pH对海水生物滤器启动阶段构建硝化功能的影响

稳定高效运行的生物滤器是循环水系统养殖过程中至关重要的部分,然而生物滤器在运行过程中会受到诸多环境因子的影响。该文分两部分对进水pH对流化床生物滤器硝化性能的影响进行研究。(1)针对流化床生物滤器挂膜启动阶段进行研究,研究在自然挂膜情况下,不同进水pH(7. 0、7. 5、8. 0、8. 5)对流化床生物滤器启动的影响,结果显示,生物滤器在pH 7. 5时启动时间最短,50 d左右便能够稳定运行,而且在此pH条件下生物滤器对TAN、NO2--N的去除效率最高。(2)生物膜成熟后,针对稳定运行的生物滤器进行试验,研究不同pH(7. 0、7. 5、7. 7、8. 0、8. 5)对生物滤器硝化性能的影响,结果显示,生物滤器在pH 7. 7时,对TAN的去除速率最高,达到(0. 58±0. 02) mg/(L·h)。另外,生物滤器在pH 7. 5时对NO2--N的处理效果最好。试验还发现各处理组皆存在不同程度的NO2--N积累现象,该现象随着pH的升高不断加剧。适宜的进水pH能够缩短生物滤器的挂膜周期并提高其硝化性能。研究结果可以为海水生物滤器的挂膜启动和稳定运行提供理论指导。     

3种填料对集装箱循环水养殖废水处理的初步研究

为探讨聚丙烯塑料发泡材料(EPP)、悬浮球填料和海绵填料对集装箱循环水养殖废水中细菌吸附性能的差异,以及3种填料挂膜启动和挂膜成熟后对氨氮(NH_4~+-N)、亚硝酸盐氮(NO_2~--N)和硝酸盐氮(NO_3~--N)的净水效果,以集装箱循环水养殖废水为研究对象,采用自然挂膜的方式进行了为期3个月的试验,并对相关指标进行测定。结果显示:EPP填料对养殖废水中细菌的吸附能力最好,另外两种填料对细菌的吸附能力次之并且差异不显著(P0.05);3种填料自然挂膜成熟的时间分别为21 d、26 d和30 d;各填料挂膜成熟后处理高浓度NH_4~+-N养殖废水时,NH_4~+-N浓度与NO_2~--N浓度之间的关系可以用多项式y=ax~2+bx+c进行拟合,NH_4~+-N浓度与NO_3~--N浓度之间的关系可以用对数式y=aln(x)+b进行拟合。研究表明:EPP填料、悬浮球填料和海绵填料均可作为生物填料用于集装箱循环水养殖系统。     

温度和盐度对北美海蓬子营养盐吸收速率的影响研究

北美海蓬子(Salicornia hige)是一种耐盐范围广、适应能力强的盐生植物,可以用于净化处理海水养殖废水,不过关于温度和盐度对其营养盐吸收速率的影响研究较少。本研究以北美海蓬子为实验材料,分析了不同温度(20℃、25℃、30℃、35℃)和不同盐度(25、50、75、100)下海蓬子对海水中主要营养盐的吸收速率,以期为海蓬子生态浮床的应用工作提供可靠的数据参考。结果显示:温度和盐度均对海蓬子的吸收速率产生明显影响,在30~35t温度下海蓬子对营养盐的吸收速率最快,以硝态氮为例,吸收速率能够达到2.56 mg·E^-4·g^-1·d^-1;在8~16 g·L^-1海水盐度下,海蓬子对于营养盐的吸收速率最快,以硝态氮为例,吸收速率可以达到1.56 mg·E^-4·g^-1·d^-1。海蓬子能够有效地吸收海水中的氮磷等营养元素,是用于养殖废水处理植物的良好选择,在合适的水体中利用海蓬子处理养殖废水,能够发挥其最大的吸收效率,达到较好的净化效果。     

营养盐对东海赤潮优势藻种生长影响的船基围隔实验

2003年5月在东海赤潮高发区长江口外花鸟山海域(122°40.77′E,29°21.16′N)利用现场赤潮海水进行了一次添加营养盐的围隔实验。结果表明,水体中氮、磷比值越接近Redfield值越有利于浮游植物的生长,氮、磷比值在10～16且不存在氮、磷限制时,浮游植物生长状态最好,此时体内氮、磷比和水体中的氮、磷比基本一致。实验期间最大细胞密度可达107cells/L,东海原甲藻是优势藻种,占生物量的80%以上,本次实验浮游植物以硝酸盐为主要的氮源,由于浮游植物对磷的“储存”功能使得其生长要滞后于对磷酸盐的吸收。     

