农业景观异质性对生物多样性及其 生态系统服务的影响

农业景观中生物多样性具有特殊重要的意义,本文首先综述了农业景观异质性的组成和特征。农业景观的异质性不仅包括空间组成和构型异质性以及时间异质性,更应包括基于物种或功能类群认识的农业景观功能异质性,这对于讨论景观异质性与生物多样性的关系十分关键。纵览景观空间异质性和时间异质性对生物多样性的多尺度影响发现,很多研究证实非农生境对于维持农业景观中生物多样性十分必要,由非农生境斑块和农田基质组成异质性较高的农业景观往往促进生物多样性,不同生物类群对景观异质性的响应尺度不同。景观结构和种间作用的复合影响是异质性农业景观维持生物多样性的机制。景观异质性通过生物多样性的组成和分布进而影响其提供的生物控制、授粉和物质循环等生态系统服务。结合黄河中下游平原农业景观异质性特征及其对生物多样性影响系列研究结果,在联产承包责任制下小田块管理的农业景观中,未来相关研究应基于功能景观的时空异质性深入讨论农业景观对生物多样性及其生态系统服务的影响机制,为可持续农业景观的构建提供科学依据。     

Effects of landscape characteristics on amphibian distribution in a forest-dominated landscape

We investigated the influence of landscape and wetland characteristics on pond-breeding amphibian assemblages in south-central New Hampshire, a relatively low populated and heavily forested region of the northeastern United States. This allowed us to better understand landscape influences in less disturbed areas, and to determine critical landscape disturbance thresholds, above which amphibians are negatively impacted. We sampled 61 wetlands for larval amphibians in 1998 and 1999 to examine the influence of forest cover and road density (at seven buffer distances between 100 and 2000 m) and wetland characteristics on larval amphibian assemblages. Assemblages were influenced primarily by forest cover and wetland hydroperiod. Species richness was most strongly influenced by the proportion of forest cover within 1000 m of the wetland. Several species were also influenced by forest cover, but were differentially influenced by buffer widths. Our study suggests that, at least in the northeast US, wetlands with <40% forest cover within a 1000 m radius may have depauperate larval amphibian assemblages, and forest cover above 60% within a 1000 m radius is likely to ensure species rich and abundant larval amphibian assemblages. Given the above, current federal and state regulations that focus amphibian protection efforts on narrow terrestrial buffers surrounding wetlands are likely to be inadequate.     

太行山区不同农业景观生境的蜘蛛群落结构特征及其影响因子

为探索太行山区农业景观中不同生境类型对蜘蛛多样性的影响,采用陷阱法对河北省武安市西部太行山区5种类型生境(核桃林、玉米地、苹果-芍药套作园、次生林、绿海花廊景观带)的地表蜘蛛多样性进行调查。通过分析5种类型生境中蜘蛛多样性分布及其与局部生境因子的相关关系,探讨半自然生境对蜘蛛的保护作用。结果表明:人为干扰会显著降低生境中蜘蛛丰富度和多度;增加植被群落结构的复杂程度会使生境中蜘蛛丰富度显著增加,而蜘蛛的多度显著降低;蜘蛛的多度随生境中枯落物厚度的增加而增加。其中核桃林的蜘蛛Shannon-Wiener多样性显著高于其他4种类型生境,核桃林、次生林和绿海花廊的蜘蛛丰富度显著高于苹果-芍药套作园和玉米地,苹果-芍药套作园和绿海花廊的蜘蛛多度显著高于其他3种生境。玉米地、苹果园-芍药套作和绿海花廊中蜘蛛的群落组成具有较高相似性,而核桃林与次生林中蜘蛛群落结构具有较高异质性。地表枯落物厚度是影响当地蜘蛛群落结构的最主要因素。研究区在农业景观与自然景观的过渡区种植核桃林、苹果-芍药套作园和绿海花廊间作板栗,对蜘蛛多样性的保护都有积极作用;不同的生境因子与不同蜘蛛群落的关系不同,如狼蛛偏向人为干扰较大的苹果-芍药套作园和绿海花廊景观带,所以生产管理时要结合特有的生境条件,对相应的蜘蛛进行合理的保护和高效的利用。研究结果对当地的农业景观生境管理和生物多样性保护具有指导意义。     

Patch and landscape characteristics associated with the distribution of woodland amphibians in an agricultural fragmented landscape: an information-theoretic approach

