新疆三工河流域灌区实行节水灌溉水费标准分析

利用工程实际资料，对井渠结合灌区的供水成本及水费标准进行分析讨论，提出现阶段水费计收标准以及加强灌区灌溉管理、降低供水成本、提高灌溉效益的初步建议，并为灌区作物结构优化设计提供依据。     

从供水成本谈征收水费

建国以来,广西玉林地区兴建了大量的水利灌溉工程,但由于一直未能按供水成本征收水费,致使水利工程无法正常运转。根据对典型工程供水成本的分析,以及对水费标准的调查,提出了当前征收水费尚待解决的主要问题,并对征收水费提出了几点看法。     

水库工程供水价格测算

国务院发布的《水利工程水费核订、计牧和管理办法》,规定了水利工程实行有偿供水,以供水成表为基础核定水费标准,这是我国水费制度的重大改革。为研究、制订我县“水费办法”,我们对28座中、小型水库,进行了供水价格测算,作为我们制订水费标准的依据。一、测算原则 (一) 水库工程根据我县供水的实际情况分为农业用水,工业用水和水力发电用水等类别,这里我们只测算了农业水费和工业水费所依据的每立方米水成本。     

转变观念提高认识加快水价改革

长期以来灌溉水被视为福利水，水费计收严重背离价值规律，造成工程老化失修、破坏严重，灌溉面积逐年减少。文章对新的水价标准核定及征收办法提出了建议，对供水成本占农业产值的比例、按供水成本收费对粮价的影响程度以及过去水费偏高的原因进行了分析。提出了水价改革的重要性及紧迫性，并提出了强化行业管理职能的办法。     

转变观念 提高认识 加快水价改革

长期以来灌溉水被视为福利水，水费收严重背离价值规律，造成工程老化失修，破坏严重，灌溉面积逐步年减少。文章对新的水价标准核定及征收办法提出了建议，对供水成本占农业产值的比例、按供水成本收旨同对粮的影响程度以及过去水费偏高的原因进行了分析。提出了水价改革的重要性及紧迫性，并提出了强化行业管理职能办法。     

铜山源水库灌区农业用水补偿机制研究

根据《水利工程供水价格管理办法》等国家有关政策,以灌区实际供水成本资料为依据,剖析归集灌区供水生产过程中发生项成本和费用;按照补偿成本、公平负担的原则,科学测定灌区工程农业供水成本价格,合理测算灌溉用水终端水价;并根据灌区主要农作物成本收益资料,采用灌溉水费承受指数分析方法,客观分析农民水费经济承受力。在此基础上,提出铜山源水库灌区灌溉水费补偿机制,以期为浙江稳步实行农业终端水价改革提供参考。     

北京市村镇供水水价管理问题研究

目前,北京市村镇供水工作逐步转入到以运行管理为主的阶段,其中水价管理又是运行管理的重中之重。首先从供水单位运行成本构成、水价制定和水费征收情况三个方面介绍了北京市村镇供水工程水价管理现状;指出了供水成本偏高、水价低、水费收缴率低等水价管理中存在的问题并对其进行了原因分析;最后针对水价管理存在的问题,提出了降低供水成本、制定合理水价和完善水费征收机制的几点建议。     

乡镇供水合理水价的确定

针对当前乡镇供水工程收费情况，提出乡镇供水工程应根据各自的条件及所在地的经济水平来确定合理的水价，介绍了乡镇供水制和水成本及水价标准的计算方法，阐述了在水价计算中应注意的若干问题和附加水费的概念。     

论按供水成本调整水费的必要性

本文从水利工程面临失修老化、效益衰减,简单再生产难以维持的现实出发,探讨其产生原因,并论证解决办法。按现行水费标准计算,全省只达到工程供水成本的1/3左右。因此,调整水费标准是改善工程管理经营状况的客观需要,符合商品交换应遵循价值规律的原则,有利于合理用水、节约用水。调整水费标准,从根本上看,符合供需双方的长远利益。当前对调整水价的阻力,一方面来自历史习惯,另一方面属于思想认识问题,需要认真做好工作予以解决。     