5种营养盐对富油舟形藻生长的影响

为了优化舟形藻最佳生长条件,以水生硅藻培养基为基础培养基,对培养基中N、P、Si、C、Mg 5种营养盐进行了优化,采用单因子试验和L16(45)正交设计法进行优化.试验结果表明,舟形藻的最适氮源为尿素,5种营养盐的最佳质量浓度为:尿素50 mg/L,K2HPO4·3H2O 40 mg/L,Na2SiO3· 9H2O 200 mg/L,NaHCO3 10 mg/L,MgSO4·7H2O 70 mg/L,因此在后续试验中均以此培养基配方进行藻体培养.     

不同养殖模式对南美白对虾生长性能及肠道菌群的影响

为研究不同养殖模式对南美白对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生长性能及肠道菌群的影响,在设施大棚中构建了中试规模的南美白对虾循环水养殖模式(RAS)和生物絮团养殖模式(BS)2种模式,每种模式为3个平行,每个平行投放南美白对虾苗10万尾,初始放养殖密度为500尾/m³。每隔1 d测定养殖水体的水质指标,待100 d饲养结束后,测定南美白对虾生长指标和肠道菌群。结果显示：RAS和BS组养殖水体中的总氨氮(TAN)、亚硝酸盐氮(NO^-₂-N)、硝酸盐氮(NO^-₃-N)、温度、pH和溶氧(DO)等指标无显著差异(P>0.05),但BS组有近20 d的NO^-₂-N积累,进而影响南美白对虾的生长。BS组的特定生长率、存活率和最终养殖密度显著低于RAS组(P<0.05),饲料系数和肥满度无显著差异(P>0.05)。两种养殖模式下对虾肠道菌群在门水平无显著差异,属水平显著差异(P<0.05),RAS养殖模式中的...     

3种微藻对海水集约化对虾养殖尾水氮磷的去除效果

基于对虾生物絮团集约化养殖尾水含有高浓度硝态氮和磷酸盐的特征,比较分析钝顶螺旋藻（Spirulina platensis）、牟氏角毛藻（Chaetoceros muelleri）、盐藻（Dunaliella sp.）3种微藻在配制尾水中的存活生长状况及其对无机氮磷的去除效果,以期筛选出适宜的微藻用于后续尾水净化技术。采用显微镜计数法测定藻细胞密度,国标法测定总无机氮、氨氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮和磷酸盐的含量。结果显示,钝顶螺旋藻在实验前后的藻细胞密度变化不大（P>0.05）,约为3.32×106 个/mL和5.88×106 个/mL;牟氏角毛藻和盐藻细胞密度有明显增加（P<0.05）,分别从初始的4.00×104 个/mL和2.50×105 个/mL升高至实验结束时的1.66×106 个/mL和1.06×107 个/mL。经过16 d实验,钝顶螺旋藻组对硝态氮和总无机氮去除率分别为79.60%和46.06%,显著高于其他各组（P<0.05）,第8天时对磷酸盐的去除率可高达98.55%;牟氏角毛藻组16 d的磷酸盐去除率为98.25%,显著高于其他各组（P<0.05）。研究表明,3种微藻均可在对虾养殖尾水环境中存活,且对尾水氮磷具有较好的净化效果。     

温度和光照强度对强壮硬毛藻氮磷营养盐吸收效果的影响

为了解温度和光照对强壮硬毛藻(Chaetomorpha valida)吸收营养盐效果的影响,探索其达到最佳吸收效果的环境条件,本文研究了该藻在不同温度(5、15、25℃)和光照[90 000、180 000、270 000μmol photons/(m²·s)]条件下对海水中常见营养盐成分的吸收效果。结果显示,强壮硬毛藻在5℃以上和90 000μmol photons/(m²·s)光照强度以上对水体中的NH₄⁺-N、NO₂^--N和PO₄^3--P都有较好的吸收效果,但温度和光照对强壮硬毛藻吸收营养盐均有显著影响,在设定范围内,营养盐吸收速率与温度和光照强度均呈正相关关系。极差分析结果显示,温度的影响大于光照强度的影响。方差分析结果显示,光照强度和温度的主效应都极显著,而且具有叠加效应,吸收率最高的条件为25℃/270 000μmol photons/(m²·s)组合,该条件下,NH_4...     

