禽类干扰素的研究进展

干扰素在抗病毒、抗肿瘤、免疫调节等方面的应用展现出了很多优势，尤其是基因工程重组技术的应用使干扰素在临床生产中的大规模使用成为可能。本文从干扰素的产生、分子结构、生物学功能等几个方面综述了近年来关于禽类干扰素的研究进展。     

在家禽中使用干扰素必须注意的若干事项

家禽基因工程干扰素是近年来科研单位研究开发、生产的新型生物药品，可显著诱导、提升家禽机体内源性干扰水平，并能增强淋巴细胞免疫功能，具有广谱抗病毒的作用。在控制病毒感染、抑制病毒复制、阻止病毒扩散以及促进病毒性疾病的痊愈等方面都起到重要作用。由于家禽基因工程干扰素安全、无副作用，疗效迅速、确切、用药量少、价格低廉、使用方便，对家禽病毒性疾病有独特疗效，家禽基因工程干扰素已广泛地应用于兽医临床并取得显著的经济效益和社会效益，因其是一种新型生物药品，且有注射、口服两种剂型，故在临床应甩时，还须注意其一些事项。现谈谈在使用家禽基因工程干扰素过程中，必须注意的若干事项。     

禽类基因工程重组干扰素研究进展

近年来 ,多种禽类干扰素基因已被克隆和在大肠杆菌中表达。禽类基因工程重组干扰素在抗马立克病毒、劳斯肉瘤病毒、新城疫病毒、传染性法氏囊病病毒、传染性支气管炎病毒和禽流感病毒方面效果显著 ,展现出了广阔的应用前景。文章对禽类基因工程重组干扰素的研究进展作了综述     

干扰素研究进展

干扰素是一种具有广谱抗病毒、抗肿瘤和免疫调节等活性的细胞因子,能通过多种机制影响肿瘤细胞功能,促进免疫细胞的活性。干扰素是一个大的基因家族,可分为3型,主要包括IFN-α、IFN-β和IFN-γ等。基因工程干扰素已广泛地应用于病毒和肿瘤性疾病的临床治疗,取得了明显疗效。科研工作者在研究其作用机理及治疗效果外,也在不断探索基因工程干扰素在临床应用方面的新途径,改善和提高临床治疗效果。     

鸡α-干扰素研究进展

自人类发现干扰素以来,研究者对于人类、哺乳动物及啮齿类动物干扰素进行了大量研究,取得了突破性进展。但是,以鸡干扰素为代表的禽类干扰素研究相对滞后。本文对鸡α-干扰素的结构、鸡α-干扰素的抗病毒作用以及基因工程鸡α-干扰素的应用等方面对鸡α-干扰素的研究现状作一综述。     

猪α-干扰素表达系统及其应用的研究进展

就猪α-干扰素的分子特征、生物学特性、表达系统和猪基因工程α-干扰素的应用进行综述,以期为猪α-干扰素在广谱抗病毒活性、抗肿瘤以及免疫调节的临床应用提供参考。     

兽用基因工程干扰素的研究与临床应用进展

利用基因工程重组技术使干扰素规模化生产变为现实,而干扰素在抗病毒、抗肿瘤、免疫调节等方面具有自己独特的优势,本文就基因工程干扰素的研究、临床使用情况作一综述。     

猫ω干扰素研究进展

随着对猫ω干扰素的研究不断深入,因其较高的抗病毒、抗增殖和抗肿瘤效果、以及免疫调节作用,引起了人们的广泛关注与研究。论文结合了ω干扰素相关研究结果,综述了猫ω干扰素的结构特征、生物学活性以及抗病毒的作用机制,综合分析了其在临床上对FCV、FHV-1、FIV、FCGS及FIP等几种常见猫病毒病的治疗效果,以期为临床上寻求新型有效的动物抗病毒药物提供依据,为探索使用猫ω干扰素治疗其他其他动物病毒病奠定重要的理论基础与实验佐证,为开发以猫ω干扰素为基础更高效的基因工程干扰素制品提供了新思路。     

