Antimicrobial activity of textiles with selected dyes and finishing agents used in the textile industry

It is shown in this paper that cationic dyes and chemical finishing agents for textiles exhibit antimicrobial properties both in solution and when present on textile products. The dye Maxilon Navy 2RM has particularly high antimicrobial activity — its values of the minimum concentration inhibiting the growth of the studied microorganisms (MIC and MBC) are very low, in the range 0.0003–0.06 %. The tested dyes display mainly fungistatic action, while the fiber softener Sapamine OC and the dyeing fixative wet fastness improver Albafix WFF were more active against bacteria. The paper presents sensitivity series of microorganisms with respect to the tested dyes and finishing agents. Fabrics to which the substances had been applied showed reductions in microorganism numbers by 16 % to 99.9 %, depending on the type of substance and the microorganism. The studies showed that in some cases the use of a typical (justified technologically) quantity of dye or finishing agent imparts high antimicrobial activity to the textile materials, with bacteria or fungi reduced by more than 99 %.     

The eco-friendly surface modification of textiles for deep digital textile printing by in-line atmospheric non-thermal plasma treatment

This study evaluated the potential application of an atmospheric plasma (AP) treatment as a pre-treatment for digital textile printing (DTP) of polyester (PET) fabrics and cotton, in order to determine its viability as an alternative to the usual chemical treatment. The surface properties of the AP-treated fabrics were examined through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and contact angle, and the physical properties, such as electrostatic voltage and water absorbance, were tested. The properties of cotton and PET with the AP treatment were found to be dependent on number of repetitions and electric voltage. Although no remarkable surface differences were observed by SEM in the fabrics before and after treatment, the static contact angle of the PET after AP treatment was decreased from 85 ° to 24 ° at wave. In addition, the charge decay time decreased as the voltage and number of treatments increased. The absorption height of PET changed after exposure to 7 mm with increasing measurement time. The K/S with and without the AP pre-treated and DTP finished cotton was better than that with the usual chemical modification. In PET, the 0.5 kW and 1 time AP-treated specimen showed the highest K/S values.     

Exploring the potential uses of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vitis vinifera</Emphasis> L. leaves as raw material for textile dyeing without metal mordants

This paper explores the potential uses of the aqueous extract of Vitis vinifera L. leaves in dyeing linen and silk fabrics without a metal mordant. The focus will be on investigating the tinctorial potential of Vitis vinifera L. leaves and its dyeing properties. The anthocyanins amounts of leaves from different Vitis vinifera L. varieties were determined by the spectrophotometry method. The effect of the main dyeing parameters (pH of the dye bath, temperature, and dyeing duration) on the dyeing quality results has been studied. Tannic acid and pomegranate peel extract have been used as a natural mordant. Experimental results have shown that fastness properties of dyed fabrics ranged from average to very good.     

Properties of polymers as a nanoscale material for fibers in leather

Hyperbranched polymers, an innovative class of nano-polymers, could enhance the properties of fibers owning to their unique structures. In this study, the ester compound (HPAE) of 3-(bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)propionic acid and pentaerythritol was treated with undecylenic acid to obtain novel hyperbranched multiterminal alkenyl polymers (HPAE-UAs). The sizes of the HPAE-UAs could be controlled conveniently from 400 to 1300 nm by adjusting the capped fraction of the hydroxyl groups with undecylenic acids. The molecular structures of HPAE-UAs were characterized by means of FT-IR and ¹H-NMR. Then, the effect of the HPAE-UAs on the structures, thermal, and mechanical properties of the wet blue leather were investigated. TEM and SEM demonstrated that the spacing between fibers was enlarged. The thermogravimetric analysis showed that the residual volume of leather could reach up to 30.3 % at about 500 °C. Furthermore, the shrinkage temperature increased to 89.4 °C. It was found that the HPAE-UAs used in leather could improve the thermal performance, physical and mechanical properties. All of these results indicate that HPAE-UAs can be used as a fatliquor with retanning in leather process.     

Mapping of QTLs for bacterial blight resistance in rice

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Research progress of vegetable oil and derivative in microbial fermentation for high-value-added metabolite production

Vegetable oil and derivative,as well as waste cooking oil,are important resources for microbial fermentation to produce high-value-added metabolites.Diversity of their compositions not only provides more choices for the fermentation by different microorganisms,but also is a challenge for their systematic utilization.According to the previous literature,4 main functions of vegetable oil and derivative can be summarized,such as carbon source,precursor,inducer and cell protectant during fermentation process.Currently,there is still insufficient knowledge about application of vegetable oil and derivative for high-value-added metabolite production.Therefore,this article firstly presented a comprehensive summary of compositions of vegetable oils and their derivatives,variety of corresponding microbial metabolites,limiting factors and optimization of fermentation process.     

