木材真空-浮压干燥特性的试验研究

以马尾松为试验材料 ,首先分别以过热蒸汽和空气作为干燥介质 ,在预热阶段通过对木材内部温度场和含水率变化的测定 ,探讨了木材真空 -浮压干燥预热阶段的特性 ;然后 ,通过对干燥介质条件与干燥速率之间影响关系的研究 ,总结出木材真空 -浮压干燥的特性。结果表明 :真空 -浮压干燥预热阶段进行得非常迅速 ,同时其表面水分的凝结量也较空气干燥大 ;木材的浮压干燥速率随着干燥介质温度的增加、绝对压力的减小和浮动频率的加大而增加。上述因素中对干燥速率影响程度从大到小的排列顺序为 :介质温度 (T) >压力浮动频率 (Hz) >绝对压力 (P)     

木材干燥室内部碳钢零部件表面防腐措施的选择

木材干燥室内部碳钢零部件表面防腐措施的选择沈国华，李萍（黑龙江省林业设计研究院）木材干燥室在利用湿空气或过热蒸汽为干燥介质干燥木材的过程中，均是在高温、高湿和木材溢出的酸性环境中进行的，因此对干燥室内部碳钢零、部件表面（以下简称碳钢工件）如何进行防腐...     

马尾松锯材常压过热蒸汽干燥脱脂特性研究

以速生马尾松锯材为研究对象,采用常压过热蒸汽对其进行干燥脱脂一体化处理,系统研究了干燥脱脂过程中马尾松木材内部温度及含水率变化规律,讨论了过热蒸汽温度对锯材干燥速率、干燥质量、颜色、表面溢脂及微观构造的影响规律。结果表明:过热蒸汽干燥脱脂过程中,锯材内部温度及含水率变化可分为快速升温加速干燥段、恒温恒速干燥段和升温减速干燥段三个阶段,干燥速率介于0.14~0.26%/min,过热蒸汽温度对干燥速率影响非常显著;过热蒸汽干燥脱脂材可达到锯材干燥质量指标二级以上标准,与常规干燥材相比,发生的表裂缺陷少,140℃时出现内裂缺陷;过热蒸汽干燥脱脂处理对木材颜色的影响不显著;过热蒸汽干燥材表面不发生溢脂,达到一级脱脂松木锯材标准;过热蒸汽干燥处理破坏了树脂道内的薄壁细胞,处理后的树脂道内残存有固态松香。     

日本柳杉高频真空干燥及防止开裂的研究

通过对日本人工林木材柳杉髓心方材进行系列高频真空干燥试验 ,掌握柳杉髓心方材的干燥特性及相应的高频真空干燥条件。结果表明 :高频真空干燥前在常压下进行合理的蒸汽和过热蒸汽预处理 ,柳杉髓心方材可有效地提高干燥质量 ,尤其可防止开裂产生     

木材干燥预热过程的水分流和热流分析

本文将非平衡态热力学的水分流和热流线性耦合方程应用于多孔介质 (木材 )的干燥预热过程 ,从机理上分析了其水分流和热流的特性 ,同时运用在预热样品边界上积分的方法求解耦合流方程 ,针对木材干燥预热过程进行了具体计算 ,所得的有关结论与以往的实验结论相吻合。这一结果表明线性流耦合方程是研究多孔介质干燥过程中水分流和热流的特性及其相互作用规律的有效方法 ,既可揭示耦合过程中流的本质又可对其进行定量描述。因Soret效应预热过程中存在着进入木材内的水分热扩散流 ,预热结束后木材含水率将有所增加 ,而水分和热量的输运主要集中在预热开始的前 2h内。本文关于木材干燥预热的一些结果 ,可用于木材干燥预热的生产实际中     

过热蒸汽处理对马尾松木材干燥质量的影响

采用过热蒸汽对马尾松锯材进行干燥处理,研究干燥条件对木材颜色、厚度含水率偏差和脱脂效果的影响。结果表明:过热蒸汽干燥对木材颜色影响不显著;试材厚度含水率偏差小于1%:木材内部的松脂排出至木材表面或固着在其内部,可以达到干燥和脱脂的双重目的。     

