Experimental Diabetes and Diet

In the experiments described the following observations have been made: (1) The toxic and diabetogenic action of alloxan increases in rats fed a low protein diet and even more so in the case of a high lard or ox fat diet. (2) The action of these fat diets was corrected by the addition of methionine, thiouracil, or coconut oil, but there was no modification either by addition of choline or sulfonamide or by increase in the protein proportion. (3) In rats fed other high fat diets (olive oil, butter) the actions of alloxan were not modified, but there was a slight diminution when high oleomargarine or corn oil diets were fed. However, complete protection was observed when a high coconut oil diet was administered. (4) The unfavorable effect of the high lard diet was observed also on the initiation and evolution of diabetes due to subtotal pancreatectomy. Contrarily, feeding a high protein diet and especially treatment with thiouracil had a favorable effect. (5) Diabetes appeared first in subtotal pancreatectomized rats which were overfed, then in those which ate ad libitum, and finally in those which were underfed. Diabetes appeared in rats fed a single meal before it did in those eating the same amount of food divided into three meals.     

全脂大豆对肉仔鸡生产性能的影响

研究了生,熟全脂大豆对肉仔鸡不同生长发育阶段的影响,将２８０只１日龄艾维茵（Ａｖｉａｎ）肉鸡雏随机分成７组,每组４个重复小群,每个重复小群１０只鸡雏,饲喂含１５％熟大豆,１５％生大豆的试验日粮和对照（豆粕＋豆油）日粮。结果表明：饲喂生大豆饲粮肉仔鸡日增重比饲喂对照和熟大豆饲粮肉仔鸡日增重分别降低了６．５９％,１０．７３％,其饲料效率降低了１０．５２％．６．４８％。     

罗非鱼饲料中花生粕和发酵花生粕替代鱼粉的效果研究

为探究花生粕在罗非鱼饲料中的合理应用,分别以花生粕、发酵花生粕替代基础饲料(6%鱼粉,对照组)中鱼粉用量的1/3、2/3和3/3,制成7组饲料,在网箱(2.50 m×1.25 m×1.20 m)中饲养体质量为(68.0±0.4)g的奥尼罗非鱼Oreochromis niloticus×O.aureus 8周,考察其对鱼体生长性能、肌肉常规成分、氨基酸组成和消化道蛋白酶活性的影响。结果表明:当花生粕替代1/3鱼粉,发酵花生粕替代1/3、2/3鱼粉用量时,对鱼体增重率和饲料系数无显著影响(P0.05);当花生粕替代2/3、3/3鱼粉,发酵花生粕替代3/3鱼粉用量时,鱼体增重率显著下降(P0.05),饲料系数显著上升(P0.05);各处理组罗非鱼的肌肉水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、灰分含量、必需氨基酸总量、非必需氨基酸总量、肝体比、脏体比均无显著性差异(P0.05);当花生粕替代2/3和3/3鱼粉用量时,鱼体胃蛋白酶活性显著降低(P0.05),但以发酵花生粕替代不同比例鱼粉时对胃蛋白酶活性无显著影响(P0.05),各处理组罗非鱼的肠蛋白酶活性无显著性差异(P0.05)。研究表明,在鱼粉含量为6%的奥尼罗非鱼饲料中,花生粕可替代鱼粉用量的1/3,发酵花生粕可替代鱼粉用量的2/3。     

尼罗罗非鱼幼鱼氮收支与饲料组成关系

用生物学方法测定和比较了三种饲料喂养的"吉富"品系尼罗罗非鱼的氮收支,同时用化学方法估算和比较了三种饲料组的含氮排泄废物。结果表明,饲料种类对尼罗罗非鱼的特定生长率及饲料转化效率有显著影响(P<0.01),饲喂欧洲料的鱼的特定生长率最快;饲料种类对尼罗罗非鱼的氮收支分配也有显著影响(P<0.01),饲喂大江料的鱼用于生长的氮的比例最高;饲料蛋白源的质量、含能量以及营养平衡状况直接影响鱼的氮代谢,提高饲料质量是从源头控制养殖污染的关键。     