Evaluation of soybean for resistance to soybean rust in Vietnam

Soybean rust, caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow, is a severe foliar disease of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] that occurs throughout most soybean producing regions of the world. The objective of this research was to evaluate selected soybean genotypes for resistance to soybean rust in Vietnam. Five field experiments in Vietnam were completed from 2006 to 2009. The area-under-the-disease-progress-curve (AUDPC) was calculated for each soybean genotype based on four disease assessments taken during the reproductive growth stages. AUDPC units among soybean genotypes in each experiment differed (P < 0.05). Over the five experiments, the resistant check DT 2000 was most often the genotype with the lowest AUDPC units while the sources of rust resistance (Rpp1-5) did not always have low AUDPC units in each experiment, although PI 230970 (Rpp2) appeared to be more stable. A few genotypes with non-characterized genes for resistance, such as PI 398998, PI 437323, and PI 549017, had the lowest AUDPC units in at least one of the experiments. These genetic resources may be useful for host plant resistance studies and breeding soybeans for rust resistance in Vietnam and other locations like Brazil and the United States that have more recently been inundated with soybean rust. A significant (P < 0.001) experiment × genotype interaction was found when the AUDPC data of 14 soybean genotypes tested in Experiments 1, 2, and 3 were combined and analyzed. This result indicates the potential importance of changing fungal races and/or biotypes that occur in the rust population.     

Genetic dissection of drought resistance for trait improvement in crops

Reliance on agriculture for food security is a constant in all modern societies. Global climate change and population growth have put immense pressure on sustainable agriculture, exacerbating the effects of environmental stresses. Drought is one of the most pressing abiotic stresses that farmers face, presenting an annual threat to crop growth and yield. Crops have evolved extensive morphological, physiological,and molecular mechanisms to combat drought stress. Drought resistance is a polygenic ...     

瓜实蝇DNA甲基化的MSAP体系建立与优化

瓜实蝇[Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett)]是中国重要的蔬菜害虫,但其DNA甲基化研究尚未见报道。甲基化敏感扩增多态性是研究DNA甲基化的重要技术之一。通过对酶切反应、连接、PCR扩增和引物筛选等条件优化,建立瓜实蝇MSAP反应体系,即：①20 μL酶切体系中加入10 U的限制性内切酶与600 ng基因组DNA,于37℃酶切反应过夜;②20 μL连接体系中加入T4 连接酶1 U,HpaⅡ-MspⅠ-adapter接头50 pmol,EcoR I-adapter接头5 pmol,并于16℃反应12 h;③连接产物稀释后进行PCR预扩增和选择性扩增,再经6%变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和银染检测结果。通过该体系筛选出适用于瓜实蝇基因组DNA甲基化多态性研究的6对引物;瓜实蝇MSAP体系为瓜实蝇的表观遗传学研究提供了技术支持。     

Evaluation of soybean genotypes for field resistance to stink bugs in Nigeria

A number of soybean breeding lines and other genotypes were screened for resistance to stink bugs under field conditions at two locations (Mokwa and Ibadan) in Nigeria using two dates of planting (DOP) and no insecticides for 2 years. Stink bug populations were high during the first year and moderate the second year. Bug damage to pods was scored in the field and seed damage assessed in the laboratory using plant samples obtained from the field. Overall, damage was greater in Mokwa than in Ibadan. Visual damage scores ranged from 4·0 to 9·0 (scale 1–9) during the first DOP in the first year at Mokwa and 2–6 during the second DOP. During the second year, damage scores ranged from an average of 3·8 to 4·9 for both DOPs. Seed damage ranged from an average of 32% to 59%. Visual damage scores were negatively correlated with yield, such that lower yields were obtained where higher scores were given. Our results show that pod and seed damage was often greater in the upper portion of the plant in the varieties tested, thus indicating where the feeding activity of the insects was concentrated. A seed damage ratio (SDR) is computed and used, among other parameters, to select TGx 713-09D, TGx 307-048D, TGx 306-036C and TGx 814-036D as the genotypes manifesting the highest level of field resistance. These results are discussed in relation to the development of soybean varieties resistant to stink bugs.     

Multiple-disease resistance in Vicia faba: Multi-environment field testing for identification of combined resistance to rust and chocolate spot

The aim of this work was to identify Vicia faba germplasm resistant both to rust and chocolate spot. A collection of 43 accessions of V. faba previously identified as chocolate-spot resistant was evaluated for rust and chocolate spot resistance in Egypt and in Spain. The genotype and genotype × environment (GGE) biplot analyses allowed the selection of 11 accessions resistant to both diseases in those locations. These 11 accessions were evaluated for rust in an additional field trial in Spain, all performing better than the susceptible check. The joint analysis of the 11 accessions in the four field trials where they had been evaluated revealed no significant effects either for genotype, environment or the genotype × environment interaction. They are hence promising sources of resistance, both for their low severities and their stable responses across the studied environments. This collection was also tested under controlled conditions against the Egyptian and the Spanish isolates of rust present in the field trials further underlining the stable performance of these genotypes. Finally, the effect of previous infection with chocolate spot on rust resistance was assessed under controlled conditions and no influence of it was found.     

