低聚木糖生产废渣纤维素酶诱导和水解特性的研究

研究了生产低聚木糖(XOS)所得的废渣对里氏木霉纤维素酶合成的诱导作用和纤维素酶水解特性.废渣对里氏木霉合成纤维素酶的诱导作用较差,而纤维素酶水解性能优异.里氏木霉以含纤维素15 g/L的废渣为碳源合成纤维素酶,滤纸酶活为0.48 FPIU/mL,酶产率为6.67 FPIU/(L·h),酶得率为每克纤维素32.00 FPIU,而在相同条件下以玉米芯为碳源时滤纸酶活为3.20 FPIU/mL、酶产率19.00 FPIU/(L·h)和酶得率每克纤维素213.33 FPIU.质量浓度为20 g/L的废渣在酶用量为每克纤维素10 FPIU条件下水解24 h,水解得率达92.8 %;底物废渣质量浓度为100 g/L时,48 h纤维素酶水解得率达到80.6 %.     

β-葡萄糖苷酶的制备及在纤维素辅助水解上的应用研究

研究了固体发酵法制备β-葡萄糖苷酶及其在纤维素水解上的应用.黑曲霉NL02以玉米芯和麸皮为碳源固体发酵制备β-葡萄糖苷酶,培养5d,酶活力达到225.43IU/g(以干曲计).粗β-葡萄糖苷酶酶液经硫酸铵沉淀、离子交换层析、凝胶过滤层析纯化,获得单一β-葡萄糖苷酶组分,酶活回收率和比活力分别为69.34%和133.88IU/mg.底物质量浓度为100g/L的稀硫酸预处理玉米秸秆,经酶用量为20FPIU/g(以纤维素计)的里氏木霉纤维素酶和4IU/g(以纤维素计)的β-葡萄糖苷酶水解48h,水解糖液中纤维二糖和葡萄糖质量浓度分别为1.12和42.68g/L,纤维素水解得率和可发酵性糖的比例分别为62.85%和97.44%.     

响应面优化法在纤维素酶合成培养基设计上的应用

以里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei)RUTC30为产酶菌株,经酵母发酵除去葡萄糖后的脱葡萄糖淀粉水解液为碳源,采用Plackett-Burman(PB)设计法寻找培养基组成中对产酶影响最大的因素,并经响应面试验设计优化最佳产酶条件。试验得到对产酶影响最大的两个因素分别为脱葡萄糖淀粉水解液质量浓度和氯化钙质量浓度,经最陡爬坡和响应面试验建立了滤纸酶活与两者之间的模型。对此模型求解得到,当脱葡萄糖淀粉水解液质量浓度为28.85 g/L、氯化钙质量浓度为0.67 g/L时,产酶120 h理论酶活为7.52 FPIU/mL,156 h达到最大酶活为11.16 FPIU/mL,β-葡萄糖苷酶活最大为0.79 IU/mL。     

氮源对里氏木霉木聚糖酶和纤维素酶生物合成的影响

研究了氮源种类和比例、碳氮比(C／N)等因素对里氏木霉木聚糖酶和纤维素酶生物合成的影响。在各种氮源中，蛋白胨是最好的氮源。复合氮源中当硫酸铵N和尿素N的比例为1：3时，木聚糖酶活力最高，达93．3IU／mL；当比例为1：1时，滤纸酶活力和羧甲基纤维素(CMC)酶活力达到最大值，分别为0．263FPIU／mL和0．026IU／mL。当控制培养基的C／N为8．0和6．0时，它们对木聚糖酶和纤维素酶的诱导作用最强，分别为95．1IU／mL和0．310FPIU／mL。     

耐热型木聚糖酶制备工艺的研究

以木糖渣为碳源，利用耐热子囊菌（Thermoascus aurantiacus)液体发酵生产木聚糖酶，确立了最佳工艺参数为：木糖渣质量浓度4％，培养温度45摄氏度，转速180r/min，培养基初始pH值4．8，初始C／N为7．1，木聚糖酶活性可达900U/mL。酶学性质研究表明，该酶反应的最适温度为75摄氏度，最适pH值为4．8，该酶的耐热性强，在75摄氏度下温保1h，酶活力剩余85％以上。     

