泰山盘石散对米非司酮诱导小鼠流产的保胎效果

本试验选择泰山盘石散预处理试验小鼠,观察泰山盘石散对米非司酮(RU486)诱导流产作用的抑制效果,探讨试验中选用中药方剂的保胎作用及可能的作用机制,寻找预防早期胚胎丢失的有效措施.试验中分别给小鼠灌服中药并于第7天颈部注射RU486,结果显示,中药方剂泰山盘石散能有效对抗RU486诱导的小鼠流产,试验中动物模型的流产率从100％下降到50％.     

黄芩及其成分对RU486诱导小鼠流产的保胎作用及脾脏CD80+、CD86+细胞数量的影响

为了研究共刺激分子CD80(B7-1)、CD86(B7-2)在流产发生机制中的意义,探讨中药黄芩及其成分的安胎作用及机理,本试验用米非司酮(RU486)皮下注射(每鼠90μg)诱导BALB/c小鼠流产,流式细胞仪测定脾脏中CD80 、CD86 细胞的数量。发现RU486诱导流产的小鼠脾脏中CD80 细胞显著升高,CD86 细胞显著减少。预先经口给予保胎中药黄芩及其单体成分黄芩苷和黄芩素,则能显著抑制RU486的流产作用,使母鼠胚胎吸收率降低,脾脏中CD80 细胞数量显著降低,CD86 细胞数量显著升高。这些结果表明,RU486诱导流产与机体共刺激分子CD80 、CD86 有关。保胎中药黄芩及单体成分有调节共刺激分子CD80 、CD86 细胞数量的作用。     

当归对诱导性流产小鼠子宫局部细胞免疫的影响

为了探讨保胎中药当归对流产小鼠的保胎效果,及当归对妊娠小鼠子宫局部细胞免疫的影响,试验将小鼠通过自然交配发生妊娠,将怀孕小鼠随机分为3组,每组10只,其中两组使用米非司酮(RU486)诱导小鼠流产,制作试验小鼠流产模型,即空白对照组(A组)小鼠于孕第1～7天,每天灌服纯化水,0.5 mL/只,在孕第7天,经颈部皮下注射丙二醇0.1 mL/只;流产模型组(B组)小鼠于孕第1～7天每天灌服纯化水,0.5 mL/只,在孕第7天,经颈部皮下注射RU486,0.1 mL(0.025 mg)/只;当归治疗组(C组)小鼠于孕第1～7天每天灌服当归水煎剂,0.5 mL(相当于0.5 g生药)/只,在孕第7天,经颈部皮下注射RU486,0.1 mL/只。通过统计流产小鼠胚胎丢失比例,评价中药的保胎效果;采用流式细胞技术检测流产与成功妊娠小鼠子宫组织中Th17细胞、Treg细胞及比例,并测定小鼠子宫组织中白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)及转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)的含量。结果表明：RU486造模后,C组小鼠流产率下降至40%,胚胎吸收率减少至34.92%,子宫组织中Th17细...     

黄芩白术对LPS诱导流产小鼠的保胎作用及子宫内TNF-α含量的影响

为了研究THl细胞因子TNF -α(肿瘤坏死因子 )在流产发生机制中的意义 ,探讨中药黄苓白术的安胎作用及机理 ,本试验用细菌脂多糖 (LPS)尾静脉注射 (每鼠 0 1μg) ,诱导昆明小鼠流产 ,ELISA方法测定子宫匀浆中TNF -α的含量。发现LPS诱导流产的小鼠 ,子宫内TNF -α显著升高。预先口服保胎中药黄芩白术 ,则显著抑制LPS的作用 ,使母鼠胚胎吸收率降低 ,子宫内TNF -α含量也显著降低。这些结果表明 ,LPS诱导流产与子宫内TNF -α升高有关。保胎中药黄芩白术有抑制母体子宫与胎儿界面THl细胞因子TNF -α分泌的作用     

黄芩白术对LPS诱导流产小鼠的保胎作用及子宫内TNF—α含量的影响

为了研究TH1细胞因子TNF－α（肿瘤坏死因子）在流产发生机制中的意义,探讨中药黄苓白术的安胎作用及机理,本试验用细菌脂多糖（LPS）尾静脉注射（每鼠0.1μg）,诱导昆明小鼠流产,ELISA方法测定子宫匀浆中TNF－α的含量。发现LPS诱导流产的小鼠,子宫内TNF－α显著升高。预先口服保胎中药黄芩白术,则显著抑制LPS的作用,使母鼠胚胎吸收率降低,子宫内TNF－α含量也显著降低。这些结果表明,LPS诱导流产与子宫内TNF－α升高有关。保胎中药黄芩白术有抑制母体子宫与胎儿界面TH1细胞因子TNF－α分泌的作用。     