In the Midwestern United States, agricultural landscapes with scattered patches of fragmented forest are common. To investigate the relationship between amphibian distributions and wetland, woodlot, and landscape characteristics, we studied the pond-breeding amphibians within a 15,450-ha plot in rural north-central Ohio. We surveyed 25 woodlots and one area of continuous riparian forest for amphibians, and each surveyed woodland contained at least one temporary wetland. We used Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) to evaluate the effectiveness of 13 a priori models in predicting total amphibian species richness, anuran richness, caudate richness, and the presence of individual species in woodlots. We identified 13 species of amphibians within the study plot, and every woodlot contained at least one amphibian species. The most important variable in predicting total amphibian and anuran species richness was hydroperiod. For caudates, woodlot edge-to-area ratio, hydroperiod, pH, and ammonia were important characteristics in predicting species richness. Woodlots within agricultural landscapes are important refuges for amphibians.     

计算机辅助设计在农业景观生态规划中的应用研究

计算机辅助设计在农业规划设计行业得到了广泛的应用,本文着重论述了几种主流的CAD软件（AutoCAD、Photoshop、3D MAX等）在农业景观生态规划中的综合应用方法研究。     

农业景观格局对玉米害虫-捕食性天敌定性食物网结构的影响

农业过度集约化带来的农业景观均质化已成为农田生物多样性降低的主要原因之一。为研究农业景观格局对害虫-捕食性天敌定性食物网结构的影响,本文选择辽宁省昌图县为研究区,选取8个典型田块为样区,在分析定性食物网结构的基础上,采用回归分析和最优模型确定食物网参数与景观指数之间的关系。结果表明:1)互作丰度(IR)与各景观指数无显著相关性。2)连接密度(LD)与蔓延度指数(CONTAG, x1)、聚集度指数(AI, x2)呈显著正相关(P0.05),最优模型为:LD=-64.621+0.780x1+0.739x2。农业景观中非耕作斑块越聚集,玉米害虫-捕食性天敌定性食物网结构越复杂。3)连接性(C)与CONTAG(x1)、香农多样性指数(SHDI, x3)呈显著正相关(P0.05),而与香农均匀度指数(SHEI,x4)呈显著负相关(P0.05),最优模型为:C=-178.500+1.831x1-106.808x4。景观类型越多样,且同类斑块连接度越好,害虫与捕食性天敌的相互作用越频繁,也越有利于复杂食物网结构的维持。4)普遍性(G)与景观形状指数(LSI, x5)、斑块结合指数(COHESION, X7)、AI(x2)呈显著正相关(P0.05),而与斑块密度(PD,x6)呈显著负相关(P0.05),最优模型为:G=-2 994.798+26.891x2+27.090x5-0.491x6+2.851x7。非耕作斑块破碎化程度越低,天敌的搜寻行为和聚集行为越强,越有利于食物网结构的稳定。5)易损性(V)与SHEI(x4)呈显著正相关,而与CONTAG(x1)呈显著负相关(P0.05),最优模型为:V=8.411+5.351x4。斑块类型在景观中分布越均匀,害虫多样性越高,群落结构也越复杂。总体而言,农业景观异质性越强越有利于玉米害虫-捕食性天敌定性食物网的构建和抗干扰性的增强。而利用田间数据构建食物网矩阵的方法可以成为研究如何增强农业景观异质性的有力工具。     

Small mammals in agricultural landscapes of Prince Edward Island (Canada): Effects of habitat characteristics at three different spatial scales

We examined the influence of habitat characteristics at the microhabitat, macrohabitat, and landscape spatial scales on small mammals occurring in 12 forest patches within four agricultural landscapes of Prince Edward Island (Canada). Landscape features were important determinants of small mammal variables at all levels, but especially at the community level, whereas microhabitat characteristics tended to influence small mammals at the population level. Macrohabitat characteristics had only minor effects on small mammals occurring in our study sites. Species richness was most strongly influenced by patch area, reaching a threshold at forest patches of roughly 8-10 ha. The proportions of both forest and hedgerow cover within 400 m from the study site were also significant determinants of small mammals species diversity, possibly reflecting their ability to perceive suitable habitats, forage in areas outside the forest patches, and/or disperse in agricultural landscapes. At least one small mammal species (Napaeozapus insignis) benefitted from the presence of agricultural fields at distances up to 1000 m. Tamias striatus benefitted from the presence of hedgerow cover within 400 m from forest patches, possibly allowing them to move between forest patches. Clearly, the maintenance of forest patches of 8-10 ha and of forest cover within 400 m from them is fundamental for the conservation of small mammals inhabiting agricultural landscapes on the Island. Conservation strategies should also consider the establishment of more effective regulations to prevent and/or reduce hedgerow removal on Prince Edward Island.     