尼罗罗非鱼幼鱼氮收支与饲料组成关系

用生物学方法测定和比较了三种饲料喂养的"吉富"品系尼罗罗非鱼的氮收支,同时用化学方法估算和比较了三种饲料组的含氮排泄废物。结果表明,饲料种类对尼罗罗非鱼的特定生长率及饲料转化效率有显著影响(P<0.01),饲喂欧洲料的鱼的特定生长率最快;饲料种类对尼罗罗非鱼的氮收支分配也有显著影响(P<0.01),饲喂大江料的鱼用于生长的氮的比例最高;饲料蛋白源的质量、含能量以及营养平衡状况直接影响鱼的氮代谢,提高饲料质量是从源头控制养殖污染的关键。     

从巨噬细胞极化角度分析不同油脂饮食对小鼠腹股沟皮下脂肪组织沉积的影响

为分析两种脂肪供能条件下3种不同油脂饮食对小鼠腹股沟皮下脂肪沉积及其巨噬细胞分型的影响,90只C57BL/6J小鼠被随机分为6组,分别饲喂低脂猪油（Lar-10%）、低脂菜籽油（Rap-10%）、低脂橄榄油（Oli-10%）、高脂猪油（Lar-30%）、高脂菜籽油（Rap-30%）和高脂橄榄油（Oli-30%）,16周后解剖取腹股沟皮下脂肪组织,并对其进行苏木精-伊红染色,活性氧（Reactive oxygen species,ROS）含量检测,M1、M2型巨噬细胞标记物（CD11c和CD206）荧光双染,并通过ELISA检测其含量。结果表明：1）在低脂饮食条件下,三种油脂对小鼠腹股沟皮下脂肪组织重量、脂肪细胞横截面积、腹股沟皮下脂肪ROS含量均无显著影响（P>0.05）;2）随着脂肪供能水平的提高,小鼠腹股沟皮下脂肪沉积显著增加（P<0.05）,在高脂饮食条件下,Lar-30%组的小鼠腹股沟皮下脂肪组织重量显著高于Rap-30%和Oli-30%组（P<0.05）,并且相对于其他两组,Oli-30%组小鼠腹股沟皮下脂肪组织中ROS含量极显著降低（P<0.01）;...     

饥饿和补偿生长对吉富罗非鱼摄食、生长及体成分的影响

研究了在25．5-30.0℃条件下分别饥饿0、5、10、15d后,再恢复投喂15d对吉富罗非鱼（GIFT,Oreochromis niloticus）摄食、生长及体成分的影响．结果显示：随着饥饿时间的延长,吉富罗非鱼体重损失率显著增大,水分和灰分的质量分数逐渐升高;粗脂肪的质量分数在饥饿前期下降较快,随着饥饿时间的延长下降速率逐渐减慢,3个饥饿组与对照组有显著差异（P〈0．05）;粗蛋白的质量分数在饥饿前期下降不明显,饥饿5d组与对照组差异不显著（P〉0．05）,而饥饿后期下降较明显,饥饿10、15d组与对照组差异显著（P〈0．05）;鱼体能量不断下降,除饥饿5d组外,各饥饿组与对照组均存在显著差异（P〈0．05）．恢复投喂后,各饥饿组体成分和鱼体能量均恢复至对照组水平,各饥饿处理组恢复投喂期间的摄食率显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）．结果表明：饥饿5d组吉富罗非鱼具有完全补偿生长能力,饥饿10、15d幼鱼仅有部分补偿生长能力,这种补偿生长效应可能主要是通过饥饿后食欲增强,摄食量增加实现的．     

Granulocytopenia and anemia in rats fed diets of low case in content

Severe granulocytopenia and anemia were developed uniformly in rats fed protein-free diets. Casein (18 per cent) prevented these dyscrasias, but crystalline L. casei factor ("folic acid") did not prevent them. In the correction of granulocytopenia in rats fed protein-free diets, L. casei factor alone was only slightly effective, diets of higher casein content (18 or 30 per cent) were ineffective under the experimental conditions described. However, L. casei factor combined with an 18-per cent casein-containing diet or L. casei factor combined with a mixture of purified amino acids were found to be highly effective in correcting the granulocytopenia.     