柳杉锯材过热蒸汽干燥与常规干燥的比较

【目的】比较柳杉锯材过热蒸汽干燥与常规干燥后锯材的干燥质量、微观构造和力学性能,探讨过热蒸汽干燥柳杉锯材的适用性,为柳杉木材的高附加值利用、降低加工过程能耗、提高生产效率提供依据。【方法】分别进行过热蒸汽干燥和常规干燥试验,依国家标准对干燥质量和力学性能进行检测,并通过扫描电镜观察分析不同干燥条件下木材微观构造的变化。【结果】50 mm厚柳杉锯材过热蒸汽干燥的干燥周期为110 h,平均干燥速率为1.18%·h-1;而常规干燥的干燥周期为193 h,平均干燥速率为0.64%·h-1。从含水率和应力方面分析,过热蒸汽干燥锯材在终含水率、厚度上含水率偏差以及残余干燥应力指标上的干燥质量等级为一级,常规干燥锯材在厚度上含水率偏差和残余干燥应力指标上的干燥质量等级为一级,终含水率指标的质量等级为二级,2种干燥方法锯材在含水率分布和残余干燥应力方面无显著差别;从外观干燥缺陷质量方面分析,过热蒸汽干燥锯材在顺弯、横弯和扭曲指标上的干燥质量等级为一级,翘弯指标的质量等级为二级,常规干燥锯材的可见干燥缺陷质量指标等级均达到一级。力学性能方面,过热蒸汽干燥锯材的抗弯弹性模量均值为5 508.37 MPa,略高于常规干燥锯材均值(5 237.52 MPa);过热蒸汽干燥锯材的抗弯强度均值为32.35 MPa,略低于常规干燥锯材均值(34.13 MPa)。对干燥锯材微观构造进行观察发现,过热蒸汽干燥后木材的纹孔膜破裂及脱落的数量和程度大于常规干燥,因此可增加水分的迁移途径,提高木材的渗透性,从而使干燥速率显著提高。【结论】干燥方法对锯材干燥速率具有极其显著的影响,过热蒸汽干燥比常规干燥的干燥周期缩短43%,干燥速率提高84%;干燥质量和力学性质方面,除终含水率和翘弯翘曲度外,2种干燥方法的干燥质量无显著差别;过热蒸汽干燥锯材的孔隙度大于常规干燥是造成过热蒸汽干燥速率显著提升的原因之一。总体分析,过热蒸汽干燥柳杉锯材质量可满足木制品对于干燥质量的要求。     

真空—过热蒸汽木材干燥窑

丹麦木材处理公司(The DanishWood treating Co)最近发明了一种真空—过热蒸汽干燥室。目前正在申请该项发明的专利。该窑在抽真空后,用过热蒸汽作干燥介质来干燥木材。这种新工艺较之常规干燥,干燥速度要快5—10倍,而能耗只及常规干燥的1/5—1/2。一、窑的结构该窑的结构示意图如图1所示。它主要由以下部分组成:窑体—窑体是一个气密的圆柱形承压罐,其直径为2.6米,有三种长度,分别为     

意杨薄板材干燥工艺研究

应用高温干燥与常温干燥有机结合的工艺技术(简称蒸汽综合干燥法),对意杨25mm厚板材进行处理,在预热阶段进行充分的汽蒸处理,而后进入常压过热蒸汽干燥工艺阶段,当含水率降到25%时,转入常温干燥工艺阶段,直到干燥阶段结束。这样既缩短了干燥周期又提高了干燥质量,同时也提高了干燥窑的生产效率。     

金属壳木材干燥室内部的防腐处理

金属壳木材干燥室是利用蒸汽来干燥不同树种和各种规格木材的干燥设备。由于它具有完全的气密性,保温性能好,使用寿命长,近几年越来越多的被人们所认识,在全国已建成并投产数十家。木材在以湿空气或过热蒸汽为干燥介质的金属壳木材干燥室内干燥过程中,均是在高温、高湿和木材溢出的酸性环境中进行的,对干燥室内部的零、部件结构表面如何进行防腐处理,是制造该种干燥设备的成败关键之一。我们就几年来对金属壳木材干燥室内部的防腐处理实践,谈     

Effect of steam pretreatment on wood moisture content and characteristics of vacuum drying

The effects of high temperature steam pretreatment on the change in wood moisture content (MC) and characteristics of vacuum drying were investigated in this study. Poplar and manchurian walnut woods were pretreated with high temperature steam at 100°C and 140°C, prior to vacuum drying. A comparison of the characteristics of vacuum drying between steam pretreated wood and untreated wood was carried out. The results show that during steam pretreatment, the MC of wood decreased within a few hours. The reduction of MC varied with the temperature; the higher the temperature, the faster the MC dropped. During the vacuum drying stage, the rates of drying of pretreated samples were higher than those of untreated samples when MC was below the fiber saturation point. Furthermore, the total drying time of samples treated at a steam temperature of 140°C was lower than that of untreated samples. Therefore, a vacuum procedure after steam pretreatment can effectively shorten the drying time when drying wood.     

木业企业干燥工段的综合节能措施

通过利用燃烧加工剩余物供热、改进散热系统、采用自然干燥与人工干燥组合、优化干燥基准、应用计算机智能控制等综合节能措施,系统地改造企业的木材干燥工段.结果表明:改造后的木材平均干燥周期缩短3.5d,干燥质量可靠,达到低能耗、高质量、短周期的预期改造效果.     

Climate control in vacuum dryers for convective heat transfer

The European Drying Group (EDG) proposal on a wood drying quality standard defines demands on final moisture content variation of the dried wood. The final moisture content variation will depend on material parameters as well as the production process and the wood will always show a “natural” moisture content variation after drying. Thus the drying process has to be defined well enough to allow for the natural moisture content variation in order to fulfil the demands of the drying standards. As the average equilibrium moisture content of the wood in a vacuum drying kiln with pure steam atmosphere is determined by the pressure and the temperature, the demands on the climate control system to fulfil the demands of the drying standard can be calculated with regard to the natural moisture content variation of the wood. In the first part of this contribution the demands on climate control in vacuum dryers are calculated based on the EDG-standard and the natural moisture content variation. In the second part of the contribution the demands on climate control are compared with climate and moisture content measurements from industrial production in vacuum kilns. Critical factors in kiln design and climate control system design necessary to maintain a controlled drying climate are listed.     