循环水养殖系统生物挂膜的消氨效果及影响因素分析

针对工厂化循环水养殖系统,利用海水中的自然净化微生物挂膜,挂膜成功后,形成了很好的硝化作用,进行不同水温、进水氨氮浓度和水力停留时间(HRT)影响因素实验。结果表明,相同的进水氨氮浓度,随着水温的升高,不同水温之间氨氮浓度变化差异显著(P0.05)。在28℃水温时,经过生物膜120 h的净化处理,进水氨氮浓度降低到最低;随着进水氨氮浓度和HRT的增大,氨氮去除率及特殊去除率也不断的增大,但在同一进水氨氮浓度下,氨氮特殊去除率随着水力停留时间的延长反而降低。     

菲律宾蛤仔对沉积物-水界面营养盐交换通量的影响

营养盐在沉积物-水界面的扩散影响菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)的底播、菲律宾蛤仔和鳗草实生苗的互作,推测菲律宾蛤仔规格、丰度和活动稳定性影响营养盐的扩散。将不同丰度、规格的菲律宾蛤仔置入沉积物中,室内培养19天,并于第13、19天,研究营养盐在沉积物-水界面的交换通量。菲律宾蛤仔生物量、规格和丰度、活跃性影响营养盐在沉积物-水界面的交换通量,第13天,NO^-₂-N、NH₃-N、TN交换通量受菲律宾蛤仔规格影响,NO^-₂-N和NH₃-N交换通量随菲律宾蛤仔规格增大而增大。第13天和19天,NO^-₂-N、NH₃-N、TN、PO₄^3--P交换通量受菲律宾蛤仔丰度影响,随菲律宾蛤仔丰度增大而增大。因此,评估滤食性贝类环境容量、贝类与海草的互作时,需考虑贝类生物量、规格和丰度的作用。     

Structure optimization of CycloBio fluidized sand biofilters based on numerical simulation

To improve the removal efficiency for dissolved wastes within CycloBio (CB) fluidized sand biofilters (FSBs) in recirculating aquaculture systems, we investigated their structural design and optimization using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling tools, an orthogonal test method, and experimental verification. Results showed that the effects of structural parameters on bed expansion from large to small were: cone height, cone diameter and slot width. The best combination was: cone height 60 mm, cone diameter 165 mm, and slot width 1.0 mm. The solid phase was well distributed not only in the radial direction, but also in the axial direction in the optimized CB FSB. The bed expansion (40%–120%) was increased about 13%. Energy savings were 21%–28% at the same bed expansion. When the optimized CB FSB was used to treat synthetic aquaculture wastewater, with three bed expansions and four levels of C/N, total ammonia nitrogen removal rate expressed per unit of expanded bed volume was high, from 629 to 881 g m⁻³ day⁻¹. All results indicated that the structure of the optimized CB FSB was more reasonable and that the combination of CFD simulation and the orthogonal test method could be successfully applied to structural optimization.     

能量营养对leptin表达水平的效应及调控

动物的某些基因不断地进行转录和翻译,产生出各种蛋白质,通常称之为基因表达。每个细胞都有一套完整的基因调控系统,使各种蛋白质只有在需要时才合成,这样就能使生物适应多变的环境,防止生命活动中的浪费现象和有害后果的发生,保持体内代谢过程的正常状态。实际上,动物的采     

脂肪和蛋白质营养对工业化养殖大西洋鲑相关代谢酶和生长基因表达的影响

为探究主要脂肪和蛋白质水平对工业化养殖大西洋鲑(Salmo salar)成鱼脂肪相关代谢酶和生长相关基因表达的影响,本实验采用3×2双因素随机实验设计,设置3个脂肪水平:18%、21%、24%(分别以F18、F21、F24表示),2个蛋白质水平:38%、48%(分别以P38、P48表示)。组合为6个实验处理组,每组3个重复,每重复40尾鱼。实验在室内封闭循环水养殖系统中进行,实验鱼初始体重(650.0±45.50)g,实验期56 d。结果表明:(1)工业化养殖实验鱼的脂肪需求较国外深海网箱养殖明显降低,蛋白质需求相近。P48F21组增重率显著最佳,较其他各组提高22.23%~125.86%(P0.05);P48F24组饲料系数显著最低,较其他各组降低16.24%~30.00%(P0.05)。(2)单因素高脂肪显著提高肝体比(P0.05),高蛋白极显著降低肥满度(P0.01);P48F24组肝体比较其他各组显著提高10.92%~28.16%(P0.05),P48F18组肥满度较其他各组显著降低10.24%~12.31%(P0.05);并创新提出了600~900 g大西洋鲑形体营养调控初步方案。(3)单因素高、中脂肪显著提高肝脂肪分解酶(HL、LPL和总酯酶)活力,高蛋白显著提高LPL和总酯酶活力;P48F21和P48F24组饲粮显著提高肝脂肪分解酶活力,其中LPL活力比P38F18组分别提高46.51%、48.84%(P0.05)。实验处理主要对肝脂肪分解酶产生作用,显现了两组优良饲粮改善生长性能的脂肪生理代谢机制。(4)单因素中脂肪极显著增加肌肉和肝IGF-I基因表达量(P0.01);高蛋白极显著增加肌肉GH、IGF-I及肝IGF-I基因表达量(P0.01);GHR基因表达量,随脂肪或蛋白水平升高均有显著下降特征(P0.05)。P48F21和P48F24组试鱼肌肉GH、IGF-I及肝IGF-I基因表达量显著提高(P0.05),肌肉和肝GHR基因表达量显著降低(P0.05)。初步的新发现是,GH和IGF-I与GHR存在相互制约的负相关内在调控关系,以自身控制鱼类生长和生殖活动处于相对稳定和可控状态下。本研究初步确定,P48F21和P48F24组是工业化养殖大西洋鲑成鱼的主要营养素优良组合饲粮,其中以显著降低脂肪水平和饲料成本的P48F21组合饲粮更佳。     

