.[结果] 1964-2014年,玛曲高原沙漠化土地的扩张是综合贡献率高达57.18％的自然因素和人为因素共同作用的结果.在不同时段,玛曲高原沙漠化土地扩张的驱动因素不同;1964-1980年,沙漠化土地的扩张以自然因素为基础,人为因素为主导,它们的贡献率分别为33.95％和47.66％;1981-1997年,玛曲高原沙漠化程度的加剧是受自然因素和人为因素共同作用,综合贡献率为42.75％;1998-2014年,玛曲高原沙漠化土地的逆转以人为因素为主导,其贡献率为44.97％.[结论]玛曲高原沙漠化土地的演化是在高寒脆弱不稳定的大自然背景下,人为因素尤其是人口数量和牲畜数量辗转变化的产物.人为因素在短期内对区域沙漠化的影响更为显著,甚至决定着沙漠化的演变方向.     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.