Mx蛋白研究进展

Mx蛋白是干扰素诱导表达的抗病毒蛋白家族中的成员之一。人、哺乳动物、鱼类、家禽体内都有Mx蛋白。Mx蛋白具有GTP酶活性 ,在其肽链氨基端均包含一个氨基酸序列高度保守的的三联GTP结合区域 ,羧基端存在有亮氨酸拉链区域。人和鼠的Mx蛋白有抗病毒活性。家禽中鸭的Mx蛋白无抗病毒活性 ;鸡的Mx蛋白的抗病毒活性受 6 31位氨基酸的影响 ,当 6 31位氨基酸为天冬酰胺时有抗病毒活性 ,为丝氨酸时则无抗病毒活性。文章最后对禽类Mx蛋白的应用和展望进行了探讨     

基于Mx启动子和荧光素酶报告基因定量检测鸡Ⅰ型干扰素生物学活性的研究

为了探索并建立快速、敏感、准确的Ⅰ型干扰素生物学活性定量分析方法,本研究克隆了鸡Mx启动子（Mxp）,并在其下游连接荧光素酶（Luciferase,luc）报告基因,构建鸡Ⅰ型干扰素活性检测质粒pMxp-luc。以pMxp-luc瞬时转染鸡胚成纤维细胞系DF-1,24 h后用鸡IFN-α/β处理细胞,结果荧光素酶基因在Mx启动子的作用下获得转录表达;荧光素酶的表达量与干扰素的抗病毒活性有着良好的线性相关性,并在干扰素处理细胞6 h后就可以检测;对鸡IFN-α和IFN-β检测的敏感性分别约为抗病毒活性定量检测方法的10和100倍。该检测系统与传统抗病毒定量检测方法相比,具有快速简便、准确敏感、便于高通量检测等优势,在禽类乃至哺乳动物干扰素生物学基础和应用研究及产业化过程中具有重要应用价值。     

禽干扰素在免疫应答中的研究进展

干扰素是一种诱生性糖蛋白,有抗病毒、抗肿瘤与免疫调节等多种生物学作用.当畜禽感染病毒时,干扰素是最先发挥作用的抵抗分子.干扰素参与早期黏膜免疫并通过产生一系列与免疫调节相关的细胞因子来活化机体的天然免疫与适应性免疫应答从而使机体处于抗病毒状态.干扰素因其重要的生物学功能,在流行性病毒病防治的应用中越来越广泛.本文从不同...     

Interferon induction in bovine and feline monolayer cultures by four bluetongue virus serotypes.

The interferon inducing ability of bluetongue viruses was studied in bovine and feline monolayer cultures inoculated with each of four bluetongue virus serotypes. Interferon was assayed by a plaque reduction method in monolayer cultures with vesicular stomatitis virus as challenge virus. Interferon was produced by bovine turbinate, Georgia bovine kidney, and Crandell feline kidney monolayer cultures in response to bluetongue virus serotypes 10, 11, 13 and 17. The antiviral substances produced by the bluetongue virus infected cultures had properties of interferon.     

Evaluation of cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of recombinant human interferon alfa-2a and recombinant human interferon alfa-B/D hybrid against bovine viral diarrhea virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, and vesicular stomatitis virus in vitro