加强财务分析 提高喷灌效益

郏县喷灌区,是我国第一个拥有6000多亩半固定式管道系统恒压喷灌工程.为了维持灌溉的正常运转,达到"以水养水"的目的,本文对灌区进行了全面的财务分析.针对粮食作物产值较低,群众只浇烟草,不愿浇粮食作物的问题,提出了根据水的使用价值来调整水费标准,建议灌区按作物净收益的10%征收水费,即提高烟草水费标准,相应降低粮食作物的水费,鼓励群众同时喷灌烟草和粮食作物.     

射流式喷头水量分布动态仿真及试验

【目的】研究工作压力,喷头组合间距、组合斱式和旋转速度对射流式喷头及多喷头组合喷灌均匀性系数(CU)和分布均匀系数(DU)的影响。【斱法】采用不同工作条件下单喷头和多喷头组合喷灌水量分布的动态仿真代码,对射流式喷头开展了水力性能试验;研究了射流式喷头在不同工作压力及安装高度条件下对喷灌强度、水量分布的影响;建立了水量峰值强度与工作压力的回归关系式;模拟了单喷头在正斱形和三角形组合喷灌下的空间水量分布。【结果】喷头在1.5 m安装高度、100~300 kPa压力条件下,水量峰值集中在5 mm/h附近,标准偏差(STD)为0.23。喷头在100 kPa工作压力,安装高度为1.1、1.3 m的水量峰值强度分别可高达8.9、10.5mm/h。不同工作压力下的单喷头喷灌的DU和CU标准偏差分别为15.5%、9.3%,且DU对压力的变化相对更为敏感。【结论】在实际喷灌工程中正斱形组合喷灌的间距应小于8m,三角形组合喷头之间的间距应布置在8m附近,此时的喷灌均匀度最高,单个喷灌设备覆盖范围最广,成本最低。     

考虑水滴运动蒸发的喷灌水量分布模拟

提出了有风条件下喷头水滴运动与喷灌水量分布模拟方法,并利用Visual Basic 6.0开发了喷灌水量分布模拟软件.该软件在已知单喷头的径向水量分布数据时,可以模拟出不同风速、风向、空气温湿度等环境条件下单喷头或多喷头组合的喷灌水量分布,计算出喷灌系统的组合喷灌强度、喷灌均匀系数和蒸发损失率.以9708A型喷头为例,分别对工作压力为0.20、0.25和0.30 MPa下单喷头径向水量分布以及喷灌系统组合间距为14 m x 14 m和14 m×12 m时的喷灌水量分布进行了模拟,并与实测值进行了对比,结果表明:模拟的单喷头径向水量分布与实测值总体一致,由模拟水量分布推算的喷头流量与实测值的相对误差为0.83％ ～8.01％;喷灌均匀系数模拟值与实测值的相对误差为0.69％～6.36％,蒸发损失率模拟值为0.51％ ～ 1.75％,小于实测的水量损失率.模拟了不同组合间距下的喷灌水量分布,得到的喷灌均匀系数模拟值与其他软件比较,相对误差在0.11％ ～2.44％之间.     