石菖蒲对LPS致流产小鼠的保胎作用及子宫免疫细胞的影响

为研究CD4+/CD8+T淋巴细胞和F4/80+巨噬细胞在流产发生机制中的意义,探讨中药石菖蒲的安胎作用机理,本试验选用细菌脂多糖(LPS)给小鼠尾静脉注射(0.1μg/只)制造流产模型,免疫组织化学方法检测小鼠子宫中CD4+,CD8+T淋巴细胞和F4/80+巨噬细胞的数量和分布情况.结果显示,应用LPS诱导流产后小鼠子宫中CD4+T淋巴细胞数量增多,CD8+T淋巴细胞数量无明显变化,CD4+/CD8+升高(P<0.01);F4/80+巨噬细胞数量也显著增多,与对照组比较差异极显著(P<0.01).预先口服保胎中药石菖蒲,能明显抑制LPS的作用,使小鼠流产率和胚胎吸收率降低,CD4+/CD8+比值降低,F4/80+巨噬细胞数量也降低.结果表明,LPS诱导小鼠流产与小鼠子宫中CD4+/CD8+比值和巨噬细胞数量有关,石菖蒲能调节小鼠子宫CD4+/CD8+T淋巴细胞和巨噬细胞数量,起到安胎作用.     

槲皮素和乙酸龙脑酯对小鼠的保胎作用及IL-10和CD80~+/CD86~+细胞的影响

本文旨在研究槲皮素和乙酸龙脑酯对细菌脂多糖(LPS)诱导小鼠流产的保护作用及其对小鼠子宫IL-10水平和脾脏CD80+/CD86+细胞数量的影响。试验选用LPS尾静脉注射(0.10μg/鼠),制造小鼠流产模型,于怀孕第4~7d分别口服不同保胎药物,检测各组(n=10)小鼠的流产率、胚胎吸收率、子宫组织IL-10水平和脾脏CD80+/CD86+表达的变化。发现LPS诱导流产的小鼠IL-10含量降低,CD80+/CD86+比值升高,预先口服不同保胎药物后,不同程度的抑制了LPS的作用,其中以槲皮素和乙酸龙脑酯联合使用组的保胎效果最为明显,并且IL-10含量显著升高,CD80+/CD86+比值显著降低,与LPS流产组比较均差异显著(P0.05)。这些结果表明,LPS诱导流产与机体IL-10和共刺激分子CD80+/CD86+有关。保胎中药成分槲皮素和乙酸龙脑酯有降低小鼠脾脏CD80+/CD86+比值,促进母胎界面Th2细胞因子IL-10分泌的作用。     

保胎无忧散和银翘散对妊娠母猪和初生仔猪保健作用的比较

为了评估保胎无忧散和银翘散对哺乳母猪和初生仔猪健康状况、生长性能的影响,试验将健康的二元杂交妊娠母猪150头随机分为3组。对照组添加基础日粮,用药一组在基础日粮中添加0.2%保胎无忧散,用药二组在基础日粮中添加0.4%银翘散,从产前3 d至仔猪断奶期间连续饲喂。试验期间观察哺乳母猪及仔猪的整体状态,统计断奶后母猪的发情率,仔猪的腹泻率、平均增重及出栏率,对两个方剂进行效果评价。结果表明:对照组妊娠母猪生产后整体精神状态不佳;用药一、二组哺乳母猪产后机体虚弱、精神不振,仅能少量饮水,部分母猪被毛粗糙、皮肤缺乏光泽,但产后4 d有所改善,用药二组母猪比用药一组恢复稍差,泪斑现象持续存在。用药一组、用药二组哺乳母猪产后发情率均显著高于对照组(Bonferroni校正,P0.0167);用药一组、用药二组仔猪腹泻率均显著低于对照组(Bonferroni校正,P0.0167);用药一组、用药二组断奶仔猪出栏率均显著高于对照组(Bonferroni校正,P0.0167);用药一组、用药二组断奶仔猪平均体重均高于对照组,但差异不显著(P0.05)。说明饲料中添加中草药可以有效提高哺乳母猪和初生仔猪的健康状况,且保胎无忧散的效果相对好些。     

安胎中药方剂对奶牛胚胎着床的作用

将50头奶牛随机分为对照组、泰山磐石散组、保胎无忧散组、黄芩组及黄芩苷组5组。人工输精后7d,每天在饲料中添加不同中药散剂,连续7d。在输精后7、14、24、54d分别颈静脉采血,检测孕酮、IFN-γ和IL-4的含量。结果添加泰山磐石散、保胎无忧散的奶牛妊娠数量增加,同时显著增加血清中孕酮及IL-4水平,提高IL-4／IFN-γ比值。而补充黄芩及黄芩苷的奶牛与对照组无显著差异。推测在妊娠早期,安胎中药方剂能够调节母体内分泌及细胞因子网络,创造适宜的植入环境,利于胚胎着床。因此中药安胎方除了临床用于防治家畜流产外,还可以用于促进胚胎着床,减少早期胚胎丢失。     

牲畜保胎三药

(1)黄体酮,又名助孕素.具有使子宫粘膜松软,便于受精卵着床,抑制子宫活动,使胚胎安全生长等作用.用于习惯性流产、先兆性流产等病的安胎、保胎,防止流产.用量:猪25～35毫克;羊10～25毫克;牛、马50～150毫克;肌肉注射,口服无效. (2)绒毛膜促性腺激素.可在母畜怀     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -