外源水杨酸对连作马铃薯生长发育及抗性生理的影响

探讨了不同浓度外源水杨酸处理对连作马铃薯幼苗生长发育、耐连作障碍、抗氧化能力以及块茎营养的影响。结果表明：5年连作导致马铃薯幼苗叶片中叶绿素含量、净光合速率、细胞膜稳定指数、渗透调节物质含量、抗氧化剂含量、抗氧化酶活性显著下降,块茎产量和硬度降低,块茎淀粉、Vc、可溶性蛋白含量下降,叶片MDA含量、活性氧水平显著增加,植株生长发育受到显著抑制;在施用外源水杨酸处理后,马铃薯幼苗的相对含水量增高,叶绿素含量、净光合速率、 根系活力和细胞膜稳定指数增强,生长得到促进,植物叶片内渗透调节物质含量、抗氧化剂含量、抗氧化酶活性提高,块茎产量、硬度以及块茎淀粉、Vc、可溶性蛋白含量增高,叶片MDA含量、活性氧水平显著降低;比较不同浓度的外源水杨酸处理,以20 μmol·L^-1和30 μmol·L^-1对促进马铃薯连作幼苗生长发育及缓解连作伤害效果最佳,其中对于连作5年的马铃薯,30 μmol·L^-1外源水杨酸处理相比于对照块茎产量相对增加64.4%,而叶片净光合速率相对增加287.0%。可见,适宜浓度的外源水杨酸处理显著减轻了连作障碍造成的伤害,促进了马铃薯植株的生长发育,提高了马铃薯块茎的产量,并改善了块茎的营养与品质。     

Effect of potato physiology on the interpretation of ELISA results for potato leafroll virus

This paper records the occurrence of an antigen produced in plants infected by potato leafroll virus (PLRV), which is copurified with the virus and induces an immune response in rabbits used for virus antiserum production. The antigen also appeared to be produced in uninfected but physiologically stressed potato plants. These plants reacted with antisera to PLRV in ELISA tests, thereby giving false positive results. We refer to the compound as virus-stress antigen (VSA). The importance of this finding, not only to serological testing for PLRV, but also as a possible explanation for some false-positive reactions that occur with other host-virus combinations, is discussed. The necessity of having detailed information on plants from which samples are taken for testing is emphasized.     

Effects of removal of leaves and tops on translocation of potato virus X and potato virus YN in potato plants

Removal of leaves from primarily infected plants does not stop translocation of potato virus X and potato virus Y^N from the stem to the tubers in potato plants. In some cases there is evidence that even more virus reaches the tubers. The removal of the top of a potato plant results clearly in a larger extent of infection of the tubers, as was demonstrated in experiments with both viruses. This effect proved to be greater according as the removed top was larger. Removal of leaves and tops apparently changes the physiological behaviour of potato plants in such a way that virus translocation is promoted. This means that in haulm killing, as is applied in seed potato growing, only perfect killing of the stems and leaves can result in stopping virus translocation to tubers; incomplete killing may have the opposite effect.Samenvatting In primair met aardappel-X- en aardappel-Y^N-virus besmette aardappelplanten werd het transport van virus naar de knollen voortgezet na ontbladering van de planten. In enkele gevallen bleek zelfs een zwaardere knolbesmetting op te treden. Het verwijderen van de top van aardappelplanten leidde in proeven met dezelfde virussen tot een sterkere knobesmetting dan in niet getopte planten. Dit gold des te meer naarmate de verwijderde top groter was.Het verwijderen van bladeren en top brengt een zodanige verandering in het fysiologische gedrag van de aardappelplant teweeg dat er een verhoogde mate van virustransport, dus een zwaardere knolbesmetting optreedt. Voor de teelt van pootaardappelen betekenen deze resultaten dat de loofdoding alleen het beoogde doel zal bereiken als een volledige doding van de bovengrondse plantedelen wordt bewerkstelligd.     

The role of salicylic acid in defense response of tomato to root-knot nematodes

Salicylic acid (SA) is involved in hypersensitive reactions of plants to incompatible pathogens and in systemic acquired resistance (SAR) after the attack of necrosis-inducing pests. The possible involvement of SA in defense responses of tomato to root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp., RKNs) was investigated. SA was found not to be responsible for the inhibition of catalase (CAT) detected in the early stages of Meloidogyne-tomato incompatible interactions. CAT extracted from leaves was inhibited only after treatment of the seedlings with SA concentrations as high as 4 mM. Most of the amount of free SA found in plants after SA treatment was detected in the leaves. SA (0.2 mM) was found to cause a competitive inhibition of CAT only at high substrate (H₂O₂) concentrations. Under different conditions it did not affect, or even enhanced, the enzyme activity. Therefore, it is suggested that SA-mediated CAT inhibition does not operate early in resistance against RKN in tomato, although it might have a role in the consequent lesion formation. Plant uptake of SA was detected by immersion of roots of 1-month-old seedlings in aqueous solutions of SA and SA plus a soil humic acid. Considering the low level of free SA retained by roots, the capacity of exogenously provided SA to act as an elicitor of resistance to root pests is considered unlikely.     

