日粮短期添加富硒青稞秸秆对奶牛全血和牛奶硒含量的影响

试验研究富硒青稞秸秆短期饲喂对奶牛产奶量、乳成分、全血和牛奶硒含量的影响.选择12头体重(400±25) kg、胎次(5±1)次、泌乳天数(223±25)d、产奶量(11.3±1.6) kg的奶牛,随机分为2组,每组6头牛.对照组每头奶牛基础日粮包括精混饲料(TMR) 10 kg和普通青稞秸秆12.5 kg,试验组使用...     

不同水平酵母硒对奶牛血液抗氧化能力的影响

本研究旨在通过在奶牛日粮中添加酵母硒,探讨其对奶牛血液抗氧化能力和泌乳性能的影响,为酵母硒在奶牛养殖业中的应用提供参考依据。试验选取40头体况、奶产量、泌乳天数相近的奶牛,分为4组,对照组添加亚硒酸钠,添加后硒水平为0.3 mg/kg日粮,3个处理组在日粮基础上添加酵母硒,添加后日粮硒水平分别为:0.3、0.4 5和0.6 mg/kg。对试验牛群乳样和血样分析表明:与亚硒酸钠相比,添加酵母硒可以极显著降低乳中体细胞数(P<0.0 1),-提高全血硒含量及血清中总抗氧化能力(T-AOC),超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱苷肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)的活力(P<0.0 1);在0.3 mg/kg硒水平下,与亚硒酸钠相比饲喂酵母硒奶牛血清丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低(P<0.0 5),综合考虑,日粮硒水平为0.4 5 mg/kg的酵母硒添加组效果较好。     

富硒酵母对水牛乳成分和乳硒含量的影响

试验研究了在饲粮中添加不同水平的富硒酵母对泌乳水牛的泌乳性能、乳成分、体细胞和乳硒含量的影响。试验选择16头尼里拉菲水牛,随机分为4组。对照组、试验1组、试验2组、试验3组分别在饲粮中添加0、0.30、0.45、0.60 mg/kg DM的富硒酵母,试验期为61 d,预饲期为7 d,正式试验期为54 d。结果表明:饲粮中添加酵母硒对水牛乳的乳蛋白、脂肪、乳糖、非脂固形物无显著影响(P0.05),整个试验期体细胞数正常;随着酵母硒添加量的增加,水牛乳乳硒的含量也随之增加。富硒酵母添加量为0.60 mg/kg DM时水牛乳中的乳硒含量最高,达到30.83μg/L。     

奶牛日粮中不同水平酵母硒对表观消化率的影响

本试验选取8头体况、奶产量、泌乳天数相近的奶牛，采用4×4拉丁方设计分为4组分别添加4种不同的预混料：对照组不添加酵母硒而添加亚硒酸钠，Se含量为0.3 mg/kg日粮，处理组添加酵母硒，硒水平分别为0.3、0.45、0.6 mg/kg日粮，试验期全天收集牛粪，对常规营养成分进行测定。结果表明：与对照组相比，添加酵母硒0.45 mg/kg组可以提高奶牛对OM、NDF、ADF、纤维素（CEL）、半纤维素（HC）、钙、磷的表观消化率（P<0.01）和粗蛋白质的消化率（P<0.05）；和其他酵母硒处理组相比，0.45 mg/kg组的养分表观消化率也较高。     

饲喂高羊毛氨酸硒对原料奶中硒和奶牛热应激期生产性能的影响

本试验通过在奶牛日粮中添加高羊毛氨酸硒，探究牛奶中硒含量受其影响程度及奶牛生产性能的变化情况。选择规模化牧场健康泌乳牛270头，整个试验期共计150d，每天每头奶牛饲喂2g高羊毛氨酸硒及1g维生素E，比较试验前后试验牛群乳硒、乳指标、血硒、奶量、体细胞及繁殖指标的动态变化，分析饲喂有机硒对乳中硒含量及奶牛生产性能的影响。试验结果表明：通过每天饲喂2g高羊毛氨酸硒可生产天然“含硒”的功能奶，30d可使原料乳中硒含量达到0.048mg/kg，即达到“含有硒”水平；饲喂90d时，原料乳中硒含量可达到峰值0.057mg/kg。与上一年同期相比，热应激期间泌乳牛单产稳定在32kg左右，奶量同比增加3.2%，体细胞数呈下降趋势。     