Body size, niche breadth, and ecologically scaled responses to habitat fragmentation: mammalian predators in an agricultural landscape

The ability to make a priori assessments of a species' response to fragmentation, based on its distribution in the landscape, would serve as a valuable conservation and management tool. During 1997-1999, we monitored 717 scent stations to examine seasonal use of forest patches, corridors, and crop fields by coyotes (Canis latrans), domestic cats (Felis catus), foxes (Vulpes vulpes and Urocyon cinereoargenteus), raccoons (Procyon lotor), striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), opossums (Didelphis virginiana), and long-tailed weasels (Mustela frenata). For each species we developed landscape-based ecologically scaled landscape indices (ELSI), and we modeled species spatial distribution across three spatial scales (landscape-level, element-level, and local habitat-level). Our results suggest that these predators view landscape fragmentation at different spatial scales and demonstrate strong interspecific differences in their response to elements of the landscape. All species except coyotes and domestic cats avoided agricultural fields. In general, predator species that were more mobile (i.e. high ESLI for landscape connectivity; coyotes) were characterized by landscape- and element-based logistic models. In contrast, models including local habitat features generally were most appropriate for less mobile or more stenophagous predators (e.g. long-tailed weasels). Our analysis extends the application of the ESLI concept to species assemblages that do not appear to function as metapopulations, and it highlights the importance of examining spatial scale and species-specific responses to habitat fragmentation. We discuss the relevance of these findings for defining ecological landscapes, understanding predator-prey interactions at multiple spatial scales, and conserving predator and prey populations in fragmented landscapes.     

The Cerrado into-pieces: Habitat fragmentation as a function of landscape use in the savannas of central Brazil

Habitat fragmentation and land conversion by humans for agricultural purposes are constant threats to conservation of biodiversity in the Cerrado biome. These landscapes dominated by agricultural activities became dynamic mosaics, which are formed by different land uses. Thus, understanding how the properties of these mosaics affect species’ persistence is one urgent necessity. In this study, the landscape structure of the Cerrado in Goiás State, Central Brazil, was quantified by the use of fragmentation indices, analysed at the class level. The objective of this study was to assess if land use for crop production or for pasture produces different fragmentation patterns, which can result in different pressures for the Cerrado biodiversity. The study showed that landscapes dominated by crops are more fragmented than landscapes dominated by pastures. These crop-dominated landscapes also presented a smaller number of fragments that could maintain populations of threatened mammal species in Cerrado. Regions with more preserved natural areas are in the northeast of Goiás, where there are rough relief and soil unsuitable for agriculture. Our results indicate that croplands generate a landscape structure more damaging for the conservation of biodiversity in the Cerrado biome. Otherwise, they support the importance to preserve natural remnants, even in areas occupied by agriculture, mainly due to its potential to maintain ecosystem services, and suggest that landscapes dominated by pastures should have more current value for conservation, since they showed larger fragments.     

基于生物多样性和生态系统服务的生态农场景观设计

近年来随着民众对良好生态环境和优质食品需求的增加,生态农场在我国蓬勃兴起。如何设计和建造生态农场成为新的研究领域。其中将生物多样性和生态系统服务整合到生态农场设计被认为是保障生态农场可持续生产的关键。本研究在回顾生态农场发展历程,分析生态农场中生物多样性的内涵,总结生态农场的景观结构、生物多样性和生态系统服务的关系及其应用的基础上,提出了以提升和利用生物多样性和生态系统服务为目标的生态农场景观结构优化的设计原则。研究建议生态农场的景观设计应主要包括农场与周围景观的关系、种植系统设计和有益生物栖息地的保护和重建3方面的内容,并具体提出了每个方面需遵循的一般设计原则。同时,研究以我国南方水稻主产区新建水稻生态农场设计为例,印证了上述原则和方法在实践中的可行性。研究表明,为了更好地将生物多样性整合到生态农场建设中,未来需要深入认识生物多样性及其生态功能,认识生物多样性与农业产量和收益的关系,开发利用能够促进有益生物多样性和生态系统服务的功能植物,并推动生态农场实施生物多样性保护的生态补偿政策的制定。本研究对推动将生物多样性保护和生态服务管理整合到生态农场设计提供了方法指导和实证,对生态农场的发展建设具有参考借鉴意义。     

Managing agricultural change for biodiversity conservation in a Mediterranean upland

