Extrusion of cells with inappropriate Dpp signaling from Drosophila wing disc epithelia

Decapentaplegic (Dpp) is a signaling molecule that controls growth and patterning of the developing Drosophila wing. Mutant cells lacking Dpp signal transduction have been shown to activate c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK)-dependent apoptosis and to be lost from the wing disc epithelium. These observations have led to the hypothesis that Dpp promotes cell survival by preventing apoptosis. Here, we show that in the absence of JNK-dependent apoptosis, mutant cells lacking Dpp signal transduction can survive; however, they are still lost from the wing disc epithelium. This loss correlates with extensive cytoskeletal changes followed by basal epithelial extrusion. We propose that Dpp promotes cell survival within disc epithelia by affecting cytoskeletal organization.     

黑腹果蝇紫眼卷翅遗传规律的研究

为研究本实验室在紫眼野生型黑腹果蝇中发现的卷翅突变体遗传规律和分子基础,通过观察紫眼卷翅与野生型、紫眼卷翅与红眼卷翅后代各性状的表现规律,设计14对引物检测了syt基因与Alp23B基因间DNA多态性。结果表明:1)在紫眼卷翅与野生型杂交的F1中,卷翅与野生型的比例为1∶1;2)紫眼卷翅与野生型杂交F1代卷翅个体自交的F2中,紫眼与红眼、卷翅与野生型正常翅2对性状符合孟德尔自由分离与组合定律;3)紫眼卷翅与红眼卷翅杂交的F1中,卷翅与野生型的比例为2∶1;4)2种卷翅品系中在syt与Alp23B之间的基因组区域存在1个多态位点;2种卷翅个体均为AB型,而野生型个体为无缺失的AA型;紫眼卷翅与红眼卷翅杂交F1中卷翅个体全为AB型。紫眼卷翅突变体为显性杂合子,平衡致死系;紫眼基因与卷翅基因不连锁;2个卷翅基因为等位基因,相互间不能互补,杂合状态下致死。     

Demography of dietary restriction and death in Drosophila

Dietary restriction (DR) increases life-span in organisms from yeast to mammals, presumably by slowing the accumulation of aging-related damage. Here we show that in Drosophila, DR extends life-span entirely by reducing the short-term risk of death. Two days after the application of DR at any age for the first time, previously fully fed flies are no more likely to die than flies of the same age that have been subjected to long-term DR. DR of mammals may also reduce short-term risk of death, and hence DR instigated at any age could generate a full reversal of mortality.     

Patterns of alkaline phosphatase in developing Drosophila

Electrophoretic study of alkaline phosphatase in developing Drosophila shows that different stages are characterized by the appearance and disappearance of organ-specific enzyme bands. A new electrophoretic variant, from adult hindgut, is controlled by the second chromosome locus Aph-2.     

Outward currents in developing Drosophila flight muscle

The development of two different voltage-sensitive potassium channels was studied in Drosophila flight muscle by voltage clamp techniques. Early in development active channels are not present in the membrane. The first channels to appear are the A current channels, which carry a fast, rapidly inactivating potassium current. The channels for delayed rectification appear later. Channels carrying inward current also appear only after the A current channels. During development, the A current may be easily studied in isolation from other currents and thus provides a desirable system for studying the genetic determinants of this current.     

A delayed wave of death from reproduction in Drosophila

Mortality rates typically increase rapidly at the onset of aging but can decelerate at later ages. Reproduction increases the death rate in many organisms. To test the idea that a delayed impact of earlier reproduction contributes to both an increase in death rates and a later deceleration in mortality, the timing of the surplus mortality produced by an increased level of egg production was measured in female Drosophila. Reproduction produced a delayed wave of mortality, coincident with the sharp increase in death rates at the onset of aging and the subsequent deceleration of mortality. These results suggest that aging has evolved primarily because of the damaging effects of reproduction earlier in life, rather than because of mutations that have detrimental effects only at late ages.     