全脂大豆对肉仔鸡养分代谢率影响的研究

采用生、熟全脂大豆和对照日粮分７组饲喂出壳１日龄艾维菌（Ａｒｉａｎ）肉仔鸡,研究了生、熟全脂大豆对肉仔鸡养分代谢率的影响。结果表明：饲养粗蛋白（ＣＰ）、干物质（ＤＭ）、粗脂肪（ＥＥ）的代谢率在试验前、后期饲喂生大豆饲粮的肉仔鸡显著低于饲喂熟大豆和对照饲粮的肉仔鸡（Ｐ〈０．０１）,其余养分代谢率在３种饲粮间差异不显著。     

Liquid Chromatography-mass Spectrometry Analysis on Effect of Roughage Types on Liver Metabolic in Dairy Cows

The major objective of this study was to determine the effect of corn straw or mixed diet on the small molecule metabolites of liver and milk production of healthy Chinese Holstein cows during lactation.In this study,metabolomic methods based on ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) were used to study the liver metabolites of dairy cows fed on corn straw diet or mixed diet.Ten healthy Chinese Holstein cows were randomly assigned to two groups,under the same management condition,fed different diets respectively,corn straw group (CS) or a mixture of alfalfa hay and Chinese wild rye hay mixed forage group (MF).All the cows were fed for 8 weeks and recorded body weight,dry matter intake,body condition score,fat,protein,lactose,milk yield and the total solids.Livers were sampled from each cow through a liver puncture needle for analysis of a significant difference in small molecule metabolites in cow liver samples from the two different diets.The results suggested that different diet types had significant effects on liver metabolism and milk components in dairy cows.The contents of milk fat,the total solids,milk protein,lactose,dry matter intake (DMI),milk yield,milk protein (%),lactose (%) and milk fat (%) of the corn straw group were significantly lower than those of the mixed forage group (p0.05);the contents of phosphatidylcholine (PC),histidine,hypoxanthine and mridine in liver tissues of the corn straw group were significantly lower than those in the mixed forage group (p0.05);acetylcarnitine,uric acid,triacylglycerol (TG),acetal phosphatidylcholine (plasmenyl-PC),acetalphosphatidylethanolamine (plasmenyl-PE) and sphingomyelin (SM) of the corn straw group were significantly higher than those in the mixed forage group (p0.05).In summary,cows fed on mixed forage diet significantly improved milk yield and lactation performance clearly.     

芦笋皮对实验性高脂症大鼠血脂水平的影响

观察芦笋皮对实验性高脂症大鼠血脂水平的影响。 32只SD大鼠随机分成四组 ,分别接受正常饲料、高脂饲料、高脂饲料添加 7%芦笋皮粉和高脂饲料添加 10 %芦笋皮粉处理。实验 60d。芦笋皮能使高脂症大鼠血清总胆固醇 (TC)和甘油三酯 (TG)含量明显下降 (P <0 0 1,P <0 0 5 ) ;血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (HDL -C)含量明显提高 (P <0 0 5 ) ,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (LDL -C)含量明显下降 (P <0 0 1)。芦笋皮具有一定的降血脂作用     

几种氨基酸对日本鳗鲡摄食、消化和生长的影响

以初始体重为(6.48±0.23)g的日本鳗鲡Anguilla japonicus为试验对象,探讨4种单体氨基酸L-脯氨酸(L-Pro)、L-组氨酸(L-His)、L-丙氨酸(L-Ala)、L-甘氨酸(L-Gly)(饲料中分别添加质量分数为0%、0.1%、0.5%、1.0%)对日本鳗鲡摄食率、生长和消化率的影响.经40 d的饲养,结果表明:饲料中添加0.1%的L-His时,鳗鲡的摄食率、特定生长率和干物质表观消化率分别为4.10%、2.07 %/d、85.88%,显著高于对照组(1.86%、0.70 %/d、81.63%,P<0.05);饲料中添加0.5%的L-Pro时,日本鳗鲡的摄食率、特定生长率和干物质表观消化率分别为3.74%、1.98 %/d、85.34%,显著高于对照组(P<0.05);饲料中添加0.5%的L-Ala时,鳗鲡的摄食率、特定生长率和干物质表观消化率分别为3.43%、1.92 %/d、84.91%,显著高于对照组(P<0.05);饲料中添加1.0%的L-Gly时,鳗鲡的摄食率、特定生长率和干物质表观消化率分别为3.41%、1.90 %/d、84.32%,显著高于对照组(P<0.05).4种单体氨基酸对日本鳗鲡摄食生长效果依次为L-His>L-Pro>L-Ala>L-Gly.     