Screening tomato genotypes for resistance and tolerance to Tomato chlorosis virus

Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) is an emerging crinivirus in Brazil that causes an economically important disease in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and other solanaceous species. ToCV is transmitted predominantly by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci Middle East‐Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1, formerly biotype B), in a semipersistent manner. As all cultivated tomato varieties and hybrids are susceptible to this crinivirus, the main alternatives for the control of the disease are the use of healthy seedlings for transplanting and the chemical control of the insect vector. The objective of this work was to evaluate the responses of tomato genotypes to infection with this crinivirus and their tolerance to the disease in order to support the development of other alternatives for disease control. Resistance to infection was evaluated by ToCV inoculation with viruliferous B. tabaciMEAM1 followed by virus detection by RT‐PCR and RT‐qPCR. To measure tolerance to the disease, plant development and fruit yield of ToCV‐infected and healthy plants were compared. Among 56 genotypes, only the lineage IAC‐CN‐RT (S. lycopersicum ‘Angela Gigante’ × S. peruvianum ‘LA 444‐1’) was highly resistant to infection with ToCV. Tolerance to the disease over two trials with different genotypes showed variable results. The effect of ToCV on plant development varied from 2.9% to 71.9% reduction, while yield loss varied from 0.2% to 51.8%. The highly ToCV‐resistant lineage IAC‐CN‐RT, which is also resistant to a Spanish isolate of ToCV, might be useful for tomato breeding programmes.     

Transgenic potato plants expressing the potato virus X (PVX) coat protein gene developed resistance to the viral infection

The gene coding for potato virus X (PVX) coat protein (CP) was expressed in transgenic potato plants obtained byAgrobacterium tumefaciens transformation. One hundred independent clones were analyzed in challenge experiments for resistance to PVX infection under greenhouse conditions as a preliminary test. From this test, 16 clones with the best resistance results were selected for a small-scale field trial. Clones 54, 60, 73 and 91 demonstrated the best values of resistance to PVX in the field. Statistical analysis of the field trial showed significant differences between means of optical density obtained in ELISA from transgenic clones and non-transformed plants (P<0.05). There was correspondence between resistance to virus infection and expression of the CP gene of PVX virus in the analyzed clones. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Jan. 21, 2002. Corresponding author [e-mail: vivian.doreste@cigb.edu.cu].     

Further studies on resistance-breaking strains of potato virus X

A stock culture of isolate CP of potato virus X (PVX) maintained by serial subculture in plants of Nicotiana glutinosa was found to contain PVX strain group four in addition to the original strain group two. The group four strain was separated from the mixture by sap-inoculation to potato cultivars Maris Piper and Pentland Dell, both of which carry PVX hypersensitivity genes Nx and Nb , by graft-inoculation to Maris Piper and by sap-inoculation to cultivar Pentland Ivory which carries Nb but not Nx. Strain group four seemed to be a minor component of the strain mixture in N. glutinosa as few potato plants became infected with it when insusceptible plants were sap-inoculated or when sap inoculum was diluted 500 times. The group four strain passed readily through tubers of infected potato plants and was stable on serial sub-culture in N. glutinosa. When stock cultures of PVX group two isolates B and EX kept in N. glutinosa were tested on cultivar Pentland Dell, they also proved to be mixtures of group two and group four, indicating that spontaneous appearance of group four in cultures of group two strains may occur readily.
When group four strains derived from isolate CP and from PVX common strain isolate DX were graft-inoculated to many plants of cultivar Cara, which carries PVX immunity gene Rx , there was no evidence of selection of a strain like HB which overcomes this gene. In mixed infection with isolate DX, HB was still present after passage through two generations of progeny tubers of cultivar Pentland Crown which lacks any resistance genes, indicating that HB is a fully competitive strain.     

Mature plant resistance of potato against some virus diseases. I. Concurrence of development of mature plant resistance against potato virus X,and decrease of ribosome and RNA content

Four of five weeks after planting a group of potato plants ‘Bintje’ was inoculated with potato virus X (PVX). Other groups were inoculated at intervals of 14 days. Tubers produced by plants inoculated 35 days after planting were all infected. The plants inoculated 49 days or later after planting produced few infected tubers. The latter had developed mature plant resistance against PVX infection. The ribosome and RNA contents of leaves were measured by application of adsorption chromatography. A rapid decrease in ribosome and RNA contents occurred in plants at the time of rapid increase in the rate of mature plant resistance. The decrease was most distinct in the fifteenth leaf and therefore the contents in this leaf seem to give a good indication of the rapid increase in resistance.     