三种方法处理后养殖海水的浮游生物变化及培水效果

1992年始于福建和粤东、1993年流行于全国沿海地区的大面积对虾暴发性流行病,使我国养殖对虾总产量由1992年的22×104t,锐减到1994年的5×104t,给沿海地区对虾养殖业造成重大损失[1-4]。到2001年,我国对虾产量已经恢复到30×104t,主要得益于广东、海南和广西3省区的对虾养殖得到恢复和发展,而我国其他对虾养殖省区对虾产量仍没有恢复到1992年水平。近年来,我国学者在对虾养殖和病害控制等方面做了大量工作,特别是对虾病毒病的研究取得了显著进展[5-7]。为探寻更有效的对虾健康养殖模式,有效控制病害的暴发流行,笔者在海南莺歌海洋生物技…     

食盐添加对乌鳢鱼头汤熬煮过程营养物质溶出与微纳米颗粒稳定性的影响

在鱼头汤熬制过程中,食盐添加后会与汤中物质发生相互作用,进而影响产品品质。本文研究了NaCl添加时机对乌鳢(Channa argus)鱼头汤中营养物质迁移以及微纳米颗粒(micro and nano particles, MNPs)稳定性的影响。结果表明,鱼头汤加盐前的熬煮时间和加盐后Na+、Cl–与各组分间的相互作用对物质的迁移具有重要影响,同时还会影响体系中微纳米颗粒形成,并最终影响体系的稳定性。在熬煮至60 min时加盐时机最佳。此条件下制得的汤中营养物质和呈味物质的溶出和迁移达到最大程度,所形成的微纳米颗粒为大小均匀的双层球状小颗粒,甘油三酯自组装形成球形颗粒,蛋白质分子分散在其周围或与之结合附着在表面,体系呈现出良好的稳定性。研究结果可以为乌鳢鱼头汤制品的生产提供参考。     

Laboratory and field investigations on the effect of scheduled meal timings on growth performance and nutrient retention in an Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham) fingerlings: Effect on nitrogen retention and excretion of metabolites

To investigate the effect of scheduled meal timings on growth performance in Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings, two experiments were conducted. The first experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions and the fish were submitted to schedule meal timings (at 08:00, 12:00,16:00, 20:00, 00:00 and 04:00). A control on continuous feeding was also maintained. ANOVA had revealed a significant (p < .05) increase in live weight gain (g), growth per cent gain in body weight, specific growth rate, PER, GPR, GER and APD (%) values in fingerlings fed between 12:00 and 16:00 hours. A decline in growth parameters, nutrient retention and an increase in FCR values were observed in the group fed at 20:00, 00:00 hours and also in the control group. Studies have further revealed that meal timings had also significantly (p < .005) affected protein digestibility, nitrogen retention and excretion of metabolites . Fish carcass composition had significantly (p < .05) higher accumulation of protein (14.82 ± 0.032), fat (5.51 ± 0.006) and energy (5.95 ± 0.004) in the group fed at 16:00 hours. The second experiment was conducted under field conditions and the fish were submitted to schedule meal timings (at 08:00, 12:00, 16:00 and 20:00). A control on continuous feeding was also maintained. Significantly (p < .05) higher values in growth parameters were observed in the group fed at 16:00 hours and lower values in the group fed at 20:00 hours and also in controls. Water quality, nutrients and productivity status of ponds revealed favourable levels and appears to have been affected by meal timings. Thus, in C. mrigala, timings of food intake can serve to optimize the utilization of ingested calories.     

