我国樟子松人工林天然更新研究进展

樟子松人工林天然更新问题的研究一直在进行,但人工林内幼苗数量过少及难以发育为幼树的问题一直难以彻底解决。文中综述了影响我国沙地樟子松人工林天然更新能力的因素,如光照、温度、水分、土壤环境、生物因子及人工营林技术等的研究概况。在研究过程中发现,樟子松人工林的遗传多样性与土壤微生物对樟子松人工林天然更新影响方面的研究尚少有报道,或可以为解决樟子松人工林天然更新问题提供更深入的思路。     

红花尔基沙地樟子松天然林枯立木特征分析

[目的]了解沙地樟子松天然纯林中枯立木的数量及空间结构特征,探究枯立木形成的原因,为樟子松林的保护和经营提供依据。[方法]在沙地樟子松天然纯林中设置2块1 hm~2的大样地,用全站仪对样地中所有胸径大于5 cm的立木进行定位并进行全面调查;对调查样地的基本特征,枯立木的数量特征及径级分布进行了分析,提出了用于表达林分中枯立木微环境的活立木比的概念,并采用林分空间结构参数一元分布和二元分布分析方法,对枯立木与其最近4株相邻木的关系进行分析。[结果]2块不同密度的樟子松天然纯林下更新幼苗和枯立木数量相差较大,密度较小(样地1)的样地更新幼苗和枯立木较少,而密度较大的样地(样地2)中枯立木达到200棵,林下更新幼苗数量达到15 280株·hm~(-2);樟子松天然纯林样地内枯立木主要以小径级木为主,胸径集中在11 cm以下;样地1枯立木径级连续分布,幅度较窄;样地2中的枯立木径级幅度较宽,但在20 22 cm缺刻,有2株大于23 cm的枯立木;2块样地中枯立木的分布格局均为随机分布,样地1中枯立木周围的4株相邻立木大多为活立木,且胸径较枯立木大;样地2中,只有一半的枯立木周围的最近4株立木为活立木,且有三分之一以上的枯立木胸径不是最小的,枯立木有连续分布的现象。2块样地中枯立木的角尺度-大小比数二元分布特征的差异不明显,而角尺度-活立木比二元分布特征和大小比数-活立木比二元分布特征差异明显,样地1中枯立木的最近4株随机分布于其周围的相邻木为活立木且胸径大于枯立木的比例明显高于样地2,而枯立木最近4株随机分布于其周围的相邻木有枯立木的比例明显小于样地2。[结论]樟子松天然纯林枯立木以小径级林木为主,枯立木的数量与林分密度相关,林木竞争是林木死亡的主要原因,密度过大也会产生病虫害,因此,对天然樟子松纯林要进行适度经营,保持合理密度。     

优化施肥对樟子松幼苗生长和抗逆生理的影响

为提高园林苗木育苗质量,试验以1年生樟子松为研究对象,复合肥和烘干鸡粪作为肥源,按照施氮水平相同原则（施氮量为75 g/m3）,设置6种施肥处理,研究了不同施肥配比对樟子松幼苗生长和抗逆生理的影响。结果表明,与CK处理相比,T3处理的根长、根表面积、粗根直径、根体积和细根数分别增加28.39%、53.70%、5.60%、20.00%、17.06%,根系活力和叶绿素含量分别提高15.51%、42.31%,差异均达到显著水平,并显著增加了可溶性糖、可溶性固形物、丙二醛、脯氨酸含量以及过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性,提高了幼苗抗逆能力。施肥有助于促进樟子松幼苗生长和根系发育,增加幼苗干物质积累,提高根系活力和抗逆能力,并以T3处理（复合肥和烘干鸡粪比例为1∶1）效果最佳,可在樟子松幼苗培养中应用推广。     