添加酵母硒生产富硒牛奶的研究

[目的]探索有机硒对奶牛生产性能的影响。本试验在奶牛基础日粮中添加富硒酵母。[方法]利用原子荧光分析法检测饲喂前后牛奶中硒含量。[结果]日粮中添加富硒酵母显著提高了牛奶硒含量(97.73g/L),饲料中推荐酵母硒添加量为1.27ppm。[结论]对奶牛产奶量影响不大,提高了奶牛福利,增强了奶牛机体健康。     

日粮添加包被硒对奶牛产奶量和乳品质的影响

选用35头处于干奶期40d、泌乳期相近和上胎平均日产奶量20kg的中国荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为7组,即:对照组、亚硒酸钠(7.5mgSe·d-1、15mgSe·d-1和22.5mgSe·d-1)组和包被硒(7.5mgSe·d-1、15mgSe·d-1和22.5mgSe·d-1)组,研究包被硒和亚硒酸钠对奶牛泌乳性能和乳硒含量的影响。结果表明,在相同硒水平下,泌乳期30d～90d包被硒较亚硒酸钠显著提高奶牛产奶量、乳蛋白质和乳干物质含量(P<0.05),有提高乳脂和乳糖含量的趋势。试验前各组乳硒差异不显著,试验期包被硒组较亚硒酸钠组显著提高乳硒含量。由此推断,日粮添加包被硒能有效提高泌乳性能和乳硒含量。     

酵母硒对鸡蛋硒含量的影响

为了研究酵母硒对鸡蛋硒含量的影响,试验选择30周龄京白蛋鸡3,500只,随机分为5组,每组700只,设1个对照组和4个试验组。对照组饲料中硒的含量为0.3mg/kg,以亚硒酸钠形式添加。试验组以福邦酵母硒替代亚硒酸钠,饲料中硒的含量为试验A组0.3mg/kg、试验B组0.4mg/kg、试验C组0.5mg/kg、试验D组0.6mg/kg,试验期4周。结果表明,对照组鸡蛋硒含量为0.285mg/kg,试验组鸡蛋硒含量在0.333~0.492mg/kg之间。因此,在蛋鸡饲料中添加酵母硒生产富硒鸡蛋,其添加量以0.3~0.4mg/kg最佳,饲喂1周后即可达到富硒鸡蛋的要求。     

赛乐硒对奶牛产奶量及胰岛素、生长激素和促乳素的影响

选用35头处于干奶期40 d、泌乳期相近和上胎平均日产奶量20 kg的中国荷斯坦奶牛,采用完全随机区组设计分为7组,即:对照组、亚硒酸钠组(含硒量7.5、15和22.5 mg/d)和赛乐硒组(含硒量7.5、15和22.5 mg/d),研究赛乐硒和无机硒对奶牛产奶量和促乳素水平的影响。结果表明:在相同硒水平下,泌乳期30~90 d赛乐硒较无机硒显著提高了奶牛产奶量。产前5 d和产后10 d赛乐硒较无机硒显著提高了血清胰岛素、生长激素和促乳素含量。由此推断:日粮添加赛乐硒能有效提高产奶量和血清促乳素水平。     

葵花籽油日粮中添加酵母硒对奶牛抗氧化性能及牛奶肪酸组成的影响

试验旨在研究在含葵花籽油奶牛日粮中添加酵母硒对奶牛抗氧化性能及牛奶脂肪酸组成的影响。试验选取32头体况、奶产量、泌乳天数相近的奶牛,随机分成4组。对照组A在基础日粮中添加350g葵花籽油,处理组B、C、D在A组日粮基础上分别添加酵母硒8、15、22g。结果表明:酵母硒的添加极显著提高了血清硒(P<0.01);C、D组乳硒较A、B组均有极显著提高(P<0.01);当酵母硒水平为15g时,血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力达到最大(P<0.05)。酵母硒的添加提高了CLA的含量,当添加量时,15、22g酵母硒可极显著提高乳中CLA的含量(P<0.01)。     

