云南松的更新

云南松(Pinus yunnanensis)是强阳性树种,具有较广的生态适应性,能耐干旱瘠薄的土壤。在用材林中,云南松是天然更新能力强的树种之一。 云南松一般10年后便开始结实,但结实量少,盛果期(更新成熟龄)一般要到30年左右才开始,并能延长到成熟后期。 云南松由于分布范围广,自然条件复杂导致其物候有一定差异。如在渡口、盐边一带,3月中旬至4月初为它的开花授粉期,西昌气温比渡口和盐边低,开花授粉则推迟半月。云南松球果到来年9至10月底后成熟,待第三年的旱季3月至4月球果开裂,种子飞撒,这时正是旱季节末期,雨季来临之前,雨后有利于种子萌发和幼苗生长。云南松的结实也有丰年和欠年之分,每隔3至5年有一次丰年。云南松平均每个球果有35—62粒种子,最高可达80粒,种子千粒重在11.0—12.0g,发芽率70—90％,可保存2～3年。     

云南松造林技术初探

云南松是大姚县境内森林资源中分布广、面积大、覆盖率所占比例高、用材林的主要树种,也是大姚县荒山造林的主要树种之一。过去大姚县采取人工整地直播、飞机播种及泥床育苗等造林方式实施云南松造林,但造林保存率低,用种量大,补植、补造工作量也较大。为了进一步提高云南松造林成活率、保存率,彻底改变长期以来云南松人工造林的方式,文章对大姚县2007年以来推广云南松菌根土育苗造林的苗木培育技术和造林技术措施做如下总结介绍,以期对大姚县云南松造林工作有所促进。     

简介云南松中低产林改造优选树种——桤木

川滇桤木俗称桤木(ALnus crenastogyne Burkill)是桦木科(Betulaceae)的落叶乔木阔叶树种,广泛分布于贵州高原以西,秦岭以南,滇东北、康定以东,以四川中部为分布中心;一般适生海拔在1200～2700m。该树种喜光、喜温湿气候,对土壤要求不严,能适应酸性土、中性土和微碱性土,在土质粘重,瘠薄     

谈提高阳坡云南松造林成活率的主要技术措施

通过对云南省洱源县北亚热带地区不同立地条件下云南松幼林成活情况及死亡原因调查,在此基础上做了3年不同造林方法、不同造林时间的试验,提出了提高阳坡云南松造林成活率的几项主要技术措施.     

云南松低质低效林的成因及其分类

低质低效林的成因和分类是对其林分作出评价和改造的基础。在从生态学和森林培育学的角度出发,提出低质低效林概念的前提下,结合恢复生态学对低质低效林的定义,分析了云南松低质低效林的自然和非自然（人为）成因,结合起源并采用其生态公益林和用材林的功能的分类方法对云南松低质低效林进行了宏观的分类,为其低质低效林的评价和改造、更新提供了依据。     

海拔对云南松天然林林下更新的影响研究

云南松作为西南地区的乡土树种,在西南地区分布范围广泛,为云南省的经济发展和生态效益提供了十分重要的作用。根据不同海拔,在云南松天然林地设置样地和样方,测量了灌木样方中林下灌木、草本的指标和云南松幼苗和幼树的高度和密度,对收集的数据进行了统计分析,结果表明：灌木层主要以蔷薇科和壳斗科植物为优势种,草本层主要以禾本科、蔷薇科和菊科植物为优势种。不同海拔植物物种多样性高低表现为1500 m>1800 m>2100 m;不同海拔草本层植物数量大小表现为1500 m<1800 m<2100 m;幼苗、幼树更新密度和平均苗高在海拔间具有显著或极显著的差异(P<0.05或P<0.01),海拔1500 m的幼苗、幼树更新最佳。     

云南松的选优原则和方法

本文针对云南松质量和数量的症结,抓住遗传学上的不定变异,提出以纹理为独立标准,树高为主要指标,各因子分别评分,相互补正的选优原则和方法,并就选优实践的结果和一些与云南松林木良种有关的问题进行了讨论。     

