陕西省浓缩苹果汁行业可持续发展的战略思考

从分析陕西省浓缩苹果汁行业的现状和发展中出现的主要问题入手,论述浓缩苹果汁生产赖以持续发展的条件并制定相应的对策。指出建立支持陕西省浓缩苹果汁行业持续发展的原料、生产、科研、销售的科学体系,应是陕西省浓缩苹果汁行业走可持续发展道路的重要途径。     

苹果汁超滤的操作参数及质量研究

作者用美国KOCH膜系统公司提供的管式超滤膜组件,组装一套中试设备。对苹果汁的澄清作了试验研究。研究了主流液速度,平均压力,物料温度及物料固形物浓度,分别对渗透流速的影响以及主流速度,平均操作压力和温度共同对渗透流速的影响。并分析了澄清汁的质量。研究结果表明,对渗透流速的影响效果依次为压力,主流液速度和温度。在可能的情况下,应尽量选择大的压力和主流液速度。超滤的苹果汁的质量大大提高,有冷杀菌效果。     

60Co-γ辐照对苹果汁中有机磷农药降解及品质影响

为了寻求一种能最大限度保持苹果汁品质又能有效降解有机磷农药残留的技术方法,该文采用0～9kCy的60Co-γ射线辐照方法,对苹果汁中国家标准规定必检的9种有机磷农药进行了系统的降解试验.结果表明:60Co-γ射线辐照处理对苹果汁中杀螟硫磷、对硫磷、甲基对硫磷、甲拌磷、毒死蜱降解效果最为显著,最高降解率均在85%以上;对苹果汁中甲胺磷、乙酰甲胺磷、马拉硫磷和乐果的降解效果不显著,最高降解率仅为35%;在0～9 kGy辐照剂量范围内降解苹果汁中有机磷农药的同时,会使苹果汁中的可溶性固形物、葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖及总糖含量轻微降低,苹果汁的总酸度有所增加,苹果汁的色值及透光率提高:综合分析60Co-γ射线辐照对苹果汁中有机磷农药的实际降解效果及对苹果汁主要理化指标的影响,选用5kCy的辐照剂量已完全使苹果汁中的有机磷农药残留降低到一个很低的水平,又不会对苹果汁出口主要理化指标造成影响.     

外界因素对纳滤膜浓缩沼液的影响研究

以规模化养殖场沼液为研究对象,采用纳滤膜分离技术,研究了在不破坏沼液中有效物质的前提下,设置不同外界因素对纳滤膜浓缩沼液的影响。试验结果表明,随着操作压力的升高,沼液的浓缩速度呈升高趋势,沼液的浓缩效果也呈上升趋势,但上升趋势逐渐变缓;随着沼液pH的升高,沼液的浓缩速度变小,浓缩效果变差;随着温度的升高,沼液的浓缩速度上升,浓缩效果从25～30℃升高明显,从30～40℃出现波动;浓缩速率和浓缩效果均随沼液浓度的升高而下降,因此纳滤膜浓缩不适用于浓度很高的沼液。     

高压脉冲电场结合冷冻浓缩生产浓缩绿茶汤工艺优化

为解决茶饮料生产过程中因热力加工导致茶叶香气物质损失的关键难点问题,寻找一种保留香气成分的低温加工新技术,采用高压脉冲电场(pulsed electric field,PEF)和冷冻浓缩分别对茶汤进行提取和浓缩,得到最佳工艺参数,并用气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer,GC-MS)与固相微萃取(solid-phase micro-extraction,SPME)相结合的方法测定高压电场提取的茶汤与热水浸提的茶汤以及冷冻浓缩得到的浓缩茶汤与真空蒸发浓缩得到的浓缩茶汤在香气成分方面的差异。试验结果表明:脉宽2.5μS时,PEF技术生产绿茶汤的适宜条件为料液比1:30、电场强度35 kV/cm、脉冲个数8个、脉冲频率2 700 Hz;以4℃的溶液初温、150 r/min的刮刀转速、冷媒温度为-15~-18℃条件浓缩效果最佳;香气成分分析表明PEF集成冷冻浓缩比真空蒸发浓缩更能保留茶汤的香气成分。研究结果可为高压脉冲电场及冷冻浓缩的应用提供技术依据。     

橙汁冷冻浓缩动力学模型的研究

为了降低果汁在冷冻浓缩过程中由于冰晶夹带造成的的损失并提高浓缩速度,需要获得冷冻浓缩过程中冰晶的增长规律。以橙汁为原料,采用二级冷冻浓缩方法,利用冰与水溶液之间的固液相平衡的原理,将水分从液态转变为固态的冰,使橙汁的浓度从13°Bx浓缩到34°Bx。该试验中,测定了橙汁的浓度及其对应的冻结点温度的关系,结果表明:在试验范围内,冻结点与浓度呈线性关系并随浓度的升高而降低。该文还研究了在冰晶中所夹带的可溶性固形物与橙汁浓度的关系,所获得分配系数K表明,冰晶中所夹带的可溶性固形物随浓度的提高而增加。根据Fick扩散方程式建立了冰晶增长动力学模型,模型显示冰晶增长速率与冰晶质量成正比,同时也受到最大冰晶量的抑制,采用Powell法,对试验数据回归模型参数、采用龙格—库塔法进行数值积分求得模型解,计算结果与试验结果吻合,该模型有助于为建立冰晶增长的质量、热量传递之间的平衡提供一定的理论依据和试验参考,加深对橙汁冷冻浓缩过程的认识。     

