PAM与粉煤灰改良沙土中重金属的迁移和富集规律

探讨复合施用聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)和粉煤灰改良沙土时,重金属(以Cr、As、Ni为例)在土壤、植物当中的运移规律,以及PAM在粉煤灰改良土壤中对重金属运移规律的影响。采取田间小区试验的方法,设计3种PAM施用量(0、60和120 mg/kg)和4种粉煤灰施用量(0、5%、10%和15%),其中不添加PAM和粉煤灰的处理为对照。试验结果表明:添加粉煤灰后,表层沙土当中Cr、Ni元素含量增加,而粉煤灰施用量为15%时As元素含量减少。在粉煤灰改良土壤中添加PAM能够将更多重金属固定在土壤表层,从而抑制重金属的淋洗,同时减少玉米对Cr、As、Ni的吸收。     

施用粉煤灰对沙土土面蒸发的影响

通过自然条件下蒸发试验,研究了4种粉煤灰施用率对沙土土面蒸发的影响。结果表明,粉煤灰的施用减弱了沙土土面蒸发水平,增强了沙土的保水性能。通过对蒸发过程的日观察,粉煤灰的施用始终表现出减弱沙土蒸发的能力,且呈现出随粉煤灰施用率增多而蒸发能力愈弱的特点。施用率10％处理土壤总蒸发量与对照试验大致相同,施用率20％、30％、...     

聚丙烯酰胺对盐渍化土壤水肥保持及产量的影响

对河套地区盐渍化土壤施用聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)后保水性、保肥性及最优产量下的水、肥及PAM的施用量组合进行了研究。采用正交试验设计对水、肥及产量各自特性进行详细分析,在整个生育期内研究了PAM施用层的含水率、土层深度为0~100cm的土壤碱解氮的动态变化规律及最优产量下所对应的各施用量的最佳组合。试验结果表明:经PAM处理的盐渍化土壤在其PAM施用层能够保持一定的水量,且随着PAM施用量的增加而增加;施用PAM处理的盐渍化土壤在PAM施用层能够保持一定的碱解氮且不易使碱解氮下移,未施PAM的4个灌水处理在不同程度上均下移至40cm左右,表明施用PAM明显抑制了氮素深层移动效应,起到了控制氮素淋失、防止土壤贫瘠的作用;而对于产量的分析,通过正交试验处理及SPSS主效应分析选取3因素最佳的施用量为:灌水量1 800m3/hm2、肥料为600kg/hm2、PAM量为18.75kg/hm2,可见PAM施用对盐渍化土壤节水、保肥效果明显,且PAM施用可对产量产生显著影响。该成果可用于指导盐渍化土壤合理的灌水量、施氮量及施用PAM后可显著提高葵花产量。     

粉煤灰和蚯蚓粪施用对土壤蒸发的影响

为揭示粉煤灰和蚯蚓粪两种土壤改良物质对土壤蒸发影响的差异性,探寻适宜的施用方式和施用量.设计模拟试验,控制3个覆盖处理(覆盖厚度分别为1、2.5和4 cm)和4个混施处理(施用量分别为10％、20％、30％和40％),以温室土壤为对照.连续测定16 d土壤蒸发量,结合有机质含量、水分物理性质和物质本身特性分析粉煤灰和蚯蚓粪施用对土壤蒸发的影响是否有差异及产生差异的原因.结果表明:与对照相比,覆盖粉煤灰和蚯蚓粪累积蒸发量分别减小了30％～34％和17％～48％,混施粉煤灰和蚯蚓粪累积蒸发分别减小了0％～6％和4％～14％.覆盖厚度为1 cm粉煤灰对土壤蒸发的抑制效果优于蚯蚓粪,覆盖厚度为4 cm和混施对土壤蒸发的抑制效果均为蚯蚓粪优于粉煤灰.两种物质覆盖和混施均可提高有机质含量,是其抑制土壤蒸发的主要原因.两种物质抑制蒸发效果具有差异,为有机质含量、颜色和颗粒组成等不同导致.另外,两种物质覆盖、蚯蚓粪混施土壤含水量均高于对照,混施蚯蚓粪显著提高孔隙度和持水容量.综合考虑施用粉煤灰和蚯蚓粪抑制土壤蒸发和保持土壤水分的效果可知,薄层覆盖时,粉煤灰优于蚯蚓粪,中厚层覆盖和混施蚯蚓粪优于粉煤灰.     

