肉兔日粮中添加异麦芽寡糖饲喂效果研究

选用年龄、体重相近的断奶新西兰白兔40只和加利福尼亚兔20只,分成4组,分别饲喂含异麦芽寡糖(IOS)0％(对照组)、0.15％、0.3％和喹乙醇0.01％的日粮,研究IOS对肉兔生产性能及其腹泻发病率、死亡率的影响。结果如下:①0.3％IOS组日增重分别较对照组、0.15％IOS组、 喹乙醇组降低14.44％、15.74％、17.76％(P<0.01),料肉比较对照组、喹乙醇组高20.98％、22.31%(P<0.01),较0.15％IOS组高17.15％(P<0.05)。0.15％IOS组与对照组、喹乙醇组相比,日增重、料肉比差异不显著(P>0.05)。表明0.3％IOS对肉兔生长及饲料利用均不利。②0.15％IOS组、0.3％IOS组与对照组相比,肉兔腹泻发病率分别降低50.0％、62.5％,死亡率降低66.5％、100％;与喹乙醇组相比,腹泻发病率虽高,但亦无一只因病死亡。表明添加IOS后可有效降低肉兔腹泻发病率和死亡率。③本试验结果初步表明,添加0.15％IOS对肉兔日增重、料肉比无影响,且可显著降低其腹泻发病率和死亡率,可部分替代喹乙醇使用。     

饲粮中添加糖萜素对家兔生产性能影响的研究

选择日龄相近、生长发育正常的加利福尼亚幼兔36只，分成3组，对照组饲粮中添加喹乙醇，试验I组，试验Ⅱ组分别添加0．02％和0．04％的糖萜素。7周试验结果如下：（1）对照组、试验I组、试验Ⅱ组，平均日增重分别为23．88％g、22.04g、24.54g，料肉比分别为3．87：1、4．08：1、3．08：1；与对照组相比，试验I组日增重下降7．71％（P＞0．05），料肉比上升5．43％（P＞0．05），试验Ⅱ组日增重提高2．76％（P＞0．05），料肉比下降1．81％（P＞0．05），表明添加0．04％糖萜素对家兔生长有良好的作用。（2）对照组、试验I组、试验Ⅱ组的腹泻发病次数分别为5次、5次、4次，死亡只数分别为1只、1只、0只，表明饲粮中添0．04％糖萜素，兔群腹泻发病次数、死亡数较对照组低。试验结果初步表明，家兔饲粮中糖萜素替代喹乙醇是可行的。     

饲粮添加果寡糖和复合益生素对断奶仔猪生长性能和血清生化指标的影响

试验研究饲粮添加不同水平的果寡糖(FOS)和复合益生素(CPP)对断奶仔猪生长性能及生化指标的影响。选择21日龄左右断奶、体重约7.2 kg的健康杜×长×大三元杂交仔猪240头,随机分为6组,每组设2个重复,每个重复20头,公母各半。1组为对照组,饲喂基础饲粮,2组为抗生素组,在基础饲粮中添加0.10%的金霉素(AP),3、4、5、6组为分别在基础饲粮中添加0.05%CPP、0.10%FOS、0.20%FOS、0.10%FOS+0.05%CPP。进行为期35 d的饲养试验。结果显示:(1)与对照组相比,饲粮中联合添加0.10%FOS+0.05%CPP,断奶仔猪平均日增重提高13.77%(P0.05);料重比降低了7.41%(P0.05);仔猪腹泻率降低了94.63%(P0.05),比0.10%抗生素组降低了62.86%(P0.05)。(2)断奶仔猪饲粮中单独或者联合添加FOS和CPP能一定程度提高饲粮粗纤维等养分的表观消化率,与0.10%抗生素效果无显著差异(P0.05)。(3)饲粮中单独或者联合添加FOS和CPP对断奶仔猪血清总蛋白、白蛋白、尿素氮、胆固醇、甘油三酯、谷丙转氨酶、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶和血糖等生化指标无显著影响(P0.05)。综上所述,FOS和CPP能改善断奶仔猪生长性能,提高仔猪健康水平,促进饲料养分的消化吸收,其效果与抗生素无显著差异;其中以添加0.10%FOS+0.05%CPP效果最佳。     

果寡糖对山羊瘤胃发酵及柠条营养物质降解率的影响

试验旨在探讨不同水平果寡糖(FOS)对山羊瘤胃发酵及柠条营养物质降解率的影响。选用6只年龄在1岁左右、体重相近并安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的健康山羊作为供试动物。采用4×4拉丁方试验设计,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮水平上添加0.6%、1.0%及1.4%FOS(以有效含量计)。试验分4期进行,每期预饲期14 d,正式试验期10 d。结果表明:(1)添加FOS组瘤胃内pH值在采食后各个时间点较对照组均有降低趋势(P0.05);在山羊采食后2 h,添加FOS对瘤胃内NH3-N浓度没有影响,从采食后4 h至10 h,添加FOS降低瘤胃内NH3-N浓度,尤其是1.0%FOS组和1.4%FOS组比较明显(P0.05)。(2)添加FOS显著提高瘤胃β-葡萄糖苷酶、微晶纤维素酶、羧甲基纤维素钠酶和木聚糖酶活性(P0.05),且以1.0%FOS组活性最高。(3)添加FOS显著提高柠条干物质(DM)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)及粗蛋白(CP)瘤胃降解率(P0.05),且以1.0%FOS组降解率最高;添加1.0%FOS显著提高柠条中性洗涤纤维(NDF)瘤胃降解率(P0.05)。综上,饲粮中添加不同水平FOS可改善瘤胃发酵内环境,显著提高瘤胃纤维素酶活性及柠条营养物质瘤胃降解率,且以添加1.0%FOS组效果最好。     