基于相场法的液态食品冷冻浓缩冰晶生长数值模拟

旨在建立冷冻浓缩过程冰晶生长的数理模型,用以微观上分析冰晶夹带造成液态食品中溶质损失的问题。探讨结晶时间对冰晶形貌的影响。采用国内外描述相变微观结构的相场模型,将液态食品体系视为水和溶质二元结构,模拟冰晶生长的演变过程。研究等温结晶情况下,计算时间对冰晶生长形貌的影响及其对冰晶内部溶质浓度分布的影响。模拟结果表明,随着时间的延长,冰晶形貌逐渐变大,主干变细,二次分枝乃至三次分枝更加发达;同时,冰晶所包含的溶质浓度越大,各区域的溶质浓度分布也随之改变。由于溶质再分配,冰晶溶质分布曲线存在着波峰与波谷,波峰对应着来不及扩散溶质的冰晶尖端,波谷对应着冰晶固相。结果启示,在等温情况适当控制结晶时间将有效控制冷冻浓缩过程冰晶的形貌演化,降低液态食品冷冻浓缩过程的溶质损失。为进一步研究各种因素对冰晶生长的影响提供理论依据,从而为改进冷冻浓缩工艺、推进其工业化提供技术支持。     

浓缩苹果清汁生产中的色值控制措施研究

为了提高浓缩苹果清汁的初始色值和控制其在储藏过程中的下降速度,根据浓缩苹果清汁生产工艺,对5个苹果品种、5种酶制剂、3种活性炭、6种树脂和储藏温度5个色值关键控制点进行了在线研究.结果表明:选择黄元帅、鸡冠、威锦苹果为制汁原料,采用XXL果胶酶和AG300L淀粉酶对苹果汁进行酶解,选用CA-10S型活性炭吸附脱色,经超滤后再用LSA-900B和LSA0900C之比为1:1进行吸附脱色,最后采用4℃储藏的新工艺,此工艺生产的浓缩苹果清汁的初始色值达到98.8%,储藏6个月色值保持在95%以上,产品符合出口国标准要求.     

高压脉冲杀菌集成冷冻浓缩加工果汁的工艺

为了最大限度的保留果汁原有的生鲜风味和营养,采用高压脉冲电场杀菌和冷冻浓缩这两种非热加工的集成技术,应用在果汁浓缩加工中,其中高压脉冲电场技术可以有效地抑制微生物生长,而冷冻浓缩可以有效地钝化酶活力。将该系统非热力加工工艺应用于浓缩橙汁,经感官评定分析,结果表明,产品品质明显优于巴氏杀菌橙汁。     

用离子交换法分离苹果汁中果酸的技术研究

为了分离苹果汁中的果酸，该文对离子交换法分离浓缩苹果汁中果酸的技术方法进行了系统研究，通过树脂分离果酸的静态和动态试验，对离子交换树脂进行了筛选优化，对树脂洗脱剂和洗脱条件进行了优选与优化，结果表明：D380树脂对果酸的交换吸附能力最强，其静态吸附量为30.73 mg/mL，动态吸附量可达60.24 mg/mL,静态交换吸附平衡时间为270 min,最佳吸附果汁浓度为11°Brix苹果汁；D380树脂对果酸的较佳动态吸附条件为：流速5 mL/min,温度20℃，果汁浓度11°Brix的苹果汁；较佳洗脱条件为：50%乙醇，温度25℃，流速6 mL/min，洗脱3次，洗脱剂与树脂比例2∶1(v/v)。     

Acceleration of pH variation in cloudy apple juice using electrodialysis with bipolar membranes

The purpose of this study was to accelerate pH variation in cloudy apple juice using electrodialysis (ED). The testing was conducted using two ED configurations. The bipolar and cationic membrane configuration showed that reducing the spacing from 8 to 0.75 mm had little effect on treatment time, whereas stacking eight bipolar membranes reduced acidification time by 30%, although the treatment still took too long (21 min). Furthermore, it was not possible to acidify apple juice to a pH of 2.0 to completely inhibit enzymatic browning. The bipolar and anionic membrane configuration helped to accelerate the acidification step by a factor of 3, increasing the yield from 3.3 to 10 L of juice/m(2) membrane/min. Moreover, treatment time was inversely proportional to the size of the membrane stack. The speed at which the pH of acidified juice returned to its initial value was, however, 4 times slower than the speed of acidification, giving a yield of 2.5 L of juice/m(2) membrane/min. By accelerating the acidification step, ED treatment with bipolar and anionic membranes results in more effective polyphenol oxidase activity and more rapid control of juice browning at pH 2.0. Also, the treatment has very little effect on the chemical composition and organoleptic quality of apple juice.     