In Europe, land use changes follow public policies, and particularly the Common Agricultural Policy. To predict the effect of policies on agricultural practices, landscape, and ultimately biodiversity, requires understanding of the interactions between social, economic and ecological dynamics at regional scale. We studied by means of prospective scenarios the possible effects of agricultural changes on biodiversity in a Mediterranean upland. This area is characterised by extensive grasslands that have been maintained for centuries by agriculture and are now threatened by tree and shrub encroachment. We built four scenarios that describe possible changes in agricultural EU policies by 2030. We selected 15 bird species on the basis of a high natural heritage responsibility of the study area for these species and 45 plant species on the same basis plus local rarity and habitat vulnerability. We analysed how these species were affected by the four scenarios by considering changes in their habitats. For each scenario, we analysed the driving forces that determine land use changes. Landscape dynamics was modelled with a Generalised Linear Model combining environmental and land use factors. Most of the 60 selected species depend on open habitats. Only the scenario where public support was only granted if it provided environmental services had a positive impact on open habitats and their associated biodiversity. This ‘natural heritage’ scenario was also rated positively by local stakeholders. This approach sheds light on the interest of inter/transdisciplinary studies, scenarios, and stakeholder involvement in the definition of public policies for biodiversity conservation.     

基于主观偏好和景观空间指标的农业景观特征偏好模型: 以北京市11个农业景观特征区域为例

本研究以北京市11个农业景观特征区域的真实照片为评价资料,通过对46位环境相关专业大学生进行的平衡非完全区组排序评判测试得到他们对不同景观照片的偏好数值。以250m为边长的正三角形在2006年110000土地利用图上截取出照片所对应的数据,根据这些数据计算了反映该照片景观特征的空间格局指数。利用多元逐步回归,以相对应的空间格局指数以及主观判断得到的绿色覆盖度和管理水平等共11个指标,分别针对不同景观特征区域构建景观偏好模型。研究表明,除各指标在权重上的差异外,有些指标在不同特征区域内,甚至在对景观偏好影响的方向上都有所差异:绿色覆盖度、管理水平、斑块黏合度、斑块聚合程度、分维度指数均体现出对景观可视偏好的正向影响,开阔地比例在可视范围体现了对景观偏好的逆向影响,而斑块数量、蔓延度、最大斑块指数、干扰比例和林地比例在不同景观特征分区内则表现不同的影响趋向。     

Surrogate taxa for biodiversity in agricultural landscapes of eastern Austria

In an agricultural landscape in eastern Austria eight terrestrial organism groups were investigated as potential biodiversity indicators. We present a cross-taxon congruence assessment obtained at the landscape scale using two groups of plants (bryophytes and vascular plants), five groups of invertebrates (gastropods, spiders, orthopterans, carabid beetles and ants) and one vertebrate taxon (birds). We tested four different approaches: correlated species counts, surrogate measures of the overall species richness that was assessed, a multi-taxa (or shopping basket) approach and a simple complementarity algorithm. With few exceptions, pairwise correlations between taxa, correlations between one taxon and the species richness of the remaining groups, and correlations between a combination of the richness of two taxa and the remaining species richness were highly positive. Complementarity-derived priority sets of sampling sites using one taxon as a surrogate for the pooled species richness of all other taxa captured significantly more species than selecting areas randomly. As an essential first step in selecting useful biodiversity indicators, we demonstrate that species richness of vascular plants and birds showed the highest correlations with the overall species richness. In a multi-taxa approach and in complementarity site selection, each of the eight investigated taxa had the capability to capture a high percentage of the overall species richness.     

Indicators and trade-offs of ecosystem services in agricultural soils along a landscape heterogeneity gradient

Soil functions can be classified as supporting (nutrient cycling) and provisioning (crop production) ecosystem services (ES). These services consist of multiple and dynamic functions and are typically assessed using indicators, e.g. microbial biomass as an indicator of supporting services. Agricultural intensification negatively affects indicators of soil functions and is therefore considered to deplete soil ES. It has been suggested that incorporating leys into crop rotations can enhance soil ES. We examined this by comparing indicators of supporting soil services – organic carbon, nitrogen, water holding capacity and available phosphorous (carbon storage and nutrient retention); net nitrogen mineralisation rate and microbial biomass (nutrient cycling and retention) – in barley fields, leys and permanent pastures along a landscape heterogeneity gradient (100, 500 and 1000 m radii). In addition, barley yields (provisioning service) were analysed against these indicators to identify trade-offs among soil services. Levels of most indicators did not differ between barley and ley fields and were consistently lower than in permanent pastures. Leys supported greater microbial biomass than barley fields. Landscape heterogeneity had no effect on the indicators or microbial community composition. However, landscape heterogeneity correlated negatively with yield and soil pH, suggesting that soils in heterogeneous landscapes are less fertile and therefore have lower yields. No trade-offs were found between increasing barley yield and the soil indicators. The results suggest that soil ES are determined at the field level, with little influence from the surrounding landscape, and that greater crop yields do not necessarily come at the expense of supporting soil services.     