纳米蒙脱石替代喹乙醇对獭兔幼兔生长和腹泻的影响

选取60日龄体重相近、发育良好的獭兔120只,预饲3d后,随机分为3个处理组(即对照组、纳米蒙脱石试验组和喹乙醇试验组),每组40只。处理1(对照组)饲喂基础日粮,处理2(纳米蒙脱石组)和处理3(喹乙醇组)分别在基础日粮中添加3kg/t(饲料)纳米蒙脱石和400g/t(饲料)喹乙醇,试验期为30d。结果表明:纳米蒙脱石能较好的控制幼兔腹泻,具有与喹乙醇相同的效果;但在本试验的试验期内纳米蒙脱石和喹乙醇对幼兔生长的促进作用均不显著。     

生姜对鸡生长性能及血液生化指标的影响

用1日龄健康地方鸡300只按完全随机设计分成3个处理组,每组100只,分别饲喂添加新鲜生姜粉1％(处理2)、喹乙醇80mg/kg(处理3)、不添加生姜和喹乙醇,(处理1,对照组)的日 粮,观察至60日龄。添加生姜组的日增重、饲料增重比和成活率明显优于对照组(P<0.05)。血清 胆固醇含量较对照组和喹乙醇组均低,血清总蛋白含量较对照组和喹乙醇组略高。     

生姜对土杂肉鸡生长性能和血液生化指标的影响

选用1日龄健康土杂肉鸡300只进行饲养试验，研究生姜、喹乙醇对0—60日龄土杂肉鸡采食量、日增重、饲料增重比及成活率的影响，以评定生姜作为中药饲料添加剂的价值。实验完全随机抽取300只小鸡分成3组，整个实验期间，洛加生姜组的日增重、饲料增重比和成活率均明显高于对照组(P＜0．05)；采食量差异不显著(P＞0．05)，但有高于对照组的趋势。添加生姜组与添加喹乙醇组相比较，采食量、日增重、饲料增重比、成活率均无显著差异(P＞0．05)，但饲料增重比略低于喹乙醇组。血清胆固醇含量以添加生姜组最低，总蛋白含量最高。综合各项指标，饲料中添加1％生姜效果最好，具有明显的增强食欲、提高土杂肉鸡采食量和饲料转化率，促进生长的作用。     

喹乙醇对毛用幼兔生长的影响

选用40～50日龄德系长毛兔54只,按血缘、性别、体重、日龄等随机分为6组。1组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮,另外5组分别在基础日粮中添加25、50、75、100和125ppm喹乙醇,观测毛用幼兔的生长情况。结果表明,日粮中添加50、75ppm喹乙醇可提高日增重,降低饲料成本。尤其是日粮中添加75ppm喹乙醇的试验组,其增重极显著地高于对照组(p<0.01)。     

果寡糖对奥尼罗非鱼生长性能、血清生化指标和肠道菌群的影响

试验研究饲粮添加不同水平的果寡糖(FOS)对奥尼罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus×O.aureus)生长性能、血清生化指标和肠道菌群的影响。选用体重10 g左右的奥尼罗非鱼540尾随机分成6个组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾。在基础饲粮中分别添加0%(对照组)、0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%、0.5%的FOS,进行为期8周的饲养试验。结果表明,与对照组比较,0.4%FOS组和0.5%FOS组的奥尼罗非鱼相对增重率分别显著提高24.45%(P0.05)和28.27%(P0.05),饵料系数分别显著降低13.87%(P0.05)和18.98%(P0.05)。与对照组比较,添加FOS组鱼血清TG、GLU、GLO、AST、ALT、LDH和ALP无显著差异(P0.05);血清总蛋白、白蛋白含量呈上升趋势,其中0.4%FOS和0.5%FOS组显著提高(P0.05);肠道双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌数显著增加(P0.05),大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌数显著降低(P0.05)。综上所述,饲粮添加FOS可改善奥尼罗非鱼生长性能,增加鱼肠道有益菌,降低有害菌数量,其中FOS的适宜添加量为0.4%~0.5%。     

纳米蒙脱石治疗獭兔腹泻

选取60日龄体重相近、发育良好的獭兔120只，预饲3d后，随机分为3个处理组（即对照组、纳米蒙脱石试验组和喹乙醇试验组），每组40只。处理1（对照组）饲喂基础日粮，处理2（纳米蒙脱石组）和处理3（喹乙醇组）分别在基础日粮中添加3kg／t（饲料）纳米蒙脱石和400g／t（饲料）喹乙醇，实验期为30d。结果表明：纳米蒙脱石能较好的控制幼兔腹泻，具有与喹乙醇相同的效果；但在本实验的实验期内纳米蒙脱石和喹乙醇对幼兔生长的促进作用均不显著。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.