川西南山地云南松过熟林上层枯立木和活立木竞争强度研究

邻体干扰是种群自疏的原因。但在云南松过熟林中,邻体干扰是否影响到枯立木的死亡呢?本文选用Weiner指数、Hegyi指数和张跃西指数计算竞争强度,研究了云南松过熟林径级相当的枯立木和活立木的邻体竞争强度。将8 m范围内邻体分为三类:云南松、壳斗科类和其它类,分别占42.83%、20.65%、36.52%(枯立木)和44.29%、22.49%、33.22%(活立木)。分别受枯立木和活立木周围邻体的分布格局差异的影响,邻体对云南松枯立木的种内竞争和种间竞争相当,对云南松活立木的竞争以种内竞争占优势。邻体对云南松枯立木的竞争强度小于活立木的,但不存在统计学上的显著差异。由于枯立木死亡后大小不变,三个指数所得枯立木竞争强度均大于枯立木死亡时的竞争强度。因此,活立木的竞争强度比目前枯立木死亡时受到的竞争强度还要大,这表明枯立木死亡受邻体竞争影响的可能性较低。由于Weiner指数、Hegyi指数和张跃西指数的构建参数不同,同样数据所得竞争强度各不相同,随距离的变化趋势也各异,但在计算云南松枯立木和活立木竞争强度时获得了一致结果。     

云南松不同种源试验林的产脂量研究

通过对双柏麦地新林场及昆明树木园大马山32个种源的云南松产脂量的测定试验,结果表明,昆明大马山种源试验林中云南松平均产脂量与侧沟产脂量均低于双柏麦地新林场中云南松产脂量。产脂量高的同为泸水、宁浪西布河、华坪、雅长林场4个种源地云南松;产脂量低的同为富宁木央、双柏白水河、罗平八大河、曲靖三宝、云县、禄丰、雅长550、弥勒、砚山9个种源地云南松;云南松产脂量的高低具有一定的遗传稳定性。     

适度修剪对成熟和过熟天然云南红豆杉复壮影响初步研究

研究结果表明：木里天然生长之云南红豆杉以成熟和过熟林分为主,主梢枯死率平均在78．5％左右,在自然状态下天然更新不良,但该树种在主干或主枝受损后具有较强的萌蘖更新能力;对云南红豆杉成熟和过熟母树进行适度修枝,不仅能有效刺激母树主干萌蘖更新芽的形成和生长,而且能极大地增加一级以上各级侧枝的数量和提高枝条生长量,使成熟和过熟树体焕发生机。其修剪强度以母树一级侧枝上枝径在1．5cm左右的次级侧枝总量的40％-50％为宜;复壮修剪必须经林业相关部门批准和在严格监管的条件下进行,且复壮修剪只能采用短截回缩的方式均匀地在一级侧枝上部枝径1．5cm左右处短截和修剪一级侧枝上的次级侧枝,同时应切除母树原已枯死的枯梢和枯枝,严禁直接在母树主干上剪切一级侧枝。     

珙县人工商品林采伐利用初探

本文总结了2001年在珙县开展的人工商品林采伐试点工作，显示了林农获益500万元以上、上缴各种规费300万元以上的良好的经济效益和社会效益，阐述了人工商品林采伐的必要性，并提出了人工商品林采伐管理的体会和相关的建议。     

云南松林区的林火与火险等级分区初探

云南松林区发生的森林火灾是多种自然因素和人为活动综合作用的结果。通过对四川省云南松分布区不同区域与林火有关的主要气候因子分析及综合值的比较,结合地形地貌、植被状况和人为活动等多种因素,将我省云南松分布区划分成5个不同等级的火险区,并提出了相应的护林防火对策。     

RESEARCH ON REGENERATION APPROACHES OF KOREAN PINE FORESTS

Broad-lcavedKoreanpincforcstisthcclimaticclimaxconinunitVofnortheastmoun-tainousregionsofChina.AsthemaintreesPecies,Koreanpinehasexccllentwood.AgreatattentionbasbccnpaidtorecoveringtheseforesttyPesafterharvesting.Additional1y,KoreanpineisoneofkeyregcncrationtreesPeCiesinthisregion.TherehasbeenlargeareaofKorcanpincplantations.Howevcr,thercaresomeproblemsncedingtobestUdicdfwtheramongwhichoneistoselectsuitabIeropenerationapproacl1esofKoreanpincforesls.WHATISTHEPROBLEM?ThcnatUralregen…     

松潘县森林资源调查和森林经营问题及对策初探

简要分析了松潘县在森林经营和森林调查中存在的主要问题,重点探讨了影响森林资源调查数据准确性的因素,提出相应的改进对策和措施。     

Population structure and regeneration patterns of tree species in climate-sensitive subalpine forests of Indian western Himalaya