八角茴香渣生物转化法制莽草酸的初步研究

利用莎门氏菌B31转化八角茴香中的莽草酸，探讨莽草酸的微生物转化因子。HPLC检测分析结果表明：莎门氏菌B31自身不产莽草酸；菌种在对莽草酸溶液的生物转化过程中，在20-24h莽草酸质量浓度达到最大，莽草酸质量浓度由原溶液中8．04g／L增加到8．80g／L，继续培养，莽草酸出现分解现象；莎门氏菌B31对质量分数为2％的八角糖无转化现象，对八角渣水提液的转化效果最好。以八角渣和蒸馏水的固液比为1：40（g：mL）时的提取液加入莎门氏菌B31培养转化24h后，莽草酸最高质量浓度为0．213g／L，为未转化前莽草酸含量的2．56倍。     

合成脂肪酶的影响

研究了碳源和氮源对白腐菌Sarcodon asparatus合成脂肪酶的影响。橄榄油是脂肪酶合成的最佳碳源，脂肪酶活力达0．65U／mL。蛋白胨、尿素和氯化铵对脂肪酶的合成有促进作用，它们的酶活力分别为0．65、0．67和0．62U／mL，而硫酸铵抑制脂肪酶的合成，其酶活力仅为0．08U／mL。C／N比对细胞生长和酶的合成影响很大，当C／N比从2增加到10时，脂肪酶活力从0．65下降到0．14U／mL，而细胞浓度从3．08升高到4．58mg／mL。在培养基初始pH值5．5、28℃下培养，S．asparatus合成的脂肪酶活力最高，脂肪酶活力和细胞浓度分别为0．65U／mL和3．08mg／mL。     

酶法糖化玉米芯发酵生产乙醇的研究

研究了玉米芯的酶法水解及酶解液的乙醇发酵。采用里氏木霉ZU-02纤维素酶水解酸预处理后的玉米芯为原料,适宜的酶用量为20 FPIU(以每克底物计,下同),48 h后酶解得率为67.5%;添加黑曲霉ZU-07所产纤维二糖酶可有效解除纤维二糖累积引起的反馈抑制作用,当纤维二糖酶用量为6.5 CB IU时,48 h后酶解得率提高到83.9%。采用分批补料酶解工艺,使底物质量浓度提高到200 g/L,酶解60 h后还原糖质量浓度达到116.3 g/L,酶解得率为80.1%。利用一株耐高温酿酒酵母HTR-11在38℃下对酶解液进行乙醇发酵,质量浓度95.3 g/L的葡萄糖在18 h内发酵生成质量浓度为45.7 g/L的乙醇,其得率达到理论值的94%。     

蒸汽爆破尾叶桉木材的化学组分及纤维素酶水解工艺

采用蒸汽爆破技术处理尾叶桉木材，研究蒸汽爆破对其主化学成分的影响，以及爆破材料用纤维素酶水解的工艺，确定了水解糖化条件：温度50qC，pH值4．8，酶用量25FPIU／g底物，底物浓度2％。结果表明，蒸汽爆破过程溶解出一定量的半纤维素和木质素，而纤维素基本不受损失，有利于提高酶解率；爆破前用硫酸预处理，木质素脱除率和木聚糖分解率在同样的爆破压力下比未用硫酸预处理的高。在最优的水解条件下，硫酸预处理，2．2MPa爆破的尾叶按木材多糖水解率达到82．43％，比未用硫酸预处理的提高36．86％。     

蒸汽预处理玉米秸秆酶水解速率下降的因素分析

为评价导致纤维素酶水解速率下降的因素,以底物质量浓度为50 g/L葡聚糖及酶用量为20 FPIU/g滤纸酶活和10 IU/g β-葡萄糖苷酶活的蒸汽预处理玉米秸秆酶水解为研究对象,探讨了影响酶水解速率的潜在因素,包括物料反应性能、纤维素酶非特异性吸附、酶失活及终产物抑制。结果表明：酶用量40 FPIU/g条件下酶水解6 h及12 h后,蒸汽预处理玉米秸秆的物料反应性能分别下降了16.0%及23.7%,然而,在酶用量为20 FPIU/g时,物料反应性能的下降对酶水解速率的影响极其有限;酶解木质素的添加使得1 h酶解上清液中酶蛋白浓度降低了20.8%,但初始酶水解速率并未显著降低,即木质素对纤维素酶的非特异性吸附对酶水解速率影响不大;两段酶水解中纤维素酶的更新使得7h酶水解速率由一段酶水解中的1.30 g/(L·h)提高至1.83 g/(L·h);两段酶水解中终产物的去除则使得7 h酶水解速率提高至4.76 g/(L·h),是一段酶水解中7 h酶水解速率的3.66倍。综合而言,酶失活及终产物抑制对酶水解速率影响较大,其中终产物抑制是导致蒸汽预处理玉米秸秆酶水解速率降低的关键因素。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.