基于树干液流通量的沙地樟子松合理林分密度的确定

应用热扩散式树干茎流计(TDP)对辽宁省章古台樟子松人工固沙林生长季期间树干液流速率进行了连续5年的测定,结合同步观测的降水、林冠截留量、林内蒸发散量和土壤水分含量,利用水量平衡的方法,推算了现阶段樟子松应有的合理密度。结果表明:4月上中旬沙地樟子松液流启动,10月中下旬液流基本结束,生长季(4-10月)各月平均液流速率分别为2.58、4.78、5.19、5.01、4.84、4.30、1.93 cm·h^-1,以6月份的最高,其次依次为7、8、5、9月份,4、10两月平均液流速率较低。通过推算,径阶14、16、18、20 cm的樟子松纯林的合理密度分别应为688、531、422、344株·hm^-2,现有同径阶的林分普遍存在密度过大的问题。研究结果对于现有林分的科学经营具有重要的指导意义。     

New clerodane diterpenoids from Casearia sylvestris

Two new clerodane diterpenoids 2β-methoxy-cleroda-3,13-dien-18-carboxy-15,16-olide (1) and 15ξ-methoxy-cleroda-3,12-dien-18-carboxy-15,16-olide (2) and one new nitrogen-containing clerodane diterpenoid 15-oxo-echinophyllin A (3), along with six known compounds, namely, echinophyllin A, (−)-patagonic acid, tyrosol, oplopanone, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-[(1R)-1-(1-methylethyl)-4-oxopentyl]-2-cyclohexen-1-one and 1β,6α-dihydroxy-eudesman-4(15)-ene were isolated from the leaves of Casearia sylvestris. Their structures were determined by extensive NMR techniques.     

A semi-variogram approach for estimating stems per hectare in Eucalyptus grandis plantations using discrete-return lidar height data

Estimating stems per hectare (SPHA) for a given forest area from high spatial resolution remotely sensed data usually follows the identification of individual trees. A common method of tree identification is through local maxima filtering, which in the context of a lidar canopy height model (CHM), seeks to locate the highest value within a specified neighbourhood of pixels. Hence, specifying an appropriate window size is a critical consideration. This study investigated the potential of the semi-variogram range towards defining an average window size for a given plot within Eucalyptus species plantations. The analysis also included comparisons of CHMs with three pixel sizes (spatial resolutions) (0.2 m, 0.5 m, and 1 m) at lidar point density of 5 points/m² and three lidar point densities (1 point/m², 3 points/m², and 5 points/m²). These variations were introduced to study the effect of interpolated height surface resolution and lidar point density, respectively, on the identification of trees. Semi-variogram analysis yielded range values that varied distinctly with spatial resolution and point density. Computation of SPHA based on the semi-variogram range values resulted in overall accuracies of 73%, 56%, and 41% for 0.2 m, 0.5 m, and 1 m resolutions, respectively. A comparative approach, that defines window size based on pre-determined tree spacing, yielded corresponding accuracies of 82%, 82%, and 68% at the respective CHM resolutions. Point density comparisons based on interpolated CHM of 0.2 m resolution and the semi-variogram approach resulted in similar results between 5 points/m² (73%) and 3 points/m² (70%), whereas 1 point/m² returned the lowest accuracy (56%). Similar trends with superior accuracies were observed using the pre-determined tree spacing approach from the same resolution CHM: 82% (5 points/m²), 80% (3 points/m²), and 74% (1 point/m²). While all estimates were negatively biased, the CHM with a 0.2 m spatial resolution at a point density of 3 points/m² resulted in a reasonable level of accuracy, negating the need for high density (>3 points/m²) lidar surveys for this purpose. It was concluded that the semi-variogram approach showed promise for estimation of SPHA, particularly due to its independence from a priori knowledge regarding the tree stocking of the plantation.     

A new C-methylated flavonoid glycoside from Pinus densiflora

A new C-methyl flavonol glycoside, 5,7,8,4'-tetrahydroxy-3-methoxy-6-methylflavone 8-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (1), has been isolated from the needles of Pinus densiflora, together with kaempferol 3-O-beta-(6"-acetyl)-galactopyranoside.     