不同硒源对泌乳中期荷斯坦奶牛生产性能、抗氧化性能及营养物质表观消化率的影响

本试验旨在研究不同硒源对泌乳中期荷斯坦奶牛生产性能、抗氧化性能及营养物质表观消化率的影响。试验选取45头产奶量、胎次、泌乳日龄相近的健康中国荷斯坦奶牛,随机分成3组,每组15头。对照组饲喂不添加硒的基础饲粮,无机硒(SS)组饲喂基础饲粮+0.3 mg/kg亚硒酸钠,有机硒(SO)组饲喂基础饲粮+0.3 mg/kg蛋氨酸硒羟基类似物。试验期91 d,其中预试期7 d,正试期84 d。结果表明:1)饲粮中添加硒对奶牛的干物质采食量、产奶量及乳成分没有显著影响(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,SO组血清总抗氧化能力和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性显著升高(P0.05),血清丙二醛含量显著降低(P0.05),但SS组以上指标与对照组没有显著差异(P0.05)。3)各组中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维和干物质的表观消化率差异不显著(P0.05)。与对照组相比,SO组有机物、粗蛋白质及粗脂肪的表观消化率显著提高(P0.05);SS组有机物和粗蛋白质的表观消化率提高,但差异不显著(P0.05)。综上所述,饲粮添加不同硒源对泌乳中期荷斯坦奶牛的生产性能没有影响,但与对照组相比,硒添加组的抗氧化性能和营养物质的表观消化率提高,而且SO组的效果明显优于SS组。     

酵母蛋白饲喂泌乳奶牛试验报告

本试验通过在荷斯坦泌乳牛日粮中添加酵母蛋白部分替代豆粕,研究其对泌乳牛干物质采食量、产奶量、乳成分及身体健康情况的影响,选取400头胎次、产奶量相近的中国荷斯坦泌乳牛分为对照组和试验组各200头,试验组每头牛每天饲喂500g酵母蛋白,通过60d的试验,结果表明试验组和对照组奶牛平均日产奶量差异不显著（P〉0.05）,分别为32.54kg/d与32.34kg/d。在产奶量不变的基础上,试验组平均干物质采食量降低1.7kg（DM）/d,产奶效率提高,与对照组相比差异极显著（P〈0.01）。     

Inter‐ and intra‐individual differences in serum copper and zinc concentrations after feeding different amounts of copper and zinc over two lactations

The influence of different copper and zinc contents in rations on blood serum concentrations was tested in a feeding trial at the Institute of Animal Nutrition of the Federal Research Institute for Animal Health (FLI). A total of 60 German Holstein breed cows (38 first lactating and 22 second lactating cows) were tested. All animals received a diet based on maize‐ and grass silage ad libitum. The animals were divided into two groups with 30 cows each. Group A received concentrates supplemented with copper and zinc as recommended, whereas Group B was offered a concentrate with roughly double the amount of copper and zinc. Blood samples were taken several times during the lactation. The concentrations of copper and zinc in the serum were measured and correlations between trace element intake and their serum concentrations were calculated. The mean dry matter intake was significantly higher for cows in the second lactation (19.1 kg/day) than for cows in the first lactation (16.4 kg/day), whereas the DM‐intake was constant in the different feeding groups (17.3 and 17.4 kg/day). The correlation between feed intake in the first and the second lactation was r = 0.76. The copper concentration in the serum was not influenced by the different feedings (11.9 and 12.5 μmol/l), but high variations were found between the cows. The influence of the lactation number was not significant (12.1 and 12.4 μmol/l). In contrast to copper, the zinc concentration in the serum was significantly higher for Group B (14.0 μmol/l) than for Group A (12.2 μmol/l), respectively, for second lactating cows (13.8 μmol/l) in relation to 12.7 μmol/l for first lactating cows. The individual variation was also high as for copper. Neither the correlation between copper intake and copper serum concentration nor the correlation between zinc intake and zinc serum concentration was significant.     

