果园喷雾机五指式喷筒流场数值模拟与分析

为提高果园风送式喷雾机喷幅及整体施药效果,在课题组前期研究基础上设计了一种新型五指式喷筒。通过CFD仿真模拟对五指式喷筒内部的流场进行数值分析,对不同风机转速下喷筒进出口风速和Z=0截面上速度、压力展开对比分析。仿真结果表明:在风机3个转速下(1 450、1 080、960r/min),喷筒进口风量随风机转速的增大随之增加;各个转速下喷筒进出口流量差值很小,从而确定仿真结果可靠;五指式喷筒各个出风口风量相等;五指式的喷筒中气流出现紊流的区域较小,风速分布均匀,五指式喷筒内部压强分布均匀,各出风口之间变异较小。减少了风机能量损失,扩大喷雾机喷幅,满足了果园风送喷雾机的设计要求。     

烟草喷雾机气流场数值仿真及试验验证

为了探究烟草喷雾机风送系统气流分布情况,利用数值仿真与试验验证相结合的方法分析气流场分布规律。结果表明：1)该喷雾机气流场中气流在喷筒内导流柱两侧分布均匀,喷筒出风口截面处气流分布的仿真结果与实测结果之间相对误差较小且分布趋势一致,证明了仿真模型的合理性和有效性;2)风速与测量位置到出风口截面距离的线性回归方程为y=13.29-9.49x,相关系数为0.721。仿真及试验结果为后续风送系统的优化设计提供了参考。     

液体张力对风场中雾滴特性影响的试验研究

为研究液体表面张力对远射程风送式喷雾机外部流场中雾滴特性与分布的影响,使用ANSYS ICEM软件建立了远射程风送式喷雾机出风口及外部流场的三维模型,采用CFD数值模拟探究液体表面张力分别为60.3、54.5、44.6、38.4、31.8mN/m时流场中雾滴粒径、密度、速度和沉积分布情况。结果表明:喷雾压力为1.8MPa时,各采样面上雾滴体积中值粒径随着喷雾距离的增加而变小,降低液体表面张力可以细化流场中雾滴粒径。不同液体表面张力下,喷筒出风口轴心范围0～1m区间内雾滴密度在流场中是最大的;当液体表面张力从60.3mN/m下降至31.8mN/m时,雾滴密度0.07kg/m~3所占面积沿喷筒出口轴线方向逐渐增加。雾滴平均速度随喷雾距离的增加而减小,液体表面张力对距离喷筒出口1～6m区域内雾滴平均速度影响最大,表现在液体表面张力越大雾滴平均速度越小。相同采样点上,雾滴沉积量随液体表面张力降低而减少。将雾滴沉积量的数值试验结果与田间试验结果进行χ~2检验,证明了所采用的模型仿真结果可信。     

双出风口多风道离心风机内部流场数值模拟

针对现有全喂入式水稻联合收获机风筛式清选装置中单风道离心风机的缺点,运用Solidworks软件建立了双出风口多风道离心风机的流道模型,利用ICEM软件进行了网格划分,并用Fluent软件对双出风口多风道离心风机内部流场进行了三维数值模拟,确定了风机的结构尺寸。改进后风机内部流场仿真结果表明:双出风口多风道离心风机的上出风口和叶轮外边缘处气流速度较大,叶轮流道的压力沿径向逐步增大,下出风口Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ的气流速度逐步增大,风速衰减距离增加,有利于气流覆盖整个筛面;上出风口处横向气流基本成层状分布,下出风口的3个风道横向气流呈中间高两边低的对称分布,存在明显的边界效应。分析了风机转速、进风口直径和分风板角度的变化对风机内部流场分布、出风口风速、风量的影响:上出风口和下出风口Ⅱ和Ⅲ的风速、风量和压力最大值随风机转速的增加逐步增大;各出风口的风量及风速最大值随进风口直径减小(或增加)而减小(或增加),其中下出风口Ⅰ变化较明显;上、下分风板角度的改变使得下出风口的风速和风量发生了较大变化。     