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of recombinant human interferon alfa-2a and recombinant human interferon alfa-B/D hybrid against cytopathic and noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV), and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in vitro. SAMPLE POPULATION: Primary bovine testicular cells and Mardin Darby bovine kidney cells. PROCEDURES: To evaluate cytotoxicity, cells were added to serial dilutions of each interferon. To evaluate antiviral activity of each interferon, interferons were serially diluted 1:10, and tissue culture cells were added; virus was then added at 3 time points. Prevention of viral infection by interferon was defined as failure to induce cytopathologic effect for VSV, IBRV, and cytopathic BVDV and failure to detect virus immunohistochemically for cytopathic and noncytopathic BVDV. RESULTS: No evidence of cytotoxicity in either cell line was detected after incubation with interferon alfa-2a or interferon alfa-B/D. However, reduced growth rates of tissue culture cells were detected for each interferon when undiluted interferon was tested. Comparable and profound antiviral activities against cytopathic and noncytopathic BVDV were evident for each interferon. Interferon alfa-2a and interferon a-B/D had comparable antiviral activities against VSV. Neither interferon had antiviral activity against IBRV. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The safety and marked in vitro antiviral activity against noncytopathic BVDV, cytopathic BVDV, and VSV suggest that interferons alfa-2a and alfa-B/D may be useful for treatment of natural disease after infection with these viruses.     

In vitro interferon production by bovine tissues: induction with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus.

The interferon-inducing ability of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus was determined in tissue cultures of bovine origin inoculated with untreated and ultraviolet (UV) irradiated IBR viruses. Interferon was assayed by the plaque-reduction method in bovine fetal kidney (BFK) cell cultures, using vesicular stomatitis virus as challenge virus. Highest interferon concentrations were produced by cultures of bovine fetal (BF) spleen cells and aveolar macrophage cultures derived from adult cattle. Moderate interferon concentrations were produced by peripheral blood leukocyte (PBL) suspension cultures from adult cattle with serum-neutralizing antibodies against IBR virus. Cultures of PBL from 1 cow without detectable serum-neutralizing antibodies against IBR virus did not produce detectable interferon in response to IBR virus. Cultures of PBL from cattle with or without detectable serum-neutralizing antibodies against IBR virus produced interferon when stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Low levles of viral inhibitors were detected infrequently in monolayer cultures of BFK and BF nasal mucosa inoculated with UV-irradiated IBR virus and in BF tracheal organ cultures inoculated with untreated IBR virus. Interferon was not detected in fluids collected from IBR virus-exposed monolayer cultures of primary and secondary BF lung, secondary BF tracheal mucosa, secondary BF liver, secondary BF adrenal, and PBL in the 4th and 7th passages. The antiviral inhibitors from BF spleen, bovine alveolar macrophage, and PBL cultures induced with IBR virus, as well as inhibitors from PBL cultures induced with PHA, had the usual properties of interferon.     

视黄酸诱导基因-Ⅰ在家禽天然免疫应答中作用的研究进展

家禽的天然免疫应答在抵抗病毒感染的过程中起着关键性作用，视黄酸诱导基因-Ⅰ（retinoic acid inducible gene-Ⅰ，RIG-Ⅰ）作为细胞质内一类识别病毒双链RNA的模式识别受体，与天然免疫应答密切相关。它可通过RNA配体结合病原相关分子模式监测细胞质中的病毒RNA，此过程激活了RIG-Ⅰ及下游线粒体抗病毒信号蛋白（MAVS），最终导致干扰素调节因子（IRF3/7）和核因子κB （NF-κB）活化，诱导产生Ⅰ型干扰素等免疫细胞因子，进而使细胞做出相应的抗病毒天然免疫反应。但由于鸡体内缺乏RIG-Ⅰ基因，目前大多将鸭源或鹅源RIG-Ⅰ基因转染鸡成纤维母细胞（DF-1）研究RIG-Ⅰ基因在鸡感染禽类病毒时是否具有免疫功能。文章介绍了RIG-Ⅰ在家禽体内的表达及其介导的抗病毒天然免疫信号通路，并简述了RIG-Ⅰ在家禽体内抗病毒作用的研究概况，为抑制家禽病毒的感染和免疫系统研究，以及研制新型抗病毒疫苗或免疫佐剂等提供参考。     