Bats in a fragmented landscape: Species composition, diversity and habitat interactions in savannas of Santarém, Central Amazonia, Brazil

Species response to forest fragmentation may strongly vary according to ecological requirements, shape, spatial configuration and connectivity of fragments, and the structure of the surrounding matrix. Bats are natural candidates for studies on forest fragmentation. However, the conclusions of such studies are often contradictory. We present the results of a study on the effects of forest fragmentation on bat communities in Alter do Chão, Santarém area, in Central Amazonia, Brazil, an area composed by forests and fragments surrounded by savanna-like vegetation. We compared the species composition between habitats, tested the effect of size, shape and density of trees of forested areas on the presence species and their relative frequency of captures, and investigated the savannas as an ecological barrier for the dispersion of bats. With an effort of 5678 mistnet-hours, we captured 3740 bats (64 species). Multidimensional Scaling indicated no strong separation between the habitats sampled, however, savanna sites were grouped distinctly of fragments and forest sites. Multiple linear regressions indicated no significant correlation between the number of bat species recorded and the size, shape or tree density in forest sites and fragments. There was a significant correlation between the number of captures and the variables tested, explained by the shape of the sites, but not by size or tree density. In general, sites with bigger shape indices had fewer captures. Ten of the 20 most captured species showed no significant difference between the three habitats. The bat communities in Alter do Chão were not strongly affected by forest fragmentation, and the savannas did not appear to act as an ecological barrier to bats.     

Relationships between avian diversity, neighborhood age, income, and environmental characteristics of an urban landscape

Maintaining biodiversity in urbanizing landscapes has become a top conservation priority. We examined variation in bird communities across a diverse array of urban and suburban neighborhoods in the Chicago, Illinois, metropolitan region. Rather than taking the usual approach of focusing solely on natural features of the urban landscape, we investigated how urban bird communities were related to neighborhood age and income, as well as environmental characteristics. We found that median housing age was strongly related to avian species richness, with newer neighborhoods supporting more species. Housing age was an important correlate of abundance for several species as well as abundance of exotic, migratory, and non-migratory species groups. Per capita income was inversely related to richness of native bird species and positively related to exotic richness. Total richness was higher in urban sites with undeveloped patches and heterogeneous land cover types; moreover, richness decreased with increasing distance from natural areas greater than 1 km². Our findings suggest that bird richness is enhanced both by small patches of natural land within the urban matrix and by close proximity to large natural preserves. Furthermore, these results suggest that investigating a combination of abiotic and environmental features of the built landscape, rather than focusing solely on environmental features, may provide a more complete understanding of the factors influencing avian diversity in human-dominated landscapes.     

当前我国农业信息网络传播发展初探

本文以农业信息网络传播为研究对象,重点考察了我国农业信息网络平台建设、农业网络应用技术和农业网站建设内容三方面的情况,运用了大量的数字、例证、采用了科学的论证方法,系统的阐述了信息社会时代,我国农业信息网络系统的现状结构和功能,农业信息网络传播平台的建设规模,农业网络传播主要技术开发与应用,网站的基本规模和基本内容,农业信息网络传播与其它媒介结合、新型多媒体技术的应用。经过了10多年的快速建设,中国农业信息网络逐渐形成了一个庞大的网络系统,而且与国内外互联网互通互联,逐渐形成了自己的特色和优势,真正起到了服务于“三农”的作用。     

农药可信流通管理与服务应用研究初探

本文通过分析农药流通管理过程中存在的问题以及实现可信流通管理与服务的需求,提出了农药可信流通管理与服务应用研究的内容,即通过构建农药批发企业和零售企业管理与服务系统和农药可信流通查询监督系统,对企业购销业务中商品流通过程的信息进行全程管理,提高农药流通渠道内批发与零售企业的管理与服务水平以及对农药品质和农药流通企业的监督管理水平,为消费者提供农药可信流通查询监督服务。