体外培养的牛乳腺上皮细胞形态研究

通过有效的细胞培养方法获得了牛乳腺上皮细胞系,并系统观察了乳腺上皮细胞的长出、贴壁、聚集、迁移、分裂、分化、凋亡等一系列形态变化。结果发现,原代培养的乳腺上皮细胞大多数呈卵圆形,细胞之间连接成片,单层生长,如鹅卵石铺过路面,乳腺上皮细胞和成纤维细胞混生时分区生长,界线明显。传代的乳腺上皮细胞呈岛屿状聚集生长,细胞核呈圆形或椭圆形,核仁2～4枚;在含雌激素的培养液中,细胞出现双核或多核现象,但仍表现一定的接触抑制现象。多次传代后的乳腺上皮细胞含不同的细胞类型,通过光镜观察,部分细胞仍保持较快的分裂增殖能力;部分细胞渐渐分化,出现长形细胞、三角形细胞。上皮细胞增殖分化可形成圆顶型结构,乳腺上皮细胞可产生并分泌乳汁,分泌到细胞外的乳汁流动形成网状结构。     

Stem cells in epithelial tissues

Most, if not all, epithelial tissues contain stem cells. They are responsible for normal tissue renewal or for regeneration following damage. Our present knowledge of their properties is limited and is mainly derived from studies of cell kinetics and from clonal analysis.     

Stability of protein in intestinal epithelial cells

In vivo measurements have revealed a high degree of stability of synthesized protein in rapidly proliferating intestinal epithelial cells. A slow loss of protein has been found during migration of mature cells to the villus tip     

EGF促进绵羊附睾上皮细胞体外增殖的研究

【目的】探讨表皮生长因子(EGF)对体外培养的绵羊附睾上皮细胞(EECs)增殖的影响。【方法】分离培养EECs,利用免疫荧光检测角蛋白18(CK18)对分离的细胞进行鉴定,用CCK-8法测定EGF的最佳作用质量浓度,用RT-PCR检测EECs中附睾分子标记——谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶-5(GPX5)和雄激素受体(AR)基因的表达情况,用流式细胞仪法检测EGF对EECs细胞周期和凋亡的影响。将P_4代EECs分别用表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)抑制剂Gefitinib、磷脂酰肌醇3激酶/蛋白激酶B(PI3K/AKT)信号通路抑制剂LY294002和DMSO(对照组)处理后,再用EGF培养,用流式细胞仪法检测细胞周期和凋亡情况。将P_4代EECs分别用EGF(-)、EGF、EGF+Gefitinib和EGF+LY294002处理后,用Western blot检测细胞中EGFR、AKT和叉头盒蛋白O1(FOXO1)磷酸化水平。【结果】分离培养的EECs可表达CK18,细胞纯度较好;EGF对EECs增殖促进效应呈浓度依赖性,用含50 ng/mL EGF培养基培养的EECs具有最高的增殖潜能,且不同传代EECs细胞均可正常表达GPX5和AR;EGF处理S期EECs细胞比例极显著升高(P0.01),凋亡指数显著降低(P0.05)。与对照组相比,Gefitinib组S期EECs细胞比例极显著降低(P0.01),LY294002组S期细胞比例显著降低(P0.05);Gefitinib组EECs细胞的凋亡指数极显著升高(P0.01),而LY294002组EECs细胞的凋亡指数无显著变化。EGF组中EECs细胞的EGFR、AKT和FOXO1磷酸化水平较高;与EGF组相比,EGF+Gefitinib组中EECs细胞的EGFR、AKT和FOXO1磷酸化水平明显降低,而EGF+LY294002组中EECs细胞的AKT和FOXO1磷酸化水平明显降低。【结论】EGF可增强绵羊EECs体外生长活力,其作用机制可能是EGF通过介导EGFR和PI3K/AKT信号通路上调了FOXO1的磷酸化水平。     

Genome-wide RNAi analysis of growth and viability in Drosophila cells

A crucial aim upon completion of whole genome sequences is the functional analysis of all predicted genes. We have applied a high-throughput RNA-interference (RNAi) screen of 19,470 double-stranded (ds) RNAs in cultured cells to characterize the function of nearly all (91%) predicted Drosophila genes in cell growth and viability. We found 438 dsRNAs that identified essential genes, among which 80% lacked mutant alleles. A quantitative assay of cell number was applied to identify genes of known and uncharacterized functions. In particular, we demonstrate a role for the homolog of a mammalian acute myeloid leukemia gene (AML1) in cell survival. Such a systematic screen for cell phenotypes, such as cell viability, can thus be effective in characterizing functionally related genes on a genome-wide scale.     