Volatility of patulin in apple juice

Patulin is a mycotoxin produced by certain fungi, such as those found commonly on apples. The patulin content of apple juice is a regulatory concern because patulin is a suspected carcinogen and mutagen. A simple model of the apple juice concentration process was carried out to examine the possible contamination of patulin in apple aroma, a distillate produced commercially in the concentration of apple juice. The results show no evidence for patulin volatility, and document a reduction in patulin content by at least a factor of 250 in the apple distillate obtained from apple juice. Furthermore, a survey of several commercial apple aroma samples found no evidence of patulin content.     

冬小麦冻害遥感监测

冻害是冬小麦常见自然灾害之一,进行遥感监测具有重要经济意义。过去对作物冻害的遥感监测研究不多。冻害不但与气温有关,也与生育期有关。该文以整个山东省为样区,收集了全省76个气象台站的由1995年3月1日至4月30日逐日最低气温、最低地面温度资料,及此期间气象卫星NOAA-AVHRR的所有晴空数据,共21个时相。根据植被指数NDVI突变的特征,并考虑到作物的生育期,提出了实用的遥感冻害监测方法。这一方法可以及时监测冻害的发生与范围     

射频加热杀灭浓缩苹果汁中鲁氏接合酵母的工艺优化

为研究射频对苹果汁中鲁氏接合酵母杀灭作用,该文以鲁氏接合酵母为试验菌株,通过单因素试验分析了射频加热时间、极板间距、果汁体积、果汁可溶性固形物对杀菌效果及果汁升温速度的影响。在固定果汁可溶性固形物为70%的条件下,通过响应面试验,建立了鲁氏接合酵母菌落总数降低对数值的二次多项数学模型,确定了在极板间距为110 mm、果汁体积40 m L、果汁可溶性固形物70%的条件下射频加热处理70 s,可以使果汁中鲁氏接合酵母菌落总数下降6个对数值以上。研究比较了相同样品经射频和传统水浴杀菌达到相同杀菌效果时,处理前后果汁理化指标及风味变化程度,结果表明,射频(70 s)比水浴(330 s)能更快达到杀菌目的,同时对果汁品质以及风味的影响(P0.01)小于水浴处理。研究结果为射频杀菌方面的深入研究及实际应用提供了参考。     

利用苹果浓缩汁生产中的蒸发冷凝水制备营养水饮品

为再利用苹果冷凝水,该文以苹果浓缩汁实际生产中的蒸发冷凝水为原料,采用化学及仪器分析方法确定其成分组成与含量;在此基础上利用超滤、反渗透等膜分离技术手段对其进行净化和营养物质的浓缩,继而将此冷凝水开发成一种天然的植物水饮料。试验结果表明：苹果浓缩汁生产中的冷凝水其还原糖、总酸、香气成分、总酚质量浓度依次为150、98.5、166、1.046μg/mL;未检出铅、砷、汞,而嗜酸耐热菌超标,为43 CFU/100mL,但采用超滤膜分离技术（40℃,0.06 MPa）可去除苹果冷凝水中的嗜酸耐热菌,使其含量小于1 CFU/100mL;采用反渗透膜分离技术（0.5 MPa、5℃）可使苹果汁加工的冷凝水中营养成分浓缩,对还原糖、总酸、香气、总酚成分的截留率分别为95.07%、97.61%、87.71%、94.52%;以此浓缩液为原料,再适量添加维生素B和C即可制备富含苹果香气的营养水饮品。研究结果可为苹果浓缩汁企业再利用其浓缩工序的蒸发冷凝水和节约水资源提供思路以及试验基础数据。     

Prediction of Penicillium expansum spoilage and patulin concentration in apples used for apple juice production by electronic nose analysis

Classification models for Penicillium expansum spoilage of apples and prediction models for patulin concentration in apples usable for apple juice production were made on the basis of electronic nose (e-nose) analysis correlated to HPLC quantification of patulin. A total of 15 Golden Delicious and 4 Jonagold apples were surface sterilized and divided into three groups per variety. The Golden Delicious group consisted of five apples each. Group 1 was untreated control, group 2 was surface inoculated with P. expansum, and group 3 was inoculated in the core with P. expansum. The apples were incubated at 25 degrees C for 10 days. E-nose analysis was performed daily. At day 10 the Golden Delicious apples were individually processed for apple juice production. During apple juice production the mash and juice were analyzed by e-nose, and samples were taken for patulin analysis by HPLC. The volatile metabolite profile was obtained by collection of volatile metabolites, on tubes containing Tenax TA, overnight between the 9th and 10th days of incubation and subsequent analysis of the collected compounds by GC-MS. Prediction models using partial least-squares, with high correlation, for prediction of patulin concentration in shredded apples as well as apple juice were successfully created. It was also shown that it is possible to classify P. expansum spoilage in apples correctly on the basis of soft independent modeling of class analogy classification of e-nose analysis data. To the authors' knowledge this is the first report of a regression model between e-nose data and mycotoxin content in which actual concentrations are reported. This implies that it is possible to predict mycotoxin production and concentration by e-nose analysis.