塞北乌骨鸡适宜日粮代谢能水平研究

为研究塞北乌骨鸡育雏期和育成期适宜日粮代谢能水平,本试验选取体重基本一致的1日龄雏鸡900只(公母各半),分别随机分为5组,每组90只,设3个重复,每个重复30只,分别饲喂不同能量水平(育雏期:10.60、10.85、11.51、12.00、12.65 MJ/kg,育成期:10.38、10.94、11.51、12.34、12.96 MJ/kg)的日粮,计算增重和耗料增重比。结果表明:日粮能量水平对塞北乌骨鸡生长发育有显著影响(P0.05)。塞北乌骨鸡宜采用公母分群饲养,育雏期公鸡日粮适宜代谢能水平为12.00 MJ/kg,母鸡日粮适宜代谢能水平为12.65 MJ/kg;育成期公鸡日粮适宜代谢能水平为12.34MJ/kg,母鸡日粮适宜代谢能水平为12.96 MJ/kg。     

日粮不同能量水平对育成鸡体增质量、血液生化指标及内脏器官发育的影响

选用60日龄体质量均匀、健康的塞北乌骨鸡120只,随机分为Ⅰ^Ⅴ个试验组,每个试验组设4个重复,每个组6只乌骨鸡(雌雄各半),探讨饲粮中添加不同水平能量(10.38,10.94,11.51,12.34,12.96MJ/kg),对塞北乌骨鸡体增质量、血液指标和免疫器官的影响。结果表明,育成期公鸡在12.34MJ/kg时体增质量最高,母鸡在12.96MJ/kg时体增质量最高;80日龄时公鸡调节血糖的能力优于母鸡,对肝脏具有很好的保护力;LDL-C与日粮能量引起体质量的变化具有一定的相关性。总胆固醇的含量在育成期随着日粮中能量水平的增加而逐渐下降。日粮能量水平不同,对内脏器官的影响也不同,都存在不同的显著性差异。     

日粮不同能量水平对育成鸡营养物质代谢及肌肉品质的影响

本试验从日粮不同能量水平对育成期塞北乌骨鸡营养物质代谢及肌肉品质进行了研究。结果表明,母鸡在代谢能(ME)为11.51MJ/kg时氮表观代谢率最大为56.08%,公鸡在ME为12.34MJ/kg时氮表观代谢率最大为49.31%,从氮平衡来看,均为正平衡。公鸡和母鸡在ME为12.96 MJ/kg时摄入能量最高,代谢能也最高。能量水平的提高可适当提高塞北乌骨鸡公鸡和母鸡的胸肌率及公鸡的腿肌率,对母鸡的腿肌率的影响不明显。     

日粮不同能量水平对育成鸡体增质量、血液生化指标及内脏器官发育的影晌

选用60日龄体质量均匀、健康的塞北乌骨鸡120只,随机分为I～V个试验组,每个试验组设4个重复,每个组6只乌骨鸡（雌雄各半）,探讨饲粮中添加不同水平能量（10．38,10．94,11．51,12．34,12．96MJ／kg）,对塞北乌骨鸡体增质量、血液指标和免疫器官的影响。结果表明。育成期公鸡在12．34MJ／kg时体增质量最高,母鸡在12．96MJ／kg时体增质量最高;80日龄时公鸡调节血糖的能力优于母鸡,对肝脏具有很好的保护力;LDL—C与日粮能量引起体质量的变化具有一定的相关性。总胆固醇的含量在育成期随着日粮中能量水平的增加而逐渐下降。日粮能量水平不同,对内脏器官的影响也不同,都存在不同的显著性差异。     