喷雾降温风机风筒优化设计与试验

为缓解高温热害对茶果树的影响,基于圆弧板型叶片模型设计了一种喷雾降温风机,并对风筒结构进行建模和动力学仿真。以出风口直径、进风段长度和出风段长度为试验因素,以风机出口总压和风速为试验指标,采用Design-Expert 8.0.6软件优化风筒结构参数。优化结果表明,各因素对出口总压和风速的影响由大到小依次为出风口直径、出风段长度、进风段长度。最优参数组合为出风口直径1 070 mm、进风段长度350 mm和出风段长度270 mm。选取WJ-7010、WJ-8010型喷嘴,利用优化后的风筒结构进行了风速试验和喷雾降温性能试验。风速试验表明,当风筒出风口直径和总长度分别为1 070、840 mm时,出风口风量为701.30 m~3/min,最大风速为16.00 m/s,有效送风距离约为55.00 m。喷雾降温性能试验结果表明,当使用WJ-8010型喷嘴时,与对照组相比,平均温度降低0.68～11.11℃,最大温差范围为1.80～13.90℃。在38℃高温环境下,喷雾降温风机在20 m范围内的降温幅度接近5℃,降温效果良好。     

FLUENT软件分析导流板在风机出风口风速分布中的作用

自走式果园喷雾机的风机出风口有一块导流板,导流板对于风机出风口气流风速的分布有着重要的影响.文章基于Fluent14.5软件,对于风机出风口风速的分布进行数值模拟,进而分析导流板的角度和长度在气流场中的具体影响作用.     

果园风送喷雾风力调控试验台设计及试验

目前，果园风送喷雾技术与装备正在朝着精准化和智能化方向发展。果园喷雾控制对象主要为喷施药量和风力供给量，果树冠层内外药液沉积分布很大程度上取决于风送系统风力供给，只有风力和药量均得到精确控制，才能实现果园对靶精准喷雾。为此，基于轴流风机设计了风机转速、进风口面积和出风口导流板倾斜角度可独立调控的果园风送喷雾风力调控试验台，通过直流电机调速实现风机转速调节；进风口采用百叶结构，通过调节百叶倾斜角度实现进风口开度大小调节；出风口采用塔式结构，通过22路舵机控制出风口不同喷头位置处导流板倾斜角度独立调节，并基于C#语言开发了上位机界面。利用试验平台开展了风机转速、进风口面积和出风口导流板倾斜角度独立调控风力变化特性试验，结果表明：出风口风速风量变化与风机转速和进风口面积调节呈正相关，出风口风速在垂直方向分布位置随导流板倾斜角度增加发生改变，同时分别建立了出风口最大风速与风机转速和进风口面积之间的关系模型。喷药过程中，可通过风机转速与导流板倾斜角度联合调节或进风口面积与导流板倾斜角度联合调节实现出风口风速风量在果树冠层垂直方向分布位置和大小调节。研究结果为实现根据果树冠层体积和枝叶稠密度变化进...     

葡萄园喷雾机风机蜗壳结构改进与性能试验

葡萄园风送式喷雾机采用离心风机对雾滴进行"二次雾化"和输送,但离心风机不同同心圆风速变化很大,风机功率不能有效利用。本研究选用的恒功率横流风机不满足风量置换原理,为使其达到喷雾机需求,对风机结构进行改进。同时,以参数β、d、α、L为改进后结构变量,以距离出风口150mm处风速值为测量目标,对风机进行单因素风速试验,并对β和d变化情况进行数值计算分析。由试验结果和数值分析可知:改进后风速最大提高61.5%,角度α对风速影响最大,长度L次之,角度β和长度d对风速影响不大。此结果可为风机结构改进提供理论依据。     

联合收获机风筛式清选装置清选室内涡流试验

在DFQX-3型物料清选试验台上,采用数字风速仪测得清选室内多点风速,利用绘制等速线的方法得出气流流速为零的点（涡心）。通过分析离心风机转速和出风口倾角对涡心位置的影响,得出在离心风机不同出风口倾角下风机转速与涡心位置变化关系,以及不同风机转速下出风口倾角对涡心位置变化的影响规律。通过水稻清选试验对比分析表明,涡心位置变化对清选的清洁率和损失率有较大影响,并得到离心风机转速为950r/min且出风口倾角为25°时,清选效果最佳。     

结构参数设计对风筛式清选装置气流场的影响

运用Gambit软件建立风筛式清选装置的二维几何模型,利用Fluent软件中的标准k-ε湍流模型和壁面函数法对清选室内部气流场分布进行了数值计算。对风机出风口风速、出风口角度、出风口相对于筛面的位置、筛子的结构参数、贯流风机与离心风机串联以及导流板的配置等各个不同工况进行了气流场数值模拟,分析了工况不同时,对清选室气流场分布的影响,并提出了改进方案。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。