鱼油或共轭亚油酸对小鼠卵母细胞体外发育能力和线粒体功能的影响

为研究富含n-3或n-6多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acid,PUFA)日粮对小鼠卵母细胞体外发育和线粒体功能的影响,把90只14g左右昆明雌鼠随机分为3组,分别饲喂40g/kg豆油日粮,40g/kg鱼油日粮或40g/kg共轭亚油酸(conjugated linoleic acid,CLA)日粮30d;注射雌激素诱导小鼠超数排卵后,检测卵母细胞活性线粒体分布、线粒体钙浓度、膜电位以及脂肪滴分布;利用体外受精技术,评价卵母细胞体外发育能力。结果表明:相对于每个活性线粒体的分布,饲喂鱼油日粮的小鼠卵母细胞内层钙的分布比豆油日粮组有所升高(P<0.05),但是各组卵母细胞的活性线粒体比例和膜电位均没有显著性改变。另外,鱼油日粮组小鼠卵母细胞内脂滴密集,而CLA日粮组小鼠卵母细胞脂肪滴分布不均匀,每个卵母细胞所含脂肪较少。各日粮组卵母细胞受精率(2-细胞)没有显著性差异,但是CLA日粮组受精卵发育至桑葚胚和囊胚的比率分别比豆油组降低51.80%(P<0.05)和62.19%(P<0.05),比鱼油组降低52.97%(P<0.05)和60.89%(P<0.05)。因此,小鼠饲喂鱼油日粮可扰乱卵母细胞内钙平衡,但未改变其体外发育能力;CLA日粮可能通过促进卵母细胞内脂肪的降解从而降低受精卵体外发育率。     

高脂肪日粮对早期断奶羔羊断奶前后能量代谢和屠宰性能的影响

【目的】脂肪是动物日粮中一种重要的营养元素,也是主要的供能物质,在动物生产中起重要作用,本研究旨在探讨早期断奶湖羊公羔羊在断奶前饲喂高脂肪日粮对其断奶前后生长性能、能量代谢和屠宰性能的影响,为早期断奶羔羊健康培育提供理论依据和技术支撑。【方法】试验采用配对试验设计,选用出生日龄相似、体重接近、健康的湖羊双胞胎公羔30对,在7日龄断母乳,随后每对双胞胎随机分为两个处理,即高脂肪日粮组（high fat记为HF:饲喂代乳粉和开食料的脂肪水平为26.89%和5.07%）和正常脂肪日粮组（normal fat 记为NF:饲喂代乳粉和开食料的脂肪水平为15.15%和2.80%）,每处理10个重复,每个重复3只羊,饲喂在同一个圈舍。在7—60日龄期间,两组羔羊饲喂不同脂肪水平的代乳粉及颗粒料,饲喂至60日龄断代乳粉。60—120日龄期间两组羔羊饲喂相同颗粒料。羔羊分别于50—60、110—120日龄按平均体重随机选择9对双胞胎羔羊采用全收粪尿法进行消化代谢试验,用于评估断奶前饲喂不同脂肪水平日粮的羔羊断奶前后两阶段能量代谢情况,60及120日龄分别按照试验羊平均体重随机屠宰9对双胞胎羔羊,测定羔羊断奶前后的屠宰性能、器官指数及胃肠道发育情况。【结果】在断代乳粉前,两组羔羊的每日总干物质采食量（DMI）,摄入总能（GE）、粪能（FE）、尿能（UE）、总能的表观消化率、总能代谢率（ME/GE）,空体重（EBW）、屠宰率、GR值,及除蹄重外各器官、各胃室和各肠道占宰前活重的比例没有显著差异（P>0.05）;但60日龄HF组羔羊体重,DE、ME、DE/ME,宰前活重（LBW）、头重、心重、蹄重及蹄重占宰前活重的比例、瓣胃重及小肠重有高于NF组羔羊的趋势（0.05<P<0.1）,眼肌面积及皱胃重显著高于NF组（P<0.05）。断代乳粉后,所有羔羊饲喂同一种颗粒料至120日龄,前期饲喂高脂肪日粮组的羔羊61—120阶段的DMI和120日龄时羔羊BW,LBW、EBW、HCW、皮+毛重、心重、蹄重占宰前活重的比例及瘤胃重显著高于NF组羔羊（P<0.05）,脾、肾重有高于NF组羔羊的趋势（0.05<P<0.1）;断代乳粉前饲喂高脂肪日粮不影响断奶后羔羊的能量代谢、其他器官指数及胃肠道发育（P>0.05）。【结论】在本试验条件下,断奶前饲喂高脂肪日粮可提高羔羊断奶前体重、消化能和代谢能,改善胴体重及眼肌面积。哺乳期饲喂高脂肪日粮显著提高羔羊断奶后采食量、体重、宰前活重和胴体重。总之,断奶前提高日粮的脂肪含量可对湖羊双胞胎公羔断奶前后的能量代谢和屠宰性能产生积极影响。     

