木薯渣的发酵技术及其在动物生产中的应用

木薯渣是木薯加工淀粉、酒精等产品后的下脚料,其营养成分丰富。将木薯渣用作饲料不仅可以节省饲料资源,降低养殖成本,还能减少环境污染。本文从木薯渣发酵方法、发酵后营养价值变化、木薯渣在动物生产中的应用和发展前景等方面进行综述。     

发酵木薯渣的制作方法

木薯渣含能量较高,在广西,它来源广泛、量大、价格低廉,但作为畜禽饲料,却因其适口性差和不宜保存受到极大限制。把木薯渣发酵后,能很好地解决这两大问题,从而起到降低饲料成本,缓解饲料短缺和提高木薯渣利用价值的作用,现将木薯渣发酵的常规制作方法介绍如下。     

木薯渣发酵的制作方法

木薯渣能量含量高,营养较为全面,在广西,它来源广泛,价格低廉,常年货源不断,但作为畜禽饲料,却因其适口性差和不宜保存受到极大限制,把木薯渣发酵后,能很好的解决这两大问题,从而起到降低饲料成本,缓解饲料短缺和提高木薯渣利用价值的作用,以下本人介绍一下木薯渣发酵的常规制作方法。1主要原材料木薯渣、发酵剂、玉米粉、大桶/发酵池、薄膜。     

木薯渣饲料资源在畜禽生产中的应用研究进展

木薯是我国"十一五"规划中能源发展战略重点发展的作物,其相关研究在国家的相关政策扶持下得到快速地发展,已成为我国华南地区农业经济的一个重要组成部分。近年来,以木薯作为饲料原料资源的开发与利用备受重视。文章主要介绍了木薯渣的营养价值,调制木薯渣饲料方法及木薯渣在畜禽生产上的饲用方法和应用效果,并对木薯渣作为饲料资源的发展进行展望。     

木薯渣的饲用价值及应用

木薯渣是淀粉厂和酒精厂的下脚料,国内外每年废弃量相当大,严重污染环境。通过对木薯渣的营养成分分析可知,木薯渣营养成分较为丰富,是优质的饲料资源,有很好的开发利用价值。     

发酵木薯渣的制作及饲喂方法

在我国南方一些省份，有大量的淀粉厂，用木薯来加工生产淀粉时会产生很多的木薯渣。许多的养殖户，经常把木薯渣用来做饲料。但单纯用木薯渣来喂猪或把木薯渣与饲料混煮来喂猪，不仅对木薯渣本身的营养消化吸收率极低，且猪不爱吃、生产缓慢。特别是许多的养殖户对木薯渣不会贮存，1-2天内就变成黄色、黑色（黄曲霉素污染），饲喂动物后经常引起中毒、发病频繁。     

发酵木薯渣粉在肉用仔鸡日粮中的利用

广西地处亚热带,是我国木薯的主要产区之一。木薯种植面积240多万亩,年产木薯50多万吨。木薯渣是淀粉和葡萄糖生产过程中的下脚料。广西有70多个淀粉和葡萄糖厂家,每年有木薯渣约7万吨,资源量较大。木薯渣因其湿度大(含水分60%左右)无法直接用于饲料生产,而且营养价值较低。堆集起来又会发热腐败,严重污染环境。如能通过微生物途径,将木薯渣发酵制成含有单细胞蛋白等多种营养成分的饲料原料,用于配合饲料的工厂化生产,不仅消除了环境污染,变废为宝,提高企业的经济效     

木薯渣发酵饲料及其发酵工艺与应用

文章旨在研究木薯渣发酵饲料及其发酵工艺与应用。将木薯渣、玉米面、豆粕、玉米皮、麸皮按照质量比50∶5∶10∶10∶25的比例混合,然后将乳酸菌和酵母菌按比例与一定量的水混合,再与木薯渣饲料混匀,装入带有呼吸阀的发酵袋中,密封,室温条件下发酵4 d即生产得到木薯渣发酵饲料。结果表明：乳酸菌和酵母菌混合比例为1∶2,接种量为0.1%,水分为40%～45%时,木薯渣发酵饲料pH<4.5,酸溶蛋白和总酸含量明显增加,具有明显的酸香气味,可提高适口性;可抑制霉菌生长,确保产品安全性;还可提高饲料的营养水平和猪只消化率,提高饲料利用率;提高猪只生产性能,降低圈舍氨气浓度,改善舍内环境;同时还为木薯渣资源化利用提供良好的前提条件。     

木薯渣在动物饲料中的应用进展

木薯产业是我国华南地区农业经济的一个重要组成部分。木薯渣是木薯加工副产物,近年来,作为饲料原料应用到动物日粮中越来越广泛。文章主要就木薯渣的营养价值及在动物生产上的营养研究进行了综述,以期为木薯渣作为饲料资源的深入应用提供参考。     

木薯渣在猪生产上的应用

随着一系列食品安全事件的发生,人们对食品安全的问题也越来越关注。与此同时一大批绿色安全无污染的饲料也在一时间迅速涌进饲料业的舞台,而作为木薯利用后的下脚料的木薯渣立即引起了广大饲料研究人员的关注,该文就木薯渣的营养特点、用途及其在猪生产中的应用等作一概括和总结。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein