GC-MS分析确认诺卜乙基醚氧化反应产物的结构

通过GC-MS分析,确认了高锰酸钾碱性溶液氧化诺卜乙基醚反应产物中6个主要产物的结构,它们是:2,2-二甲基-3-(β-乙氧基丙酰基)环丁酮、cis-2,2-二甲基-3-(β-乙氧基丙酰基)环丁烷乙酸、3-羟基-cis-2,2-二甲基-3-(β-乙氧基丙酰基)环丁烷乙酸、2,3-二羟基诺卜乙基醚、1-羟基-cis-2,2-二甲基-3-(β-乙氧基丙酰基)环丁烷乙酸、5-羟基-2,3-环氧诺卜乙基醚.     

微波辐射下SO4^2-／ZrO2-TiO2催化合成乙酸诺卜酯

以自制诺卜醇和乙酸为原料,固体超强酸SO4^2-／ZrO2-TiO2为催化剂,甲苯为带水剂,在微波辐射条件下合成乙酸诺卜酯,考察了微波辐射条件和催化剂制备条件、催化剂用量等对乙酸诺卜酯得率的影响。结果表明,微波辐射温度、时间及催化剂的制备条件和用量对乙酸诺卜酯得率有较大影响。优化的工艺条件为：诺卜醇质量20g,醇酸物质的量比1：1．15,微波辐射温度105℃,微渡功率650W,辐射时间85min,催化剂SO4^2-／Zr02-TiO2（Ti与Zr质量之比为6：1,焙烧温度450℃）用量为诺卜醇质量的2．5％,该条件下乙酸诺卜酯得率81．3％。此外,催化剂可重复使用4次。与普通加热反应相比,时间缩短,产物得率提高。     

Synthesis and Structural Analysis of Hydronopol and Its Halides

由β-蒎烯与多聚甲醛反应制得了诺卜醇,再经Ni(R)催化氢化合成了氢化诺卜醇(ROH).然后由氢化诺卜醇与亚硫酰氯反应合成了氢化诺卜醇的氯代物(RCl),由氢化诺卜醇与溴化钠和硫酸反应合成了溴代物(RBr),由RCl与碘化钠反应合成了碘代物(RI),各产物的得率均在93％以上,GC含量97％以上.各化合物都进行了IR,1H NMR,13CNMR与MS分析,表征了其结构.     

C化学位移特点研究

由诺卜醇和丙酸酐合成了丙酸诺卜酯，用MS，IR，^1HNMR及^13CNMR分析进行了结构表征，利用^13C化学位移分析出其构象是：C-1-C-2-C-3-C-4-C-5部分处于同一平面，整个6，6-二甲基双环[3.1.1]庚-2-烯部分呈“Y”形。丙酸诺卜酯可以看成是阿朴蒎烯在C-2发生取代的衍生物，取代基对^13C化学位移的影响主要集中在C-2，C-1和C-3，对其它碳原子的影响比较小。     

微波辐射下SO2-4/ZrO2-TiO2催化合成乙酸诺卜酯

以自制诺卜醇和乙酸为原料,固体超强酸SO2-4/ZrO2-TiO2为催化剂,甲苯为带水剂,在微波辐射条件下合成乙酸诺卜酯,考察了微波辐射条件和催化剂制备条件、催化剂用量等对乙酸诺卜酯得率的影响.结果表明,微波辐射温度、时间及催化剂的制备条件和用量对乙酸诺卜酯得率有较大影响.优化的工艺条件为:诺卜醇质量 20 g,醇酸物质的量比1:1.15,微波辐射温度 105 ℃,微波功率 650 W,辐射时间 85 min,催化剂SO2-4/ZrO2-TiO2(Ti与Zr质量之比为6:1,焙烧温度 450 ℃)用量为诺卜醇质量的 2.5 ﹪,该条件下乙酸诺卜酯得率 81.3 ﹪.此外,催化剂可重复使用4次.与普通加热反应相比,时间缩短,产物得率提高.     