Management evaluation of Water Users Associations using benchmarking techniques

The development of different tools to evaluate the performance of Water Users Associations (WUAs) is an important practice for improving water and energy management, together with other production costs. One of these tools is the Benchmarking technique, which is based on the comparison between different WUAs to determine the best practices in each of them.In this paper, a Benchmarking process is applied to seven WUAs located in Castilla-La Mancha (Spain) during three irrigation seasons (2006-2008). The performance indicators developed by the International Programme for Technology and Research in Irrigation and Drainage (IPTRID) are used, while new indicators dealing with production and energy are proposed. The goals of this paper are to group WUAs with the same characteristics, using performance and energy indicators, and to reduce the set of indicators using statistical methods. The most important indicators, easy to obtain and yielding result in maximum information are retained for further use.Three proposals reducing the initial number of indicators were proposed, with an aim of being useful for future applications based on characterizing WUAs. Indicators results highlighted that irrigable areas can be grouped based on the application of drip irrigation systems and those with sprinkler irrigation systems. When using groundwater resources, no significant differences were observed for energy consumption between these irrigation systems. This can be explained by the indicator energy load index (ICE, m), which had similar values in all WUAs analyzed. According to annual irrigation water supply per unit irrigated area (V_TSr, m³ ha⁻¹), the highest values (between 5200 m³ ha⁻¹ and 6800 m³ ha⁻¹) were obtained in WUAs with sprinkler irrigation systems, which contained crops characterized by high water requirements, compared to the V_TSr (less than 1800 m³ ha⁻¹) of WUAs with drip irrigation systems, with crops that required less volume of irrigation water. Regarding production efficiency indicators, in drip irrigation systems the high presence of vineyards, almond and olive trees, crops with low water requirements, explained high values of gross margin per unit irrigation delivery (MBVs, € m⁻³)(close to 0.82 € m⁻³) in comparison with sprinkler irrigation systems (close to 0.36 € m⁻³).     

固定式太阳能喷灌系统喷洒水滴动能分布的研究

[目的]提高太阳能喷灌系统水力性能的稳定性和能量转换效率.[方法]采用激光雨滴谱仪测量技术,对225.7～1 145 W/m2之间不同光照强度下的固定式太阳能喷灌系统水力特性参数进行试验研究,分析了单个水滴动能、单位体积水滴动能及动能强度等参数的分布规律,并提出了系统能量转换效率的测量及计算方法.[结果]光照强度对单个...     

平地向坡地转换喷灌水量分布计算模型研究

针对坡地喷灌水量分布实测困难问题,以坡地喷头射程计算公式为基础,依据喷头射流方向总水量守恒原理,构建了喷灌水量分布由平地转换到坡地的计算模型,并通过试验验证了模型的正确性。利用该模型,分析了喷头布置方式、喷头间距、工作压力和坡度等对坡面喷灌水量分布的影响,结果表明,三角形布置有利于坡地单喷头水量分布的叠加,且其组合喷灌均匀度略高于方形布置;随着喷头间距的增大,组合喷灌均匀度呈下降趋势;喷头低压运行时,组合喷灌均匀度相对较低,不能满足喷灌均匀性的要求,随着喷头工作压力的增大,组合喷灌均匀度逐渐增大;在一定坡度范围内,不同坡度对水量分布和组合喷灌均匀度的影响较小。因此,在坡地喷灌系统设计时,若选用雨鸟LF1200型喷头,建议采用三角形布置,喷头间距宜为1.0~1.2倍平地喷头射程,喷头工作压力宜选用300 k Pa。     

低压可调幅式喷灌机研制

通过分析国内喷灌发展中存在的问题,介绍了一种新型低压可调幅式喷灌机。该机型采用可升降的伸缩式桁架,实现喷幅可按地块的大小任意调节,喷灌机桁架高度可按作物高度进行升降,最大限度地减少了喷灌的漂移损失,节约了灌溉用水;配套的低压喷头,降低了系统工作压力,降低喷灌能耗。低压可调幅式喷灌机既可作为新开发地区的喷灌机型,也可与低压管道输水或渠道灌溉相结合,变低压管道输水或渠道灌溉为喷灌,提高了喷灌水源的灵活性。     

Irrigation modernization and water conservation in Spain: The case of Riegos del Alto Aragón

