河北省藁城市奶业发展现状及建议

河北省藁城市既是全国有名的粮食主产区,又是畜牧养殖大市。丰富的农作物秸秆和饲料资源促进了该市奶牛养殖业的发展,而奶牛养殖业的发展,又为乳品企业提供了充足的奶源。为了确保乳品质量安全,本文分析了藁城市奶牛养殖和生奶生产现状,并针对奶源质量安全存在的主要问题,提出了强化奶源质量控制的措施建议。     

如何提高奶牛乳腺健康水平

奶牛乳腺炎是危害奶牛产奶三大疾病之一,该病不仅影响奶牛的产奶量、降低牛奶品质、危害消费者健康、延长产后发情期、增加奶牛淘汰率,而且是降低奶牛业经济效益的最主要原因,成为这一产业发展的严重障碍.尤其是在规模化、现代化奶牛养殖模式探索过程中,当今世界对奶牛乳腺炎尚无一种十分有效的防治方法,如何对该病进行防控,是小区负责人、奶农及乳品企业奶源管理者面临的关键问题.     

特快专递

<正> 国家确定学生奶奶源升级计划首批试点企业记者日前从国家"学生饮用奶计划"办公室获悉,伊利、完达山、蒙牛等8家乳品企业被获准成为"学生奶奶源升级计划"第一批试点单位。我国实施"学生奶奶源升级计划"的目的是在借鉴国内外先进经验基础上,通过建立示范基地,提高奶牛养殖者的技术素质和原料奶的质量,来探索建立一套符合我国国情,与国际接轨的奶源管理体系和生产规范,从而实现学生饮用奶奶源优质,确保质量。奶源升级计划实施以来,专家组分别考察了国内48家学生奶定点企业,对不同区域、不同养殖模式、不同企业奶源的生产发展和制约奶源质量提高的因素进行了全面的分析和研究,最终确定了伊利等8家乳品企业为首批升级计划试点企业。《中国食品报》     

星星之火,可以燎原——甘肃燎原乳业集团

正甘肃燎原乳业集团(原甘肃甘南乳品厂)始建于1953年,是"一五"期间国家轻工业部定点的全国八大乳品企业之一,是西北第一家乳制品"中华老字号"企业,经过60多年的努力,集团现拥有集团营销总公司——甘肃燎原乳业有限公司、集团生产基地之——甘南藏族自治州燎原乳业有限责任公司、集团生产基地之——临夏州燎原乳业有限公司、集团牧草基地——润源万亩牧草种植基地、集团奶源基地之——丰源万头奶牛养殖基地、集团奶源基地之——盛源万头奶牛养殖基地,集团现有员工2 600多人,是集牧草种植、奶牛养殖与繁育、产品研发、生产、营销服务为一体的综合性乳制品生产企业。     

奶业专家：应尽快改变以散养为主导的养殖模式

在第三届中国奶牛发展大会上．不少奶业专家认为．奶源是中国乳业的“根源”问题。奶业发展出现较大波动的深层原因是奶牛良种覆盖率和单产水平低，养殖方式和奶源管理方式较为落后。应尽快改变国内以散养为主导的养殖模式，“只有优质生乳才能生产优质乳品”。     

2012年全国15省(市、区)规模奶牛场生产管理状况调查报告

经过十多年的快速发展,中国奶业已经由单纯追求数量增长的飞速发展期进入了数量与质量并重的转型期。随着我国奶业的发展,乳品加工企业和奶牛养殖企业对奶源的重视、对安全的重视程度越来越高,标准化规模养殖成为奶牛养殖的趋势和目     

榆中养殖户卖奶牛的背后

入冬以来,甘肃牛奶市场一改7、8月的惨淡,销售量不仅大幅提升,奶源也异常紧缺,部分乳品企业开始了争夺奶源的新一轮"跑马圈地"战.但与此同时,榆中等地却出现了大量农户出卖奶牛的现象.     

2012年奶牛养殖业回顾及2013年形势展望

<正>一、2012年奶牛养殖业情况概述牛奶价格,涨也是它,跌也是它2011年牛奶收购价格曾经达到4.3元/千克,让一些奶牛养殖企业欣喜了好一阵,但随着国家对乳品企业进行最严厉的审核,淘汰了40%以上的乳品企业,致使奶源一度出现过剩,加之乳品企业在审核中花费了大量的资金,势必要转移,奶农就成为第一个转移的对象,奶价随之下跌。     

个体散养户淡出奶牛养殖业是行业升级后的必然结果

当前,我国农村杀牛现象普遍,原料奶供应短缺,乳品企业争抢奶源事件时有发生,引起了各界的广泛关注。本文从散养户的发展过程,实行规模化、标准化、集约化、一体化养殖的诱因,未来奶牛养殖业的发展趋势和发展模式4个方面,分析了出现以上现象的原因,并指出,散户淡出是我国奶牛养殖业产业升级的必然结果。     

绽放在西部的奶业之花——赵斌

<正>新疆西域春乳业有限责任公司依托于新疆最大的奶源基地新疆呼图壁种牛场。自1955年起,从饲草料种植、奶牛养殖起步,西域春成功开启了一条全产业链的经营发展模式。通过奶牛养殖、乳品加工与销售相结合的全产业链经营模式,现已成为新疆乳业的龙头企业。目前,西域春乳业拥有8个存栏3 000头奶牛的牛场,原料     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.