沙地樟子松天然纯林的结构特征

[目的]为了解红花尔基地区沙地樟子松天然纯林的结构特征,指导沙地樟子松的保护与经营。[方法]在红花尔基地区设置2块100 m×100 m的樟子松天然纯林固定样地,利用样地内每木定位调查数据和分析统计软件进行一元分布及二元分布特征分析。[结果](1)樟子松天然林纯林直径分布为单峰或多峰山状分布,垂直结构简单,只有乔木层和草本层。(2)樟子松天然纯林的林木分布格局为均匀分布,接近随机分布,林木分布格局类型与林分密度无关;林分中樟子松个体竞争激烈,多数单元中林木呈较密集状态。(3)2块样地中随机分布状态下的林木多数为中等密集或比较密集,不同分布状态下的林木优劣性差异较小;低密度樟子松天然纯林中多数密集状态的林木为绝对优势木或优势木,而高密度林分中林木密集度分布与林木大小无关。[结论]红花尔基沙地樟子松天然林结构不合理,应选择病腐木及聚集分布的个体作为潜在调整对象,进行密度调整和结构优化。     

Genetic variation and division of Pinus sylvestris provenances by ISSR markers

Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) was used to detect genetic variation among nine provenances, including 135 individuals. A total of 108 loci were amplified using 10 random primers. The differentiation of the percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) among different provenances was evident, ranging from 27% to 54%, of which Honghuaerji provenance had the highest PPB and Kalunshan provenance had the lowest PPB. Shannon's Information index (I) at species level was 0.1581 and Nei's gene diversity (h) was 0.2393. Coefficient of gene differentiation (G_ST) calculated by Popgene was 0.3965, these results indicated that majority of genetic variation (60.35%) was found within provenances. According to dendrogram amongpinus sylvestriv provenances, nine provenances were divided into two provenance areas, namely Daxing's and Xiaoxing'an Mountains provenance area and Hulunbeier provenance area. Foundation item: This study was supported by National Scientific and Technological Brainstorm Project. Biography: LI Hui-yu (1978-), female, Ph.D. candidate, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

Nutrient status of managed and natural forest fragments of Fagus sylvatica in southern Europe

Beech forests located in the southwestern limit of Europe have been affected by severe deforestation and long-term fragmentation. Some of these forests have been subjected to partial cutting, whereas others have been maintained with little or no active management. It has previously been shown that past management has led to substantial changes in tree structure, diversity and plant species. These perturbations, through their influence on the litterfall and forest floor, may affect nutrient cycling and the nutritional status of such fragile ecosystems. Mineral nutrition was investigated in 53 forest fragments by analysis of data corresponding to nutrient concentrations in forest floor, mineral soils and foliage. In comparison with other beech forests in Central Europe subjected to higher levels of air pollution, the stands showed fewer incidences of nutrient deficiencies and lower foliar concentrations of S and heavy metals. Partial cuts carried out in recent decades have reduced the forest floor mass proportional to the intensity of the harvesting. The effect was probably due to the lower litter input and the increased decomposition of litter as a consequence of the environmental changes in forest gaps. The partially cut stands displayed higher foliar levels of K and Mg, which could be attributed to the greater release of these elements as a consequence of the increased decomposition of litter. However, past management has brought about lower foliar concentrations of P and N. Both effects were found to be proportional to basal area and the forest floor mass, which suggests that they are related to the intensity of harvesting. Although the causes are uncertain, this negative effect may be due to a reduction in forest floor thickness, which implies the loss of preferred rooting space for trees.     