日粮能量水平对塞北乌骨鸡生产性能及营养物质代谢的影响

为探索塞北乌骨鸡产蛋期日粮适宜能量水平，选取体重、产蛋率基本一致的产蛋鸡150只，随机分为5组，每组3个重复，每个重复10只鸡，分别饲喂不同能量水平（10.38、10.96、11.50、12.04、12.49 MJ/kg）的日粮，测定其生产性能和营养物质代谢相关指标。结果表明：日粮能量水平对塞北乌骨鸡产蛋性能有显著影响（P＜0.05），日粮代谢能水平为12.04 MJ/kg时，生产性能最高，氮表观代谢率和能量表观代谢率也最高，分别为77.77%和81.69%，显著高于其他各组（P＜0.05）。由此可见，塞北乌骨鸡产蛋期日粮能量水平以12.04 MJ/kg为宜。     

生长前期丝羽乌骨鸡饲粮适宜能量、蛋白水平研究

两因子设计 ,以1日龄丝羽乌骨鸡504只为材料 ,进行饲养试验结合代谢试验考察了饲粮代谢能(ME)、粗蛋白质(CP)对生长前期(0～8周)丝羽乌骨鸡生产性能的影响规律。结果表明 ,通过饲粮营养调控可显著改善生长前期丝羽乌骨鸡的生长速度和生产性能 ,ME显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)影响各阶段平均日采食量(ADFI)和饲料转化率(FCR) ,CP显著影响3周龄前的生产性能指标(P<0.05) ,二者互作影响不显著(P>0.05) ;增加营养素摄入量有利于改善丝羽乌骨鸡对营养素的表观利用率。推荐3周龄前饲粮ME为13.40MJ/kg、CP为20 % ,整个生长前期(0～8周)推荐使用ME为12.35MJ/kg、CP为18 %饲粮以获得较好生产成绩和经济效益     

饲粮代谢能水平对1～3周龄四川白鹅生长性能和血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮代谢能(ME)水平对1~3周龄四川白鹅生长性能和血清生化指标的影响。选择780只体重相近、健康的3日龄四川白鹅,随机分成5组,每组6个重复,每个重复26只。采用单因素试验设计,设5个饲粮ME水平:12.86、12.13、11.43、10.73和10.00 MJ/kg,饲粮粗蛋白质水平均为20%。试验期为18 d。结果表明:1)饲粮ME水平10.00 MJ/kg组平均日采食量和料重比极显著高于其他各组(P0.01),饲粮ME水平12.13和10.00 MJ/kg组末重、平均日增重均显著高于饲粮ME水平10.73 MJ/kg组(P0.05)。2)饲粮ME水平12.86 MJ/kg组的饲料成本最高,饲粮ME水平10.73 MJ/kg组的饲料成本最低。3)饲粮ME水平12.86 MJ/kg组血清总胆固醇含量显著或极显著低于其他各组(P0.05或P0.01),饲粮ME水平10.73、10.00 MJ/kg组血清低密度脂蛋白含量极显著低于其他各组(P0.01),饲粮ME水平12.86 MJ/kg组血清谷草转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶活性均极显著高于其他各组(P0.01)。回归分析表明,以低料重比、高平均日增重为衡量指标,推荐1~3周龄四川白鹅饲粮ME水平为12.22 MJ/kg;以高平均日增重、低饲料成本为衡量指标,推荐饲粮ME水平为10.75 MJ/kg。     

饲粮粗蛋白质和代谢能水平对1～3周龄四川白鹅生长性能及氮和能量平衡的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮粗蛋白质(CP)和代谢能(ME)水平对1～3周龄四川白鹅生长性能及氮和能量平衡的影响.采用3×3双因素试验设计,设3个ME水平(12.86、12.13、11.43MJ/kg)和3个CP水平(23％、20％、17％),配制9种试验饲粮.选择540只体重相近、健康的1日龄四川白鹅,随机分成9组,每组4个重复,每个重复15只.试验期为21 d.结果表明:1)随着饲粮CP水平的升高,试验鹅的末重、平均日增重、每克增重消耗CP量显著(P＜0.05)或极显著(P＜0.01)升高,料重比、每克增重消耗ME量显著(P＜0.05)或极显著(P＜0.01)降低.饲粮CP和ME水平的互作对试验鹅每克增重消耗的CP量和每克增重消耗的ME量有极显著的影响(P＜0.01).2)试验鹅的氮利用率随饲粮CP水平的升高极显著降低(P＜0.01);试验鹅的食入总能(GE)、ME、GE代谢率随饲粮ME水平增加极显著降低(P＜0.01).研究结果提示,1～3周龄四川白鹅适宜CP水平为20％,适宜ME水平为11.43 MJ/kg.     