化学集成调控技术对土壤水氮与玉米产量的影响

以北京密云雨养型玉米为研究对象,联合采用土壤表土改良剂(PAM)、土壤保水剂(SAP)和叶面抗蒸腾剂(FA)3种典型化学制剂进行生产应用,研究了化学集成调控技术对土壤含水率、氮素含量及玉米产量的影响效应,探索了玉米产量最优的化学调控集成应用模式。结果表明,3种化学制剂对土壤含水率、氮素含量和玉米产量的影响效应不一致,PAM、SAP对土壤水分和速效氮影响显著,而PAM、SAP和FA则共同对土壤全氮、玉米产量产生显著影响;在本试验条件下,FA 400倍液、SAP 90 kg/hm2的化学集成调控处理配合270 kg/hm2尿素施用量可以得到最大玉米产量,同时玉米生育期内土壤速效氮质量比和平均含水率均为最高,分别为45.44 mg/kg和0.12,有利于作物对水肥的吸收利用,其最大玉米产量1.30 kg/m2相较于未施加化控制剂的对照组,增产可达21%。     

地膜玉米施用沼肥增产效果试验

本试验采用沼肥N和化肥N的不同用量比例设置不同处理,对地膜玉米施用沼肥进行产量比较试验。结果表明：在实验范围内,沼肥用量越大,增产效果越明显,处理A和B每667m^2产量达752．2kg和726．4kg,比对照增产33．3％和28．7％,而且等氮量沼肥施用效果优于等氮量化肥,等氮量沼肥与化肥配施效果优于沼肥或化肥单施。     

秸秆还田配施氮肥对土壤碳氮含量与玉米生长的影响

为明确宁夏扬黄灌区秸秆还田条件下的适宜施氮量,在玉米秸秆全量还田条件下,设4种纯氮施用水平(0 kg/hm~2(N0)、150 kg/hm~2(N1)、300 kg/hm~2(N2)、450 kg/hm~2(N3)),以秸秆还田不施氮肥(N0)为对照,研究了秸秆还田配施不同纯氮水平对土壤有机碳氮含量、微生物量碳氮含量和酶活性及其对玉米生长的影响。结果表明,秸秆还田配施氮肥有利于耕层土壤有机碳和全氮含量的提高,随施氮量的增加,土壤碳氮比降低,其中以N2和N3处理对提高耕层有机碳氮含量效果最佳。秸秆还田条件下土壤微生物量碳氮比随施氮量的增加而降低,N2处理对微生物量碳含量、N3处理对微生物量氮含量的提高作用最为显著。秸秆还田配施氮肥能显著提高土壤脲酶、过氧化氧酶、碱性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性,以N2和N3处理的改善效果较优。秸秆还田配施氮肥对玉米前期生长影响不显著,而N2处理对中后期玉米生长具有显著促进作用。2年玉米籽粒产量以N2处理增产效果最佳,平均较N0处理提高22.0%。通过2年研究结果表明,在宁夏扬黄灌区实施秸秆还田配施氮肥措施可增加土壤有机碳氮含量,调节土壤碳氮比,促进玉米生长,进而提高玉米产量,以秸秆还田配施纯氮300 kg/hm~2效果最佳。     