Effect of dietary Houttuynia cordata leaf meal and leaf extract on the growth performance,nutrient utilization and expression of IGF‐I gene in Labeo rohita

A 60‐day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding Houttuynia cordata leaf meal and extract on the growth performance, nutrient utilization and expression of insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) in Labeo rohita fingerlings. Two hundred seventy fingerlings were randomly distributed in six experimental groups in triplicates. Six isonitrogenous (350 g/kg CP) and isocaloric (17 MJ/kg DE) diets were prepared with graded levels of leaf meal (LM) and leaf extract (LE), namely C (control, without LE and LM), LE‐0.25 (2.5 g/kg LE), LE‐0.5 (5 g/kg LE), LE‐1.0 (10 g/kg LE), LM‐1.0 (10 g/kg LM) and LM‐2.0 (20 g/kg LM). Significantly (p < 0.05) higher IGF‐I expression, weight gain %, specific growth rate and lower feed conversion ratio were observed in LM‐1.0 followed by LE‐1.0 group compared to control group. Higher protease activity was observed in LE‐1.0 compared to other experimental groups, while no significant changes were found for amylase and lipase activities. Compared to control, muscle alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities were significantly higher in treatment groups except for LM‐2.0. These results suggest that either LE‐1.0 or LM‐1.0 can be supplemented in the diet to improve the growth of L. rohita. However, the supplementation of 10 g H. cordata leaf meal/kg feed can be the better option considering the cost of extraction.     

Optimization of de‐oiled rice bran inclusion level in the diet of Labeo rohita: Effect on growth performance,nutrient utilization,insulin‐like growth factors I and II gene expression

A 60‐day feeding trial was conducted to optimize the inclusion level of de‐oiled rice bran (DORB) in the diet of Labeo rohita fingerlings. Six iso‐nitrogenous (260g/kg), iso‐lipidic (70g/kg) and iso‐energetic (15 MJ/Kg) diets were prepared with different inclusion level of DORB viz., T33, T38_, T43, T48, T53 and T58. One hundred and eighty fingerlings (9.8 ± 0.5 g) were randomly distributed in seven experimental groups in triplicates following a completely randomized design. The weight gain %, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and feed efficiency ratio were found similar in 33%, 38% and 43% DORB fed groups. The expression of both insulin‐like growth factors I and II (IGF‐I and II) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in T33, T38 and T43 groups. Based on second order polynomial regression analysis (y = ?0.0059x² + 0.4573x ? 4.8404, R² = 0.95), the expression of IGF‐I was found to be maximum at 39.5% inclusion level of DORB. Significantly (p < 0.05) lower muscle RNA content, RNA‐DNA ratio and higher feed conversion ratio were found in T58 group. Hence, from these results, it can be concluded that the optimum inclusion of DORB in the diet (260g/kg CP and 70g/kg lipid) of L. rohita should be 39.5% to support maximum nutrient utilization and growth performance.     

鲫TLR9基因克隆及生殖因素对其在肠道表达的影响

为揭示Toll样受体家族基因TLR9在鲫(Carassius auratus L., 缩写为Ca)免疫过程中的作用, 本研究利用RT-PCR和RACE技术克隆获得了鲫TLR9(CaTLR9)基因cDNA, 并就注射外源性人绒毛膜促性激素(hCG)和不同性腺周期对该基因在鲫肠道表达的影响进行了分析。结果表明, CaTLR9 cDNA全长3 509 bp, 包含3 195 bp的开放阅读框(ORF)、72 bp的5′非编码区和242 bp的3′非编码区。ORF编码1 064个氨基酸组成的蛋白质。该蛋白包含19个氨基酸组成的信号肽, 15个富含亮氨酸的重复结构域(LRR), 1个跨膜区和1个TIR结构域。系统进化分析表明, CaTLR9与其他鲤科鱼类同源性较高, 与鲤(Cyprinus carpio)相似度为92%, 其次是草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)和斑马鱼(Danio rerio), 分别为 83%和79%。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明, CaTLR9在鲫脾中表达量最高, 其次为肾和鳃, 其他组织的表达量均较低。鲫肠道TLR9在非繁殖期的表达水平明显低于繁殖期, 注射适当剂量的外源hCG可显著上调鲫肠道TLR9的表达。本研究对揭示鲫非特异性免疫能力调节机制, 提高鲫健康养殖水平具有一定参考价值。