氢化诺卜醇及其卤代物的合成与结构分析

由β-蒎烯与多聚甲醛反应制得了诺卜醇,再经Ni(R)催化氢化合成了氢化诺卜醇(ROH)。然后由氢化诺卜醇与亚硫酰氯反应合成了氢化诺卜醇的氯代物(RCl),由氢化诺卜醇与溴化钠和硫酸反应合成了溴代物(RBr),由RCl与碘化钠反应合成了碘代物(RI),各产物的得率均在93%以上,GC含量97%以上。各化合物都进行了IR,1H NMR,13C NMR与MS分析,表征了其结构。     

三酸复合体系催化α-蒎烯合成松油醇研究

以柠檬酸为代表的α-羟基羧酸与磷酸和以丙酸为代表的低碳链脂肪酸组成三酸复合催化体系，应用于α-蒎烯的催化水合制备松油醇。考察了溶剂种类、脂肪酸链长、α-羟基酸种类、催化剂用量、水用量、反应温度和反应时间对水合反应的影响。结果表明：在α-蒎烯、水、丙酸、柠檬酸、磷酸的质量比为1∶1∶2∶0.05∶0.1和反应温度70℃、反应时间24 h的反应条件下，α-蒎烯转化率、松油醇GC含量和选择性可分别达到99.0%、 53.3%和54.9%。在同样条件下将α-蒎烯水合时产生的单环单萜烯类副产物加入起始原料一起反应，可以提高目标产物松油醇的选择性，当加入量为40%时，松油醇选择性可提高到76%。产物组成分析发现：产物中总松油醇GC含量为53.3%,总水合产物GC含量为57.1%,总丙酸酯GC含量为8.1%。     

对伞花烃直接电解氧化反应的评价

研究了在有机溶剂、合适的支持电解质和碳棒存在下，对伞花烃的直接电解氧化反应，使用GC和GC-MS方法分析测定了主要电解氧化产物，如：百里香酚甲醚、1-异丙基-4-甲氧甲基苯、枯茗醛、枯茗醇、对二甲氧甲基异丙基苯、枯茗酸甲酯、对羟基甲氧甲基异丙基苯、乙酸枯茗酯和1-二甲氧甲基-4-(1-甲氧基-1-甲基乙基)苯。详细研究了影响氧化主产物得率的主要因素，对伞花烃直接电解氧化选择性地制备枯茗醛合理的电解条件为：电解时间20-25h，甲醇／乙酸体积比10：1，氟硼酸钠作支持电解质，阳极／阴极面积比1：1，电流密度0．018A／cm^2。     

桦木醇丁二酸酯的合成

通过对桦木醇的C-3位、C-28位羟基进行修饰，在吡啶作溶剂，二甲基氨基吡啶（DMAP）作催化剂的条件下，与丁二酸酐反应合成桦木醇丁二酸酯。通过单因素试验，考察了物料比和反应时间对桦木醇丁二酸酯纯度的影响。确定合成反应的最佳条件：反应温度95℃，物料比（物质的量之比）1：18，反应时间10h。对产物采用FT-IR、^1H NMR和MS进行分析，确证桦木醇丁二酸酯的结构，并利用HPLC对产物含量进行分析，纯度为81．854％，得率为70．43％。     

萜烯基环碳酸酯的合成及其表征

在苄基三乙基氯化铵-乙二醇共催化作用下,以萜烯基环氧树脂为原料,与CO2在无溶剂环境中反应合成了萜烯基环碳酸酯.研究了催化剂用量、CO2压力、反应温度以及反应时间对反应过程的影响,并采用电位滴定法测定了产物中环碳酸酯的含量.研究表明,在催化剂用量1.0％、CO2压力1.0 MPa条件下,130℃反应7h,生成产物的环碳酸酯值为0.267,环氧基转化率达99.7％,环碳酸酯选择性达到94.0％.同时,采用凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)、红外光谱(FT-IR)、质谱(MS)、核磁共振氢谱(1H NMR)及碳谱(13C NMR)表征了合成产物的化学结构.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.