Exogenous salicylic acid treatment delays initial infection and counteracts alterations induced by Maize dwarf mosaic virus in the maize proteome

The phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) was applied to healthy and Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV)-infected maize plants, and differential proteomic analysis was simultaneously performed to evaluate the physiological effects and the SA-maize-virus interaction in the early pathogenesis cycle. MDMV infection reduced photosynthetic rates, while SA increased them, together with plant height and roots in healthy plants. In infected plants, SA increased RuBisCo and stabilized chlorophyll a-b binding protein expression, increased plant height and root volume, delayed symptom expression, and reduced infection rate. Results highlight biochemical pathways involved in the maize-MDMV pathosystem and signal SA as key to maize disease management programs.     

The effect of salicylic and jasmonic acids on tomato physiology and tolerance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cucumber mosaic virus</Emphasis> (CMV)

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is one of the most important plant viruses responsible for sharp reductions in the production of many cultivated plants. Activities of antioxidant enzymes, photosynthetic capacity, proline and total soluble carbohydrates (TSC) content were measured in the leaves of tomato (Solanum lycopercicum cv. Falat) plants treated with phytohormones (salicylic and jasmonic acids and their combination) and inoculated with CMV at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 15 days after the treatments. Based on the results, catalase (CAT) activity decreased in the healthy and infected plants, but peroxidase (POD) activity increased in the CMV-infected plants signifying that POD is more active in H₂O₂ scavenging in tomato. Because the hormone treatments inhibited the reduction in the enzyme activity, it may be considered as a controlling method against CMV. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was lower in the control until 6 days post inoculation (dpi), but increased after 8 dpi. The infected plants and the hormone-treated plants showed an increased SOD activity from 0 to 15 dpi. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity also increased in all the treatments over the time period (0-15 dpi). Net photosynthesis (NP) rate and chlorophyll content decreased under the virus infection and hormone treatment, whereas control plants had the highest NP and chlorophyll content. Proline accumulation occurred in the infected and hormone- treated plants, but TSC content decreased in comparison to the control. Reduction of TSC content was not significant in the hormone and virus- treated plants. Expression of CMV coat protein gene (CMV-CP) was decreased by approximately 34% in SA+JA+CMV treatment in comparison to the CMV-infected plants. In conclusion, CMV had harmful effect on physiological traits of tomato plants, but hormone application induced resistance. This resistance may be accomplished through the combination of both hormone-related signaling pathways which likely established a strong resistance network together.     

Effect of plant age at time of infection by tomato spotted wilt tospovirus on the yield of field-grown tomato

Naturally infected tomato plants that expressed tomato spotted wilt virus symptoms at 24, 38, 45, 60, 67, and 74 days after transplanting were monitored for production in an experimental crop grown in the open from May to September in northeastern Spain. Plants were tagged, tested for tomato spotted wilt virus infection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and data on symptom expression and yield were individually recorded. Plants that developed symptoms at 24, 38, or 45 days after transplanting yielded significantly less and produced fewer and smaller tomatoes than those that developed symptoms at 60, 67, and 74 days after transplanting. These later infected plants showed similar patterns of production with maximum yields between 27 July and 17 August, when most fruit was harvested. Production components such as fruit number per plant, yield of mature fruit per plant, or fruit weight increased the older the plants were when first symptoms were exhibited. However, marketable fruit production was drastically decreased by tomato spotted wilt virus infection, due to abnormal ripening of mature fruit in infected plants. Little and no significantly different amounts of marketable fruit were produced, irrespectively of plant age at time of symptom expression. Implications for spotted wilt management in tomato are discussed.     

植物生长调节剂对马铃薯叶片生理代谢及产量品质的影响

大田栽培条件下,以马铃薯克新13为材料,叶面喷施植物生长调节剂2-N,N-二乙氨基乙基己酸酯(Diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate,简称DTA-6)、缩节安(Mepiquat chloride,简称DPC)以及烯效唑(Uniconazole,简称S3307),研究植物生长调节剂对马铃薯叶片生理代谢及产量、品质形成的影响。结果表明:在马铃薯块茎膨大期喷施植物生长调节剂,均显著增加了单薯重、淀粉产量和鲜薯产量,其中,以DTA-6调控效果为最佳,单薯重、淀粉产量、鲜薯产量和淀粉含量比CK分别增加了10.40%、40.26%、26.56%和11.32%,块茎还原糖含量比CK降低了20%。此外,调节剂处理均提高了马铃薯叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和细胞间隙CO_2浓度,加快了叶片的光合作用,各指标与产量之间呈正相关。随着时间的推移,各处理的叶片淀粉和蔗糖含量呈先降低后升高的变化趋势,淀粉酶活性呈降低的变化趋势,调节剂对叶片蔗糖转化酶活性的调控效果呈不同规律的变化。总体而言,调节剂均提高了马铃薯产量,改善了块茎品质,其中DTA-6处理效果最佳。     