饲粮代谢能水平对7～13周龄北京油鸡生产性能及肉品质的影响

为研究饲粮代谢能水平对北京油鸡生产性能及肉品质的影响,试验设4个饲粮代谢能水平:11.76、12.39、13.02和13.65MJ/kg;选用43日龄480只公鸡和80只母鸡随机分成4组,每组公鸡6个重复,每个重复公鸡20只;母鸡每组20只每个重复1只.试验期为49 d.结果表明,随饲粮能量水平的升高,北京油鸡(公鸡)的采食量降低(P＜0.05),饲料转化率提高(P＜0.05);屠体重、全净膛重、产肉量(胸肌和腿肌)提高(P＜0.05),公鸡产肉量显著高于母鸡(P＜0.05);随饲粮代谢能增加,胸、腿肌脂肪含量升高(P＜0.05),腿肌肌肉亮度和黄度值增加,红度值降低(P＜0.05);母鸡胸、腿肌脂肪含量及腹脂率均高于公鸡(P＜0.05).     

雪峰乌骨鸡体重、体尺性状及产肉性能的相关分析

为探讨雪峰乌骨鸡体重、体尺性状及产肉性能的相关关系。选取同批孵化、体重基本一致的1日龄健康雪峰乌骨鸡300羽,126日龄时随机选取60羽(公母各半),测定公母鸡的体重、体尺性状及产肉性能,并对各指标进行相关性分析,同时,比较126日龄雪峰乌骨鸡公母鸡体重与屠宰性能指标。结果表明:公鸡的胸深与体重呈极显著正相关(P0.01),公鸡体重与各屠宰性能指标之间均呈极显著正相关(P0.01);公鸡的体重与腿肌、胸肌均呈极显著正相关(P0.01),而母鸡的体重仅与腿肌呈极显著正相关(P0.01),和胸肌相关性不显著(P0.05);雪峰乌骨鸡公鸡体重显著高于母鸡(P0.05),母鸡的腹脂率极显著高于公鸡(P0.01),而公鸡的腿肌率、瘦肉率显著高于母鸡(P0.05)。结果显示,可通过胸深这一体尺指标预测雪峰乌骨鸡公鸡的屠宰性能;通过体重来选择种公母鸡的效果会不同;雪峰乌骨鸡公鸡的屠宰性能优于母鸡。     

桑树的遗传变异特点及在品种选育中的应用

我国具有悠久的桑树栽培历史,拥有3 000余份桑树种质资源,分属15个桑种和4个变种,并逐渐形成适应不同生长环境的8个生态类型。依据已有的研究结果,综述桑树遗传变异的特点包括:广泛分布、自然有性杂交和异花授粉以及缺乏稳定性选择等,促进了桑树的突变发生,形成遗传变异的多样性;无性繁殖方式产生了丰富的无性系变异;性状遗传值中非加性效应占有较大比例;无性系品种间杂种一代存在复杂的多样性分离和经济性状的普遍退化;存在丰富的多倍体系列和普遍的混倍现象等。对桑树品种选育研究提出建议:基于桑树的高度杂合习性,不仅要重视研究不同品种中加性效应在遗传值中所占比率,更要研究非加性效应所占比率及充分利用的方法;基于桑树遗传变异的多样性和丰富的无性系变异,加强无性系和田间选优育种;利用桑树混倍现象,将培育多倍体特别是三倍体品种作为一条有效的多倍体育种途径。     