松材线虫侵染下马尾松针叶miRNA和mRNA的关联表达

[目的]微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA)具有靶向沉默信使RNA(mRNA)表达的功能,是基因表达的负调控因子;研究并明确马尾松在遭受松材线虫侵染下是否存类似的调控模式,对于未来探析寄主植物对病原侵染胁迫下的应激机制及获得调控马尾松抗松材线虫病的miRNA及其靶标mRNA都具有重要意义。[方法]以前期高通量测序获得的松材线虫侵染1、2、3 d的马尾松针叶mRNA和miRNA表达谱为研究对象,采用STEM软件分别分析mRNA和miRNA的表达变化模式,并运用斯皮尔曼等级相关法研究松材线虫侵染下的马尾松针叶中miRNA与mRNA的表达关联情况。[结果]松材线虫侵染下的马尾松针叶中的miRNA呈2种显著的表达变化模式,mRNA呈8种显著的表达变化模式,且15个miRNA与其12个靶标mRNA的表达变化模式相反,符合miRNA对靶标mRNA的负调控特点,这些靶标mRNA编码具有识别病原作用的ACRE、CC-NBS-LRR基因等。[结论]松材线虫侵染下的马尾松针叶中miRNA及mRNA均呈多种表达变化模式,且部分miRNA与靶标mRNA的表达变化模式相反,推测其中部分miRNA可能是病原识别基因的负调控因子。     

Persistence of some pine pathogens in coarse woody debris and cones in a Pinus pinea forest

The persistence of Sphaeropsis sapinea, Leptographium serpens and Heterobasidion annosum s.s. in artificially inoculated pine branch pieces (S. sapinea and L. serpens) and wood blocks (L. serpens and H. annosum s.s.) was investigated in order to discuss the alternative of leaving coarse woody debris in stands of Italian stone pine (Pinus pinea). Also, natural colonization by S. sapinea of pine cones of different ages was assessed. Methods used for inoculating branch pieces and wood blocks were highly effective for all fungi. Type of a forest stand in which branch pieces and wood blocks have been incubated did not affect the persistence of the pathogens in the inoculated samples. For branch pieces, the success of re-isolation of L. serpens dropped as the sample incubation time increased, while S. sapinea was always successfully (100%) re-isolated (even 12 months after the inoculation). L. serpens and H. annosum s.s. were re-isolated from most of the buried wood blocks (from more than 95% samples) up to 3 months following the inoculation. Of the observed P. pinea cones (in most cases, more than 2 years old), 74% were naturally infected byS. sapinea. All three investigated pathogens were able to survive in dead plant tissues for long periods of time (at least for several (3–12) months). The persistence of these pine-pathogenic species in dead plant material questions the feasibility of leaving coarse woody debris in managed Italian stone pine forests meant for landscape conservation and leisure activities.     

云龙天池云南松自然种群分布格局分析

[目的]对云南松种群年龄结构和空间分布格局的变化以及不同生长阶段个体的空间分布格局及空间关联性进行了研究,从空间格局角度深入认识云南松林群落结构和分布格局及其形成的内在机制。[方法]基于云南省云龙县天池自然保护区云南松天然林的样地调查数据,基于云南松的种群径级结构,采用Ripley’s L函数点格局方法,对云南松自然种群的龄级结构、空间分布格局及其不同生长阶段空间关联性进行了系统分析。[结果]云南松自然种群径级和高度级结构完整,分布呈倒"J"型;云南松自然种群整体上在0 40 m的空间尺度上呈"聚集-随机"的分布格局;云南松自然种群个体在幼树和小树阶段,在较大的尺度上呈聚集分布,随着尺度的增加转变为随机分布,而在中树阶段完全呈聚集分布,随着龄级的递增,大树阶段的空间分布格局呈随机分布;云南松自然种群不同生长阶段个体间空间关联在所有尺度上基本都呈显著正相关。[结论]云南松自然种群结构属增长型种群;云南松自然种群不同生长阶段的个体呈现不同的分布格局,表现出强烈的空间动态特性;云南松种群各生长阶段间正向的关系,有利于种群的维持。     

云南松天然林的种内和种间竞争

[目的]通过对云南松天然林内云南松种内和种间竞争强度的测定,分析揭示竞争强度在云南松群落内的动态变化规律及云南松种群的生态适应机制.[方法]在云龙天池自然保护区云南松天然林设置样方进行群落学调查的基础上,采用Hegyi单木竞争指数模型,以云南松为对象木,定量分析林分、对象木、竞争木的竞争强度,采用回归分析方法建立对象木胸径与林分、种内、种间竞争强度的函数模型.[结果]天池自然保护区云南松天然林的种内和种间竞争强度分别为80.16%和19.84%;云南松种内与主要伴生树种种间竞争强度大小顺序为:云南松种内> 水红木> 华山松> 米饭花> 大白花杜鹃> 槲栎> 马缨花> 旱冬瓜;云南松与整个林分、伴生树种以及种内的竞争强度与对象木胸径之间存在显著负相关关系,对象木胸径越大,其竞争能力越强.[结论]云南松天然林内云南松的竞争压力主要来自种内竞争;林分种内及种间竞争强度与对象木胸径间存在CI=AD^-B形式的幂函数关系;胸径20 cm以上云南松的竞争压力变化趋于平缓,胸径20 cm以下的云南松中、幼林是抚育管理的重点林分.     