Effects of a pantothenic acid supplementation to different rations on ruminal fermentation, nutrient flow at the duodenum, and on blood and milk variables of dairy cows

To investigate the effects of a dietary pantothenic acid (PA) supplementation on duodenal nutrient flows, blood and milk variables and especially on duodenal PA flows and PA concentrations in blood and milk German Holstein cows, equipped with cannulas in the dorsal sac of the rumen and in the proximal duodenum were used. In the first experiment of the study two dry and six lactating cows received a diet with a forage to concentrate (F:C) ratio of 34:66 (high concentrate, HC), whereas in the second experiment a diet with a F:C ratio of 66:34 (high forage, HF) was fed to four dry and five lactating cows. The cows received both rations with or without 1 g PA/day. By supplementing PA to the HC ration, the molar percentage of acetic acid increased, whereas the concentration of total short chain fatty acids, the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis in the rumen and the serum glucose levels, decreased. With the HF ration the PA decreased the molar percentage of propionic acid and increased the amount of ruminally fermented organic matter. Furthermore, PA supplementation only increased the duodenal PA flow with the HF ration, while the serum and milk PA concentrations and milk PA yields were not affected. Based on the results of the present study, a rumen-unprotected supplementation of PA makes no sense.     

Supplementary effect of peppermint (Mentha × piperita) on dry matter intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation and milk production in early lactating dairy cows

The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of peppermint feeding on dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation and milk production in early lactating cows. Four Holstein cows were offered a diet with 5% dried peppermint and four Holstein cows remained on a diet without 5% of dried peppermint on a dry matter basis. The addition of peppermint to feed did not affect dry matter intake, although the eating time of feed was increased by mixing the feed with peppermint. There were no significant differences in the nutrient digestibilities between the two treatments. The ruminal ammonia and volatile fatty acids concentrations were similar in the two treatments, however, peppermint ingestion by cows led to a decrease in ruminal pH. The lowered pH value was within the stable pH condition range. No significant differences in the treatments were observed in milk production or milk composition except for the milk fat content. These results suggest that feeding peppermint to early lactating cows had little effect on their dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation and milk production.     

Feed handling of lactating crossbred cows maintained in a semi‐arid region during the hot season: physiological parameters,ingestive behavior and performance

The effects of time of feed delivery (14.00 hours; 14.00 and 20.00 hours; 16.00 and 18.00 hours) on the physiological parameters, ingestive behavior, nutrient intake and production of lactating cows maintained in a semi‐arid region during the hot season were evaluated. Regardless of treatment, all animals received the first feeding supply at 06.00 hours. Eight cows with an average body weight of 600 kg, average milk yield of 20 kg/day and 80 days in milk were utilized. The rectal temperature, respiratory rate and sweating rate were not affected (P > 0.05), with average values of 38.5°C, 53.8 movements/min and 104 g/m²/h respectively. There was no effect (P > 0.05) on the eating time (314 min/day), ruminating time (564 min/day), drinking time (61 min/day) and idle time (502 min/day). Similarly, the intake of nutrients and performance of lactating cows were not affected (P > 0.05), with average dry matter intake of 19.8 kg/day, 4% fat‐corrected milk of 20.6 kg/day and milk fat concentration of 4.03 g/100 g. Since the behavior and performance have not altered, any times of feed delivery evaluated could be used to crossbred Holstein × Zebu cows maintained on a feedlot in semi‐arid regions during the hot season.     