A semi-selective medium for estimating population densities of pectolyticErwinia spp. in soil and in plant material

Summary Stewart’s medium modified by omitting bile salts and adding 1.15×10⁻³ g/l gentian violet and 20 ppm Agral 90 was better than the original medium and as good as a nonselective medium such as nutrient agar for estimating population numbers ofErwinia carotovora var.carotovora andE. carotovora var.atroseptica. Although growth of unwanted organisms on soil dilution plates of the modified Stewart’s medium was slightly more extensive than on those of the complete Stewart’s medium, viable counts ofErwinia were still feasible.     

Implementation of Taguchi methodology in optimization of developed jigs and fixtures for production of paddy weeder

Chhattisgarh is one of the major rice growing states of India, and paddy is the main crop, cultivated in about 76 % of area under agriculture. Mechanical weed control helps reduce the drudgery involved in manual hoeing. Manufacturing process of paddy weeder involves several operations that are to be performed sequentially, repeatedly, effectively, and hence, emphasis is to perform all the operations more efficiently as well. Jigs were designed with the help of software Solid Works and were then developed at the Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Raipur. The saving in cost of weeding was 60 %, and saving in time was 65 % compared to manual weeding. The improved jigs facilitated the production in 60 % of time taken by traditional jigs. Taguchi method was used to solve the problems related to improving the yield and productivity. Taguchi’s design of experiments (DOE) helped pin-point the source of yield and increase the yielding efficiency. The DOE based on L8-orthogonal array of Taguchi methodology were implemented. The paper outlines Taguchi methodology to optimize the control factors having high and low settings in the production of paddy weeder. The analysis of the results showed that the optimal combination for minimum time consumption in production process is maximum number of bending with minimum welding operation and minimum number of drilling operations. The optimized process by implementation of Taguchi methodology showed a reduction of 30 % in average production time.     

Potency of microbial inocula from bovine faeces and rumen fluid for in vitro digestion of different tropical forage substrates

In vitro ruminal fermentation techniques rely on the availability of fistulated ruminants for rumen fluid (RF), a major constraint for resource‐poor institutions. An alternative would be to use faecal microbes. This study was therefore designed to compare the potency of fresh bovine faeces against RF as sources of microbial inocula for fermenting six contrasting tropical forages using the Tilley and Terry (Journal of British Grassland Society, 18 , 104–111) technique. Faecal inocula were prepared at concentrations of 250 g (Faec250), 300 g (Faec300), 350 g (Faec350), 400 g (Faec400) and 450 g (Faec450) fresh cow faeces per litre bicarbonate buffer. In vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) increased with increasing concentration of faeces at 12‐, 24‐ and 48‐h incubation intervals. All faecal inocula except Faec450 had lower potency when compared with RF at all incubation intervals. Digestibility of forage substrates with Faec450 (533 ± 23 g kg^?1 DM IVOMD) was comparable to RF (566 ± 5 g kg^?1 DM IVOMD) after 48‐h incubation. Faec450 showed greater potency on more fibrous and low‐protein substrates than RF. The coefficient of determination of the regression models for predicting 12‐, 24‐ and 48‐h RF IVOMD from Faec450 were 0·914, 0·75 and 0·756 respectively. It was concluded that inocula prepared from 450 g cow faeces demonstrated great potential as a substitute and predictor for RF in 48‐h IVOMD assays of tropical forages.     

植物抗虫基因工程及在茶树育种的应用前景

植物抗虫基因工程为防治农业害虫提供了一条崭新途径。本文叙述了植物抗虫基因的种类，分析其在茶树育种的应用前景，并阐述了植物抗虫基因工程存在的问题及其对策。     

Development of amylose-free (amf) monoploid potatoes as new basic material for mutation breeding in vitro

Summary For the induction and selection of double mutants with altered starch composition, a uniform (homohistont) amylose-free (amf) monoploid as basic plant is of vital importance. Therefore, newamf monoploids had to be developed via prickle pollination. And 26 monoploids were obtained which were screened in vitro for vigour, leaf size and for the percentage of monoploid cells. The number of monoploid cells was underestimated at about 28%. Seven vigorous monoploids were tested in vitro for tuberization capacity, which varied from 0 to 100%. After regeneration in vitro, 0 to 3.7 adventitious shoots per leaf explant were formed. The tuberization capacity of these shoots varied from 0 to 48. Twoamf monoploids were selected which were vigorous and tuberized well in vitro. They are the basis for the application of an in vitro mutation breeding protocol that should lead to the induction and selection of new starch mutants in potato.