转基因抗矮花叶玉米对大鼠部分亚慢性毒性指标的影响

[目的]对转基因抗矮花叶玉米进行食用安全性评价。[方法]以SD大鼠为研究对象,选用离乳的大鼠80只,雌、雄各40只,按性别和体重随机分为4组,在日粮中添加中等剂量的转基因抗矮花叶玉米,进行90d的全食物饲喂,检测大鼠生长性能、尿液及脏器指数的变化。[结果]饲喂30%和50%转基因玉米日粮组的大鼠的各周累积体重和平均每周日采食量与饲喂传统玉米组相比没有显著差异;饲喂转基因玉米对大鼠的尿液参数没有显著影响,所有大鼠的尿比重均在正常的生理值范围内,平均为1.0000～1.1580g/ml;饲喂转基因玉米组大鼠的心脏、脑、脾脏、肝脏、肾脏、胸腺的相对重量与饲喂传统玉米组相比无显著差异。[结论]转基因抗矮花叶玉米与常规非转基因玉米具有相同的生物学营养等价性。     

不同锰源对肉鸡胴体性能和肌肉品质的影响

 【目的】用336只1日龄AA肉公鸡进行试验，研究饲粮添加不同锰源对肉鸡胴体性能、肌肉品质、腹脂和肌肉中相关酶活性及肌肉中MnSOD mRNA水平的影响。【方法】采用3×3两因子安排的完全随机设计，将试鸡按体重随机分为7个处理组，分别饲喂不添加锰的玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮和在基础饲粮中以无机硫酸锰、氨基酸锰A（Mn AA A）和氨基酸锰B（Mn AA B）形式分别添加100和200mg•kg-1锰的试验饲粮，试验期为42 d。【结果】添加锰对肌肉pH、滴水损失、剪切力、肌间脂肪、L* 值、a* 值等均无显著影响 (P﹥0.10)；各添加锰组鸡腹脂率、腹脂脂蛋白脂酶（LPL）和苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH）活性及腿肌丙二醛（MDA）含量显著低于未添加锰的对照组 (P﹤0.10)，添加Mn AA A组和添加Mn AA B组腹脂LPL活性均显著低于添加MnSO4组（P﹤0.05）；各添加锰组腹脂激素敏感脂酶（HSL）活性、胸肌和腿肌细胞线粒体中MnSOD活性和MnSOD mRNA水平均显著高于未添加锰的对照组（P﹤0.02）， 添加Mn AA A组腿肌细胞线粒体中MnSOD mRNA水平显著高于添加无机硫酸锰组（P﹤0.02）。【结论】中等络合强度有机锰（Mn AA A）比无机硫酸锰更能有效降低肉鸡腹脂LPL活性及增强腿肌细胞线粒体中MnSOD的基因表达,并进而改善了肉鸡胴体性能和肌肉品质。     