Systemic Potato virus YNTN infection and levels of salicylic and gentisic acids in different potato genotypes

Endogenous levels of free and conjugated salicylic (SA) and gentisic (GA) acids, both putative signal molecules in plant defence, were analysed in order to investigate their involvement in the resistance of four potato ( Solanum tuberosum ) genotypes with different susceptibilities to Potato virus Y^NTN (PVY^NTN) infection: the highly susceptible cv. Igor and its extremely resistant transgenic line, the extremely resistant cv. Sante and the tolerant cv. Pentland Squire. The lowest levels of free and conjugated SA were observed in the extremely resistant cv. Sante, while free GA, which was detected in all the other varieties, was absent. The extremely resistant transgenic cv. Igor contained the highest basal total SA level and the lowest level of total GA of all four cultivars. In susceptible cv. Igor, but not in resistant transgenic cv. Igor, a systemic increase of free SA was measured 1 day postinfection (dpi). Even more significant increases of free and conjugated SA and GA were detected 11 dpi when systemic symptoms appeared. In inoculated but not in upper noninoculated leaves of resistant transgenic cv. Igor, significant increase of SA conjugates occurred, but not before 11 dpi. The increase of SA and GA in susceptible cv. Igor could contribute to the general elevated levels of phenolic compounds as a response to stress caused by virus infection. It appears that basal levels of SA and GA do not correlate with resistance to PVY^NTN in potato plants.     

不同植物秸秆对番茄及南方根结线虫的影响

为有效防治南方根结线虫,本试验研究了添加不同剂量的玉米秸秆(8.32、4.16、2.08g/kg)、辣椒秸秆(4.16、2.08、1.04g/kg)和茵陈蒿秸秆(4.16、2.08、1.04g/kg)对温室大棚番茄及根结线虫的影响。结果显示,在根结线虫侵染的土壤中添加植物秸秆后30d,玉米秸秆(4.16、2.08g/kg)对番茄株高有显著影响,辣椒(4.16、1.04g/kg)和茵陈蒿(4.16、2.08g/kg)秸秆对番茄茎粗影响显著;60d时经茵陈蒿处理的番茄植株比对照生长发育良好,对形态指标的影响程度依次为茎粗开花分枝;120d时番茄的茎粗、分枝和果实重量均显著高于对照。末次接种后20d调查,每种作物秸秆处理以高剂量对根结线虫的防治效果最好,防治效果依次为:茵陈蒿秸秆辣椒秸秆玉米秸秆,分别为79.60%、71.32%、68.89%,表明茵陈蒿秸秆处理既可降低根结线虫危害程度,又可提高番茄产量。本研究为温室大棚有效防治根结线虫提供了依据。     

Reactions of various plant species to inoculation with potato virus S

In total 98 plant species belonging to 15 families were tested on their possible value as indicator hosts for potato virus S. Plants were sap-inoculated with six virus isolates respectively. In only three families (Amaranthaceae, Chenopodiaceae and Solanaceae) suspectible species were found. The susceptible Chenopodiaceae reacted with local lesions. Seven of those Chenopodiaceae were not mentioned before as local lesion hosts for PVS, viz.Chenopodium ambrosioides, C. hybridum, C. murale, C. opulifolium, C. polyspermum, C. rubrum andC. urbicum.Samenvatting In totaal 98 plantesoorten behorende tot 15 families werden onderzocht als mogelijke toetsplanten van het aardappelvirus S. De planten werden met respectievelijke zes verschillende isolaten van het aardappelvirus S in bladsap geïnoculeerd. Slechts in de plantefamilies Amaranthaceae, Chenopodiaceae en Solanaceae werden soorten gevonden, die vatbaar zijn voor één of meer isolaten van het virus. De vatbare Solanaceae werden systemisch geïnfecteerd, terwijl de Amaranthaceae en Chenopodiaceae met lokale vlekken reageerden. De vatbaarheid van de lokale-vlekkenplanten was zeer ongelijk voor de zes isolaten van het aardappelvirus S (Tabel 3). Chenopodium album, C. polyspermum enC. quinoa (I.P.O.) reageerden met lokale vlekken na inoculatie met elk van de zes isolaten, de andere Chenopodiaceae deden dit na inoculatie met slechts enkele isolaten. Ook de herkomst van één en dezelfde Plantesoort (Chenopodium quinoa) had invloed op het al of niet verschijnen van lokale vlekken op de waardplant na inoculatie met de verschillende virusisolaten.