The population structure of tree species has been explored in order to elucidate regeneration potential of the subalpine forests of Indian western Himalaya. For this study, the subalpine forest area was divided into three strata, i.e., lower altitude （〈3000 m）; mid-altitude （3000-3200 m）; and high altitude （〉3200m）. Considering the major compositional attributes, an increase in altitude came with a significant decline in tree density and the total basal area for all the sites. However, no such clear trends were observed for recruits （i.e., seedlings and saplings）. Seedling density did not exhibit uniform patterns for sites and altitude strata. In general, overall seedling density was greater at the Pindari site compared to the Lata and Tungnath sites. By comparison, significant variation in seedling density along the altitude strata was recorded for the Tungnath and Pindari sites only. Likewise, sapling density patterns varied across the sites and altitude strata, and significant variation in sapling density along the altitude strata was recorded only for the Lata site. At the Pin- daft site, the continuous increase in sapling density along with increasing altitude was revealing. The Pindari forests of exhibited expanding population structure. In contrast, greater accumulation of individuals in the sapling class and sharp decline toward both higher tree classes and lower seedling classes was generally apparent for the Lata and Tungnath sites. This indicates that the replacement in tree size classes from sapling stage is not proportional and the population may decline in the long-term. Considerable variation in patterns of forest and dominant species popula- tion structure were evident across altitude strata. But in all cases irrespective of sites, we found growth at the high-altitude stratum, in the form of entire forests or dominant species. This trend deserves further investigation to explore its relevance under changing climate scenarios.     

南方集体林区生态公益林限制性利用探讨

福建省是我国南方重点集体林区之一,自然条件优越,森林资源丰富,森林覆盖率居全国之首。随着林业分类经营的实施,占全省森林面积的30.7%划入生态公益林,这一部分森林经营质量将直接影响林农的积极性和全省的生态建设。通过对南平市生态公益林限制性利用设立科研课题开展有益探讨,旨在对南方生态公益林建设起指导、借鉴作用。     

Canopy gap characteristics and its influence on the regeneration of broad-leaved Korean pine forests in Changbai Mountain

lntroductionBroad-leavedKoreanpineforestisacldriaxforestli1tCm-peratezoneofNortheaster11Cl1ina.ltscharacteristichasIligllstabilityandproductivity.Therewerenlanyresearcl1worksfocusedontl1estructure,dynandcsanditsmain-tainingmechanisn1.Researchontheforestregeneratio11wasamali1approaclltoundersta11dtlleforestdynanlicsI;j.ThereweremanyresearcI1eso11tl1erege11erationofh1iskindofforestsincel95ol5~ll].Butfewoftl1emweredoneundertheconsiderationofcanopygapdistUrbance.Sincel99O's,moreandmoreresearch…     

对凉山州东西河纯云南松飞播林区生物防火工程建设的规划建议

生物防火就是通过营造抗火、耐火植物林带,将连片森林分割成自然闭合圈,防止林火连片燃烧,使林区具有自然控火、抑制林火蔓延的功能,从根本上预防和控制森林火灾的大发生。     

Correlations between canopy gaps and species diversity in broad-leaved and Korean pine mixed forests

Regeneration of tree species associated with canopy gaps in broad-leaved Korean pine forests was investigated. Species diversity in gaps and under closed canopy was compared, the relationship between biodiversity and gap structure was analyzed. Results indicate that there were significant differences between tree species diversity in gaps and that under canopy (p<0.01). In terms of Shannon-Wiener index, evenness index, and abundance index, the biodiversity in gap community were higher than those under forest canopy in regeneration layer. In terms of Simpson’s dominance index, the dominance of certain species in the regeneration layer increased from gaps to closed canopy (p<0.01). In contrast, trends of biodiversity changes of succession layer in gaps and under closed canopy were opposite. Tree species diversity of different layers reacted directly to the change of gap size class. For example, Shannon-Wiener index and abundance index is higher and Simpson’s dominance index is the lowest in succession layer of medium-size gap (100–250 m²) in the broad-leaved Korean pine forest of Changbai Mountains. Shannon-Wiener index reached the highest in a size of ≥250 m² and <100 m², reached the lowest in a size of 200–250 m² in the regeneration layer. Simpson’s dominance index reached its maximum when the gap size was between 200 and 250 m². Generally, species of different layers reacted differently to the changes of gap size classes. The gap size class with more seedlings did not correspond to size class containing more medium-size trees. Tree species diversity indices in the two layers behaved reciprocally during the development process of forest gaps. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2005, 16(12): 2,236–2,240 [译自: 应用生态学报, 2005, 16(12): 2,236–2,240]