颗粒料对肉仔鸡生产性能及消化器官的影响

用颗粒饲料(0～2周龄为粗屑饲料,3～8周龄为直径2.5mm的颗粒饲料)和粉料饲喂肉仔鸡,观察饲料形态对肉仔鸡生产性能及消化器官的影响。结果表明:颗粒组肉仔鸡的增重及耗料量(分别为2042.8g和5209.6g)明显(P<0.05)高于料粉组(分别为1787.1g和4714.1g)、单位增重的耗料量明显低于粉料组(耗料比分别为2.55和2.64);8周龄时,颗粒组肉仔鸡的肌胃重和腺胃重明显低于粉料组(P<0.05),但肝重明显高于粉料组(P<0.05)。     

玉米胚芽粕和玉米蛋白饲料饲喂生长肥育猪效果的研究

以玉米胚芽粕和玉米蛋白饲料作为蛋白质补充饲料配制的饲粮对生长肥育猪的生产性能和屠宰性能的影响进行了探讨。将28头二元杂交去势公猪随机分为4组，每组7头，分别饲喂玉米胚芽粕和玉米蛋白饲料。经78d饲养试验，结果表明：饲粮中添加单一玉米胚芽粕和玉米蛋白（＜16％）饲料同普通饲料相比，公猪日增重、料肉比及眼肌面积、屠宰率均无显著变化（P＞0．05）。饲料中同时添加玉米胚芽粕和玉米蛋白饲料后，平均膘厚显著降低（P＜0．05）。用廉价的玉米胚芽粕和玉米蛋白饲料作为生长肥育猪饲粮中的蛋白质补充饲料是完全可行的。     

Effect of oilseeds rich in linoleic and linolenic acids on milk production and milk fatty acid composition in dairy cows

Nine multiparous cows averaging 93±13 days in milk production (DIM) were used in a triple 3×3 Latin square design to determine the effects of feeding them whole roasted flaxseed, cracked roasted soybean and fresh alfalfa in the diet on milk production, milk fatty acid profiles and the digestibility of nutrients. Each experimental period lasted 30 d and a sample collection was performed during the last 7 d. The cows were fed on the control basal diet (CON) or diets containing whole roasted flaxseed (FLA) or cracked roasted soybean (SOY). All diets were fed as a total mixed ration (TMR) and had similar concentrations of crude protein (CP), Net Energy Lactation (NEL), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF). The dry matter intake (DMI) was not significantly different (P>0.05), but tended to increase in FLA and SOY diets compared with the control (P>0.05). Cows in all treatments had a similar milk yield, although 4% fat corrected milk (FCM) yield was higher on the FLA and SOY diets than on the CON diet. Milk fat percentage (3.45%) increased in the FLA diet compared with the control (3.31%) and SOY diets (3.39%). Milk protein percentages were similar among the diets (P>0.05). There were similar digestibilities of DM, CP and ADF among the treatments and lower digestibilities of NDF and ether extract in the SOY diet compared with the CON diet. Feeding various oilseeds significantly increased the concentrations of C_18:1, C_18:3 and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). The FLA diet decreased the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty-acids in the milk, which would improve the nutritive value of the milk.     

周期性饥饿对点带石斑鱼摄食和生长的影响

[目的]研究周期性饥饿对点带石斑鱼摄食和生长的影响。[方法]对点带石斑鱼幼鱼（初始体重23.97±3.97g）进行周期性饥饿＂饥饿1d喂食5d＂（S1F5）、＂饥饿1d喂食7d＂（S1F7）,对照组持续喂食。各组日投饵量占体重的2%,试验共进行48d。[结果]S1F5组和S1F7组的湿重特定生长率（SGRw）和增重率（WGR）均小于对照组,S1F5组的饵料湿重转化率（FCEw）低于对照组,而S1F7组的FCEw略高于对照组。[结论]周期性饥饿降低点带石斑鱼幼鱼的SGRw和试验结束时体重,而且饥饿频率越高越明显。点带石斑鱼幼鱼在周期性饥饿过程中的生长属不能补偿生长。