Composition and formation of intercellular junctions in epithelial cells

The polarized nature of epithelial cells is manifested by the nonrandom partitioning of organelles within the cells, the concentration of intercellular junctions at one pole, and the asymmetric distribution of proteins and lipids within the plasma membrane. These features allow epithelia to fulfill their specific tasks, such as targeted uptake and secretion of molecules and the segregation of different tissue compartments. The accessibility of Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans to genetic and cell biological analyses, combined with the study of mammalian cells in culture, provides an ideal basis for understanding the mechanisms that control the establishment and maintenance of epithelial cell polarity and tissue integrity. Here, we focus on some of the best-studied junctions and membrane-associated protein complexes and their relation to cell polarity. Comparisons between fly, worm, and vertebrate epithelia reveal marked similarities with respect to the molecules used, and pronounced differences in the organization of the junctions themselves.     

Spacing differentiation in the developing Drosophila eye: a fibrinogen-related lateral inhibitor encoded by scabrous

In the development of multicellular organisms a diversity of cell types differentiate at specific positions. Spacing patterns, in which an array of two or more cell types forms from a uniform field of cells, are a common feature of development. Identical precursor cells may adopt different fates because of competition and inhibition between them. Such a pattern in the developing Drosophila eye is the evenly spaced array of R8 cells, around which other cell types are subsequently recruited. Genetic studies suggest that the scabrous mutation disrupts a signal produced by R8 cells that inhibits other cells from also becoming R8 cells. The scabrous locus was cloned, and it appears to encode a secreted protein partly related to the beta and gamma chains of fibrinogen. It is proposed that the sca locus encodes a lateral inhibitor of R8 differentiation. The roles of the Drosophila EGF-receptor homologue (DER) and Notch genes in this process were also investigated.     

Transient expression of homologous genes in Drosophila cells

A cloned Drosophila heat shock protein 22 gene was transfected into two independently established Drosophila cell lines. Each line carried a different heat shock protein 22 allele, distinguishable by electrophoresis of the protein. The transfected gene was not expressed at 25 degrees C but could be induced at 36 degrees C. In one line, two heat shock protein 22 electromorphs were synthesized.     

犬乳腺上皮细胞的分离培养与鉴定

【目的】建立方便、经济的犬乳腺上皮细胞体外培养方法,用于犬乳腺癌的研究.【方法】以新产犬乳汁为材料,离心并收集乳汁中细胞,进行分离培养.用CCK-8法绘制细胞生长曲线,细胞角蛋白8免疫荧光染色鉴定上皮细胞.【结果和结论】试验材料培养后第3天即可见岛屿状的细胞克隆并伴有少量吞噬细胞.继续培养至单克隆细胞汇合后,可见细胞呈典型的石铺路状,单层平铺生长,且在细胞表层产生乳滴,细胞传代后吞噬细胞消失.CCK-8结果显示,细胞生长曲线呈"S"型.细胞免疫荧光结果显示,细胞角蛋白8呈阳性.表明从犬乳汁中可以分离培养出高纯度、生长迅速的犬乳腺上皮细胞.本试验建立了短时间内获得大量纯犬乳腺上皮细胞的方法.     