几种木材干燥方法机理及其对木材浸注性的影响*

木材干燥是木材工业应用中必不可少的一环 ,木材的浸注性或渗透性又是关系到木材改性成功与否的重要前提。因此 ,开展不同干燥方法对木材浸注性或渗透性影响的研究 ,将对开展低质人工林木材功能性改良、提高其质量和利用价值的新技术与新方法的研究 ,具有重要理论指导作用。文中就高温干燥、高频 /真空干燥、微波干燥、冷冻干燥和大气干燥等干燥方法的机理及其对木材浸注性或渗透性影响的研究工作进行了全面综述     

Factors affecting relative humidity during wood vacuum drying

Effects of pressure and temperature in the chamber during vacuum drying on the relative humidity and evaporation of wood surface were investigated by using the vacuum chamber. The setting temperature during vacuum drying included dry-bulb temperature td, the wet-bulb temperature tw and the temperature difference between the air in the vacuum chamber and the cooling water in the condenser. Results indicated that relative humidity during vacuum drying was affected by the dry-bulb temperature td, the wet-bulb temperature tw and the temperature difference between the air in the vacuum chamber and the water in the condenser. Relative humidity of wood decreased with the increase in temperature at the given temperature of the water in the condenser. The relative humidity was affected slightly by pressure in the vacuum chamber pA, and it decreased from 70% to 65% with pA increased from 50 kPa to 101 kPa. Moreover, there was nearly no evaporation under the vacuum without external heating.     

40mm厚杉木锯材高温干燥工艺研究

对40 mm厚杉木锯材制定两个高温干燥工艺并进行试验研究,检测和分析干燥周期、干燥速率、锯材干燥质量等指标。干燥工艺I采用高温湿空气进行干燥;干燥工艺II在干燥前期高含水率阶段采用过热蒸汽条件,干燥后期低含水率阶段采用高温湿空气进行干燥。结果显示:两个干燥工艺在各阶段的干燥速率差异明显,干燥前期工艺II的干燥速率为1.30%/h,较工艺I低约37.2%;但干燥后期工艺II的干燥速率为1.89%/h,较工艺I高约70.27%。干燥工艺II可以有效避免锯材内裂的发生,干燥质量满足GB/T 6491—2012《锯材干燥质量》二级材的指标要求,干燥效率提高。     

木材真空干燥特点及国内研究现状

阐述了木材真空干燥的特点和国内研究现状,真空干燥可满足木材高品质、高效率、低成本的干燥目标,对推进行业节能减排工作、解决难干材和改性处理材干燥问题、提高干燥品质等均具有重要意义。对真空干燥木材的机理、研究进展、可能的研究方向进行评述,以期促进木材真空干燥科研工作和生产实践的共同发展。     

Colour alteration and chemistry changes in oak wood (Quercus pedunculata Ehrh) during plain vacuum drying

The formation of chromophore groups from a phenolic compound oxidized with air and the formation of dark materials from hydrolysable extractives are considered as causes of discoloration. In this work, the colour changes, antioxidant capacity, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra of dust-wood are investigated in European oak wood under different plain vacuum drying conditions. The conductive heat source is maintained at four temperatures (46, 61, 70 and 80°C), and vacuum in the chamber is controlled at three different intervals (60–100, 150–200, and 250–300?mbar). Drying kinetics and temperature profiles are presented. The results suggest that degradation of extractives allows yellowing in wood and temperature improves lightness under these special drying conditions (plain vacuum). Furthermore, the presence of carbonyl groups in surfaces is related to the loss in antioxidant potency.     

Relationship of selected cell characteristics and colour of silver birch wood after two different drying processes

Change in the colour of silver birch wood is a serious problem in the mechanical wood industry. Here, colour was correlated with microscopic characteristics of wood, such as cell types and dimensions, by drying processes. In conventional drying, with lower temperature than in vacuum drying used here, the most important factor causing darkened wood was wide latewood. In vacuum drying, thickness of the vessel walls affected wood darkening, as did broad rays and large amount of axial parenchyma. Axial and terminal parenchyma cells contained very small amounts of phenolics, but after drying at elevated temperature, a thin dark layer could be observed on the innerside of their walls. Phenolics were abundant in ray parenchyma; these compounds darkened at elevated temperatures, less in conventional drying than in vacuum drying. Phenolics were observed only inside cells, mainly in the parenchyma, but in vacuum-dried wood also in fibres and vessels. Anatomical characteristics are known to be affected by both environmental and genetic factors. Thus it might be possible to influence the colour reaction of birch wood during the drying process by choosing wood according to growing-site conditions, or by choosing the seed source for birch plantations according to given anatomical characteristics.