This study analyzes the effects of irrigation modernization on water conservation, using the Riegos del Alto Aragón (RAA) irrigation project (NE Spain, 123354 ha) as a case study. A conceptual approach, based on water accounting and water productivity, has been used. Traditional surface irrigation systems and modern sprinkler systems currently occupy 73% and 27% of the irrigated area, respectively. Virtually all the irrigated area is devoted to field crops. Nowadays, farmers are investing on irrigation modernization by switching from surface to sprinkler irrigation because of the lack of labour and the reduction of net incomes as a consequence of reduction in European subsidies, among other factors. At the RAA project, modern sprinkler systems present higher crop yields and more intense cropping patterns than traditional surface irrigation systems. Crop evapotranspiration and non-beneficial evapotranspiration (mainly wind drift and evaporation loses, WDEL) per unit area are higher in sprinkler irrigated than in surface irrigated areas. Our results indicate that irrigation modernization will increase water depletion and water use. Farmers will achieve higher productivity and better working conditions. Likewise, the expected decreases in RAA irrigation return flows will lead to improvements in the quality of the receiving water bodies. However, water productivity computed over water depletion will not vary with irrigation modernization due to the typical linear relationship between yield and evapotranspiration and to the effect of WDEL on the regional water balance. Future variations in crop and energy prices might change the conclusions on economic productivity.     

喷灌条件下冬小麦生长及耗水规律的研究

揭示了喷灌条件下冬小麦生长指标的变化规律 ,建立相对产量和相对耗水量的模型 ,分析水分亏缺敏感指数 ,并提出了喷灌条件下适宜灌水定额     

Implementing irrigation: Water balances and irrigation quality in the Lerma basin (Spain)

The growing necessity to develop more productive agriculture has encouraged the expansion of new irrigated lands. However, water use in agriculture may affect the natural regimes of water systems. This study aims to analyze, for the first time, water use and its dynamics during the creation of a newly irrigated land. Water use was studied through the development of water balances and subsequent application of quality indices for irrigation in two unirrigated years (2004–2005) and three years of gradual implementation of irrigation (2006, 2007 and 2008) in the Lerma basin (752 ha, Spain). Increases in evapotranspiration, drainage and water content in the aquifer were verified during the gradual transformation into irrigated land. Water balances closed adequately, giving consistency to the results and enabling the application of quality indices for irrigation. Irrigation quality analysis showed a use of available water resources equal to 84%. However, the estimated irrigation efficiency presented lower values, mainly due to irrigation drainage (15%) and combined losses by both evaporation and wind drift of sprinkler irrigation systems (13%). The results indicate that the use of water in the Lerma basin is at the same management level of other modern irrigation systems in the Ebro basin, although there is still margin for improvement in irrigation management, such as reducing the irrigation drainage fraction and the evaporation and wind drift losses of sprinkler irrigation systems.     

Water use efficiency and economic feasibility of growing rice and wheat with sprinkler irrigation in the Indus Basin of Pakistan

With a population of more than 150 million, Pakistan cannot meet its need for food, if adequate water is not available for crop production. Per capita water availability has decreased from 5600 m³ in 1947 to 1000 m³ in 2004. Water table has gone down by more than 7 m in most parts of the country. Present need is to identify and adopt measures, that will reduce water use and increase crop production. This study was conducted in farmers’ fields during 2002–2004 to evaluate the water use efficiency and economic viability of sprinkler irrigation system for growing rice and wheat crops. Yields and water use were also measured on adjacent fields irrigated by basin flooding, which were planted with the same crop varieties. Sprinkler irrigation of rice produced 18% more yield, while reducing consumption of water to 35% of that used in the traditional irrigation system. Sprinkler irrigation of wheat resulted in a water use efficiency of 5.21 kg of grain per cubic meter of water used compared to 1.38 kg/m³ in the adjacent flooded basins. Benefit–cost analysis showed that adoption of rain-gun sprinkler irrigation for rice and wheat is a financially viable option for farmers. While these findings show large potentials for improving water use efficiency in crop production they also indicate that a large portion of the water applied in traditional flooded basin irrigation is going to groundwater recharge, which has high value near large cities which draw their water from the aquifer.