马氏珠母贝外套膜细胞的超微结构观察

利用透射电镜对马氏珠母贝外套膜表皮细胞超微结构进行了观察。结果表明:表皮细胞可分为4种,即柱状表皮细胞、电子透明粒细胞、电子稠密粒细胞、凸细胞,它们在不同区域的分布、形态和数量变化与外套膜的功能分化密切相关,尤其是与贝壳组分的分泌有关。在邻近表皮的结缔组织中也分布着许多电子透明粒细胞和电子稠密粒细胞,它们可作变形运动穿越基膜进入表皮。     

Segregation of human neural stem cells in the developing primate forebrain

Many central nervous system regions at all stages of life contain neural stem cells (NSCs). We explored how these disparate NSC pools might emerge. A traceable clone of human NSCs was implanted intraventricularly to allow its integration into cerebral germinal zones of Old World monkey fetuses. The NSCs distributed into two subpopulations: One contributed to corticogenesis by migrating along radial glia to temporally appropriate layers of the cortical plate and differentiating into lamina-appropriate neurons or glia; the other remained undifferentiated and contributed to a secondary germinal zone (the subventricular zone) with occasional members interspersed throughout brain parenchyma. An early neurogenetic program allocates the progeny of NSCs either immediately for organogenesis or to undifferentiated pools for later use in the "postdevelopmental" brain.     

山羊输卵管上皮细胞的分离与培养

【目的】分离并培养山羊输卵管上皮细胞,研究其生长特性。【方法】采用胰酶、胶原酶及机械刮取方法分离输卵管上皮细胞并分析培养效果;选择免疫细胞化学染色对细胞进行鉴定;向培养液中添加下丘脑粗提物、胰岛素、EGF和血清,探讨其对输卵管上皮细胞体外培养的影响。【结果】胰酶对山羊输卵管上皮细胞的分离效果较差,胶原酶次之,机械刮取方法较好。机械刮取法分离的细胞以细胞团居多,接种后8~12 h开始贴壁生长,生长2~3d细胞呈现明显的铺路石形态。免疫细胞化学染色显示,细胞角蛋白阳性率在95%以上。上皮细胞培养体系中含少量血清及人EGF、胰岛素,能有效促进原代和传代输卵管上皮细胞的生长,以体积分数5%血清+EGF的培养效果较好。【结论】采用机械刮取法分离培养的输卵管上皮细胞,在体外可连续传到第8代,传代细胞活性强、纯度高,可为输卵管上皮细胞相关功能的研究提供材料。     

丁酸梭菌拌料投喂对凡纳滨对虾肠道上皮细胞及菌群结构的影响

【目的】探究在高位池养殖凡纳滨对虾中添加丁酸梭菌对肠道上皮细胞及菌群结构的影响,为对虾健康养殖提供技术支持。【方法】设加菌组和对照组,饲料投喂频次为每天3餐,试验周期设为60 d。加菌组每天早上添加1%的丁酸梭菌拌料投喂,饲喂3 d后停3 d菌剂拌料投喂,以此为1个周期;对照组不添加丁酸梭菌。分别于0和60 d取样测定对虾体重和体长,并取对虾肠道进行组织切片和细菌群落结构分析。【结果】加菌组对虾的终体质量和终体长分别达9.54±0.38 g和9.12±0.12 cm,均显著高于对照组的7.35±0.36 g和8.25±0.10 cm(P<0.05,下同)。加菌组对虾的食物肠道饱满,肠道上色素呈稳定规则的星状结构,而对照组出现空肠现象,肠道上色素呈淡红色,且分散无固定的形态。加菌组对虾的肠道上皮细胞高度可达40μm,显著高于对照组（10μm）。在对虾肠道细菌群落结构方面,60 d时,加菌组厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）的相对丰度分别为50.44%和18.62%,显著高于对照组的0.05%和3.05%,而加菌组软壁菌门（Tenericutes...     

羊乳腺上皮细胞的形态观察

用组织块培养法获得山羊乳腺细胞原代培养物,并根据山羊乳腺成纤维细胞与上皮细胞对胰蛋白酶的敏感性不同将二者分离纯化。对细胞形态进行光镜观察发现:纯化的山羊乳腺上皮细胞传代至第15代时其生长仍正常。山羊乳腺上皮细胞含不同的细胞类型,大多数上皮细胞呈短梭形或多角形,呈蜂窝状;部分细胞呈圆饼状,体积较大;部分细胞呈长形。纯化的乳腺上皮细胞增殖可形成圆顶型结构,呈乳头状,称之为乳球体。