奶牛泌乳盛期补饲碘的效果

选用１５头泌乳盛期荷斯坦牛，采用对比试验研究日粮中添加碘对奶牛产奶量的影响，结果是：补饲Ｋ１１５和２５ｍｇ／头．日组的日平均奶量分别比对照组高３．４９千克（Ｐ＜０．０５）和２．７６千克（Ｐ＜０．０５）。两个试验组之间日平均奶量无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。三个组牛血清中Ｔ４和Ｔ３浓度无明显差异。     

奶牛抗热应激功能性营养包的研究与开发

为缓解奶牛热应激对其生产性能造成的影响,降低由此带来的经济损失,该试验研究、配制了奶牛抗热应激功能性营养包。按照胎次、产奶量、泌乳天数和体况相近的原则,将120头健康的荷斯坦泌乳奶牛随机分成试验组和对照组。在中度热应激条件下,对照组奶牛饲喂牧场基础日粮,试验组奶牛在基础日粮中添加300 g/(d·头)复合型功能性营养包,观察复合型功能性营养包的抗热应激效果。试验结果表明,在正试结束时,试验组奶牛的单产显著高于对照组(P0.05);与预试期相比,对照组奶牛的平均单产降低2.96 kg/(d·头),而试验组平均单产降低1.16 kg/(d·头),比对照组缓降了1.80 kg/(d·头);试验组奶牛的乳蛋白涨幅比对照组高0.13个百分点;正试结束时和停试第10天试验组奶牛的乳脂率和乳中干物质均显著高于对照组(P0.05);试验组奶牛的饲料转化率比对照组缓降0.02。结果提示,抗热应激功能性营养包不仅能够有效地缓减牛奶由于热应激导致的单产下降,还可以提高乳蛋白率、乳脂率、乳中干物质和饲料转化率。     

日粮霉菌毒素吸附剂添加水平对奶牛营养物质表观消化率和血液指标的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加霉菌毒素吸附剂蒙脱石对中国荷斯坦奶牛营养物质表观消化率和血液指标的影响。选择45头胎次、泌乳日龄和产奶量相近的健康荷斯坦奶牛,采用随机区组设计分为5组,每组9头,分别在基础日粮中添加0%(对照组)、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%和2.0%的蒙脱石,试验期70 d,测定各组的饲料营养物质表观消化率、血液中酶和矿物元素含量的变化。结果表明:随着蒙脱石添加量的增大,血清中谷草转氨酶浓度无显著变化(P>0.05),但0.5%组血清中谷丙转氨酶和碱性磷酸酶的浓度显著低于对照组(P<0.05);血液中锌和镁浓度无显著变化,但1.0%~2.0%组血液中钙浓度均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),铜和铁浓度显著低于对照组(P<0.05);对粗脂肪、钙和总磷的表观消化率无显著影响,但粗蛋白质表观消化率有升高趋势,且0.5%组的NDF、ADF表观消化率最高。综合考虑,本试验条件下(奶牛日粮中霉菌毒素含量在安全范围内),日粮中霉菌毒素吸附剂蒙脱石的推荐添加量为0.5%。     

甜菜粕替代玉米对奶牛生产性能及血液代谢的影响

试验旨在研究用甜菜粕替代玉米作为能量饲料对中国荷斯坦奶牛生产性能及血液代谢指标的影响。选择60头（泌乳日龄为61 d±21.6 d,产奶量为31.2 kg/d±6.2 kg/d）健康的泌乳前期荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为两棚,每棚3个处理,分别为对照组、20SBP组和40SBP组,每组10头牛。各组日粮除玉米和甜菜粕外,其它成分相同。试验结果表明,各个处理间的干物质采食量、产奶量和能量校正乳都差异不显著（P>0.05）。乳蛋白和乳脂等乳成分的产量和百分含量都不受甜菜粕替代玉米比例的影响（P>0.05）,随着甜菜粕饲喂比例的增加,其含量有升高的趋势。血尿氮和葡萄糖浓度显著降低（P<0.01）。各个处理间的非脂化脂肪酸（NEFA）、β-羟丁酸（BHBA）等其他血液生化指标的浓度无显著变化（P>0.05）。因此,在奶牛日粮中用甜菜粕替代玉米作为能量来源,基本不会影响奶牛的生产性能及血液代谢情况,同时降低了奶牛的饲养成本。