马尾松3代杂交子代幼林松脂化学组分的GCA/SCA分析

[目的]研究马尾松松脂化学组分的一般配合力(GCA)/特殊配合力(SCA)效应,促进优质脂用马尾松的遗传改良。[方法]利用设置在浙江省淳安县姥山林场的5年生6×6半双列遗传交配设计的马尾松3代种质幼林,通过调查各单株生长性状以及测定松脂化学组分,揭示马尾松松脂化学组分的遗传变异规律及遗传控制方式和它们与生长性状的相关性。[结果]试验材料共检测出23种松脂组分,单萜类、倍半萜类、二萜类组分含量分别占松脂含量的7.29%、1.50%和91.17%。13种平均含量高于松脂总量0.1%且杂交组合间差异显著的马尾松松脂主要组分均表现出显著或极显著的GCA效应,而SCA效应较不显著。除去氢枞酸主要受显性基因效应控制,左旋海松酸/长叶松酸、8,12-枞二烯酸加/显性效应相当外,其余主要组分均是以加性基因效应占主导地位。各松脂主要组分家系遗传力为0.655 0.949,受中度或高度的遗传控制。研究还发现,马尾松松脂单萜主要组分中α-蒎烯、莰烯、β-蒎烯间呈极显著正相关关系,对其中一种组分的选择可能会带来其它单萜组分的同增或同减。而二萜组分中左旋海松酸/长叶松酸与单萜、倍半萜、二萜组分呈较普遍负相关,与长叶烯、海松醛、去氢枞酸、8,12-枞二烯酸、枞酸和新枞酸则呈极显著的负相关关系,对左旋海松酸/长叶松酸的选择将会对大部分松脂组分产生抑制作用。此外,马尾松多数松脂主要组分与树高、地径相关性并不明显,松脂化学组分与生长似受不同的遗传机制控制,两种性状可能相互独立。[结论]幼龄期马尾松松脂大部分组分具有显著的GCA效应,加性基因效应占主导地位,受中度或高度遗传控制。树高和地径与松脂各组分含量不相关,但部分松脂组分间存在显著的相关性。该结果为马尾松脂用性状的改良提供理论依据。     

马尾松生物量和生产力研究进展

马尾松在我国南方亚热带地区广泛种植,是我国主要植树造林树种之一,长期以来产生了巨大的生态和经济效益,在我国林业中有着重要地位。在全球气候变暖这一大背景下,研究马尾松森林生态系统的生物量和生产力具有非常重要的意义。文中从传统方法和遥感技术2个方面介绍了马尾松生物量和生产力的测算方法,分析了林龄、混交造林、立地条件、气候因素和林分密度对马尾松生物量和生产力的影响,并针对目前存在的问题提出未来研究的发展方向,以期为我国马尾松林的可持续经营提供参考。     