干扰素制剂冻干技术研究进展

干扰素制剂具有广谱的抗病毒和免疫调节活性,在医学和兽医临床上具有广阔的应用前景。但在实际生产中,液体剂型干扰素制剂存在热稳定性差、不易长期保存和远距离运输等问题,冻干后则可延长保存期、增加稳定性。作者主要对冻干技术的原理、干扰素冻干保护剂和冻干工艺的筛选等进行了综述。     

The first answer to viral infections: type I interferon

The interferon system is part of the innate immune system in vertebrates. It represents the first line of host defence against viral infections. Virus entry triggers intracellular signalling pathways which lead to the secretion of soluble factors such as interferons and other cytokines. Interferons signal to neighbouring cells that a viral infection has occurred and induce an "antiviral state" resulting in inhibition of virus replication. The first recombinant interferons were produced in the 1980ies and were considered to be a major breakthrough. At present, interferons are routinely used in the therapy of certain viral and autoimmune diseases as well as for neoplastic disorders in man. In 2001 the first interferon preparation for veterinary use was licensed in the European Union. This review summarises the molecular mechanisms of the interferon system and the viral counteractions. The current type I interferon therapies in humans are described and an overview of recent clinical studies in veterinary medicine, including cat, dog, horse, cow, sheep, pig, and poultry, is given. We review the potential application of interferons and arguments in favor or against its therapeutic use in veterinary medicine.     

How the bovine viral diarrhea virus outwits the immune system

The interaction of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVD virus) with its host has several unique features, most notably the capacity to infect its host either transiently or persistently. The transient infection stimulates an antiviral immune reaction similar to that seen in other transient viral infections. In contrast, being associated with immunotolerance specific for the infecting BVD viral strain, the persistent infection differs fundamentally from other persistent infections like those caused by lentiviruses. Whereas the latter are characterized by complex viral evasion of the host's adaptive immune response by mechanisms such as antigenic drift and interference with presentation of T cell epitopes, BVD virus avoids the immune response altogether by inducing both humoral and cellular immune tolerance. This is made possible by invasion of the fetus at an early stage of development. In addition to adaptive immunity, BVD virus also manipulates key elements of the host's innate immune response. The non-cytopathic biotype of BVD virus, which is capable of persistently infecting its host, fails to induce type I interferon. In addition, persistently infected cells are resistant to the induction of apoptosis by double-stranded RNA and do not produce interferon when treated with this pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) that signals viral infection. Moreover, when treated with interferon, cells persistently infected with non-cytopathic BVD virus do not clear the virus. Surprisingly, however, despite this lack of effect on persistent infection, interferon readily induces an antiviral state in these cells, as shown by the protection against infection by unrelated viruses. Overall, BVD virus manipulates the host's interferon defense in a manner that optimises its chances of maintaining the persistent infection as well as decreasing the risks that heterologous viral infections may carry for the host. Thus, since not all potential host cells are infected in animals persistently infected with BVD virus, heterologous viruses replicating in cells uninfected with BVD virus will still trigger production of interferon. Interferon produced by such cells will curtail the replication of heterologous viruses only, be that in cells already infected with BVD virus, or in cells in which the heterologous virus may replicate alone. From an evolutionary viewpoint, this strategy clearly enhances the chances of transmission of BVD virus to new hosts, as it attenuates the negative effects that a global immunosuppression would have on the survival of persistently infected animals.     

干扰素的研究与应用

IFN是一类广谱抗病毒物质，本文就IFN的性质、分类、IFN的产生与诱导、IFN的基因结构、IFN的生物学作用及机理、IFN的应用等进行了综述。     

Induction of acid-stable canine interferon in vivo and in vitro.

Dogs were able to produce only small quantities of circulating interferon after intraperitonal injection of Newcastle disease virus or polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid. Similarly, canine cell cultures produced very low concentrations of interferon in response to Newcastle disease virus or polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid and no detectable concentrations of interferon in response to pyran copolymer or tilorone hydrochloride. The antiviral substance met the physiochemical characteristics classically associated with interferon.