砒砂岩改良风沙土对作物产量影响的RZWQM2模型模拟

基于2012—2013年陕西省榆林市榆阳区小纪汗乡玉米大田试验结果,利用不同复配比例的砒砂岩改良风沙土(砒砂岩与风沙土按体积比1∶1(T1)、1∶2(T2)、1∶5(T3)混合)处理下土壤水分、地上部生物量、叶面积指数和产量数据对RZWQM2(Root zone water quality model 2)模型进行校正和验证,然后利用验证后的模型模拟不同复配比的土壤水分动态和玉米产量变化。模型校正和验证结果表明,土壤分层含水量模拟值和实测值之间的均方根误差(RMSE)分别在0.011~0.042 cm~3/cm~3和0.008~0.029 cm~3/cm~3范围内变化;地上生物量模拟值和实测值之间的RMSE分别在512~1 245 kg/hm~2和598~1 461 kg/hm~2之间变化;作物产量的模拟值与观测值之间的RMSE变化范围分别为84~249 kg/hm~2和71~485 kg/hm~2。模型模拟结果表明,RZWQM2模型能够较好地模拟砒砂岩改良风沙土对作物产量的影响,3种砒砂岩改良风沙土配比中,砒砂岩与风沙土的体积比为1∶2处理(T2)下玉米产量最高,1990—2013年的平均产量为3 527 kg/hm~2,变化范围为880~7 206 kg/hm~2。因此,砒砂岩与风沙土的体积比为1∶2复配模式下对玉米增产的效果较优,该复配模式可作为该地区砒砂岩改良风沙土复配比例的推荐选择。     

秸秆还田配施氮肥对土壤碳氮含量及玉米生长的影响

为明确宁夏扬黄灌区秸秆还田条件下的适宜施氮量,在玉米秸秆全量还田条件下,设4种纯氮施用水平[0 kg/hm~2(N0)、150 kg/hm~2(N1)、300 kg/hm~2(N2)、450 kg/hm~2(N3)],以秸秆还田不施氮肥(N0)为对照,研究了秸秆还田配施不同纯氮水平对土壤有机碳氮、微生物量碳氮含量和酶活性及其对玉米生长的影响。结果表明,秸秆还田配施氮肥有利于耕层土壤有机碳和全氮含量的提高,随施氮量的增加,土壤碳氮比降低,其中以N2和N3处理对提高耕层有机碳氮含量效果最佳。秸秆还田条件下土壤微生物量碳氮比随施氮量的增加而降低,N2处理对微生物量碳含量、N3处理微生物量氮含量的提高作用最为显著。秸秆还田配施氮肥能显著提高土壤脲酶、过氧化氧酶、碱性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性,以N2和N3处理的改善效果较优。秸秆还田配施氮肥对玉米前期生长影响不显著,而N2处理对中后期玉米生长具有显著的促进作用。两年玉米籽粒产量以N2处理增产效果最佳,平均较N0处理提高22.0%。通过两年研究结果表明,在宁夏扬黄灌区实施秸秆还田配施氮肥措施可增加土壤有机碳氮含量,调节土壤碳氮比,促进玉米的生长,进而提高玉米产量,以秸秆还田配施纯氮300 kg/hm2效果最佳。     

风沙土玉米滴灌氮肥适宜用量试验研究

【目的】确定风沙土地区玉米滴灌适宜氮肥用量。【方法】采用田间试验的方法,在高水(IH)和低水(IL)条件下研究高氮(FH)、中氮(FM)和低氮(FL)3种施氮水平对玉米生长和产量的影响。【结果】在低水条件下,增加施氮量有利于植株生长,植株较高,叶面积指数较大;高水条件下增施氮量对植株生长促进作用小于低水条件。2种灌水条件下,地上物质干质量和鲜质量均随施氮量增加而增大,但地上物质含水率、茎粗和叶片叶绿素量受施氮量影响较小。施氮量增加提高了穗长、穗粗、行粒数等考种指标值,从而提高了产量,低水高肥和高水高肥处理产量分别为13.0和13.7 t/hm2,较低肥处理高出20.4%和17.1%。【结论】在风沙土地区,增加施氮量有利于玉米植株生长和提高产量,尤其灌水量小时,作用更为明显。因此,结合试验结果在辽西北风沙土地区玉米滴灌种植施氮量推荐为300 kg/hm2。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。