Thinning effects on pine-spruce forest transpiration in central Sweden

This study analyses the effects of thinning on stand transpiration in a typical mixed spruce and pine forest in the southern boreal zone. Studies of transpiration are important for models of water, energy and carbon exchange, and forest management, like thinning, would change those processes. Tree transpiration was measured by the tissue heat-balance sapflow technique, on a reference plot and a thinning plot situated in a 50-year-old stand in central Sweden. Sapflow was measured during one season (1998) on both plots before thinning, to establish reference values. In winter 1998/1999 24% of the basal area was removed from the thinning plot. Thinning was done so as to preserve the initial species composition and the size distribution. The measurements continued after thinning during the growing seasons of 1999 and 2000. The climate showed remarkable differences between the 3 years; 1998 was wet and cool, with frequent rain, and the soil-water content was high throughout the year. In contrast, 1999 was dry and warm, and the soil-water content decreased to very low values, ca. 5–6% by volume. In 2000, the weather was more normal, with variable conditions. Stand transpiration was similar on both plots during the year before thinning; the plot to be thinned transpired 6% more than the reference plot. After thinning, transpiration was initially ca. 40% lower on the thinned plot, but the difference diminished successively. When the following drought was at its worst, the thinned plot transpired up to seven times more than the reference plot. During the second season after thinning, the thinned plot transpired ca. 20% more than the reference plot. The increased transpiration of the thinned plot could not be attributed to environmental variables, but was most probably caused by changes in biological factors, such as a fertilization effect.     

地形因子对思茅松人工林土壤有机碳储量的影响

[目的]以思茅松人工中龄林为研究对象,探讨不同坡向、坡度和坡位对思茅松人工林SOC储量的影响,为精确评估思茅松人工林碳储量提供科学依据。[方法]对不同坡向、坡度和坡位不同土壤层次的SOC含量、全氮、土壤密度、C:N和SOC储量进行T检验和单因素方差分析,对不同土层的SOC储量和全氮、土壤密度、C:N之间进行Pearson相关分析。[结果]思茅松人工中龄林,SOC含量、全氮和C:N随着土层加深而减少,土壤密度随着土层加深而增加。不同的坡向和坡度显著影响SOC储量大小,阳坡的SOC储量要显著高于阴坡,坡度为20 30°的SOC储量要显著低于10 20°和0 10°,坡位对SOC储量大小无显著影响。在0 100 cm土层中,随着土层深度的增加,不同立地条件的思茅松人工中龄林的SOC储量呈减小趋势,不同坡向、坡位和坡度0 20 cm土层SOC储量均显著高于其它土层。坡向和坡度显著影响0 20 cm土层的SOC储量(P0.05);坡位对各层SOC储量均无显著影响(P0.05)。0 20 cm土层中SOC储量和土壤密度呈极显著负相关,和坡向、坡度呈显著负相关关系;除2040 cm土层外,其它土层的SOC储量与全氮之间呈极显著正相关;SOC储量和坡位与C:N在任一土层均无显著相关关系。[结论]立地条件差异影响SOC储量的大小与分布,尤其是坡向和坡度的不同会造成思茅松人工中龄林SOC储量的差异。     

Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) silviculture in natural stands of NW Spain: Environmental conditioners

Forest management is often carried out in different ways, without any appropriate environmental restrictions. Stands of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) in Galicia (NW Spain) have been harvested by alternating high forest and, mainly, coppice forest. However, some totally inappropriate silvicultural treatments have been used, such as thinning of the best trees and inadequate pruning. The objective of the present study was to analyse how environmental characteristics affect the management of oak forests in Galicia. For this, a botanical inventory was carried out in 39 selected stands of Q. robur and a total of 42 parameters were measured, 4 of which were physiographical, 12 climatic, 19 edaphic and 7 silvicultural. In order to analyse the possible relationships among these variables, the silvicultural data were compared with the other data, by canonical correlation analysis. All parameters were correlated with the silvicultural regime, although the correlation was weak for the floristic data. It is therefore evident that the environmental conditions affect how forest stands should be managed, although this does not imply that more profitable use of the stands cannot be achieved than at present, and alternative silvicultural methods must be found to enable appropriate management and conservation of oak stands.     

我国红松大径级用材林近自然培育探讨

红松是地带性森林植被阔叶红松林的建群种,其木材力学强度适中,纹理通直,花纹美观,材质强韧,不易开裂、变形,耐腐朽力强,为我国珍贵用材树种.通过近自然经营可以达到低成本培育大径材近自然林的目的.文中分析了我国红松大径材林培育现状及存在问题,并从红松的生物和生态学特性、木材利用价值方面阐述了大径级用材林近自然培育的适用性,...