Variation in quantity and quality of native forages and grazing behavior of cattle and goats in Tanzania

The study was conducted to assess the effects of seasonal variation in the quality and quantity of pasture and management of livestock exclosures (ngitili) on the grazing behavior of cattle and goats. The study was 2×2×2 factorial design with three independent variables: season (Dry or Rainy), ngitili management (Private or Communal) and animal species (Cattle or Goats). Focal and scan observation methods were used to record different behavioral activities. Vegetation attributes from the study areas were measured in two consecutive seasons. Most key forage species had significant higher crude protein (CP) content and in vitro organic matter digestibility (INVOMD) in rainy than in dry season (P<0.05), but Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) and Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) did not vary significantly with season (P>0.05). ADF and NDF were significantly higher in species from communal ngitili than those from private ngitili (P<0.05). Above-ground herbaceous biomass and bulk density (BD) were significantly higher in the rainy season and in the private ngitili than in the dry season and in the communal ngitili respectively. Cattle and goats spent considerably more time grazing and browsing respectively in the rainy season than in the dry season (P<0.05). Cattle foraging activities did not vary significantly (P>0.05) with ngitili management, but goats found to spend considerably more time browsing in the communal ngitili and more time grazing in the private ngitili (P<0.05). Despite the merits of stocking cattle and goats together in the heterogeneous pasture, seasonal variation in forage resources requires investigation of other strategies such as use of multipurpose trees and treatment of crop residues to improve livestock production.     

Evaluation of lysozyme and lactoferrin in lacrimal and other ocular glands of bison and cattle and in tears of bison

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate lactoferrin and lysozyme content in various ocular glands of bison and cattle and in tears of bison. SAMPLE POPULATION: Tissues of ocular glands obtained from 15 bison and 15 cattle and tears collected from 38 bison. PROCEDURE: Immunohistochemical analysis was used to detect lysozyme and lactoferrin in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of the ocular glands. Protein gel electrophoresis was used to analyze ocular glands and pooled bison tears by use of a tris-glycine gel and SDS-PAGE. Western blotting was used to detect lactoferrin and lysozyme. RESULTS: Immunohistochemical staining for lactoferrin was evident in the lacrimal gland and gland of the third eyelid in cattle and bison and the deep gland of the third eyelid (Harder's gland) in cattle. Equivocal staining for lactoferrin was seen for the Harder's gland in bison. An 80-kd band (lactoferrin) was detected via electrophoresis and western blots in the lacrimal gland and gland of the third eyelid in cattle and bison, Harder's glands of cattle, and bison tears. An inconsistent band was seen in Harder's glands of bison. Lysozyme was not detected in the lacrimal gland of cattle or bison with the use of immunohistochemical analysis or western blots. Western blots of bison tears did not reveal lysozyme. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Distribution of lactoferrin and a lack of lysozyme are similar in the lacrimal gland of cattle and bison. Differences in other tear components may be responsible for variability in the susceptibility to infectious corneal diseases that exists between bison and cattle.     

犬和猫急性胰腺炎的病因及机制研究进展

胰腺周围脂肪组织和腺泡坏死被认为是急性胰腺炎(Acute pancreatitis,AP)的主要病理特征。胰腺炎轻者不累及其他器官,无并发症,为自限性疾病;重者胰腺出血、坏死、多器官功能衰竭,出现并发症,危及生命。近年来,胰腺炎在犬和猫中发病率非常高,而且病程一般是由急性期转至慢性期,由轻微转至严重。对其发病原因及其发病机制知之甚少,国内外兽医相关文献鲜有报道。论文参考大量研究文献并结合临床经验,综述该病的发病原因和发病机制,以期为临床预防和治疗提供思路。     

Ecology and epidemiology of anthrax in cattle and humans in Zambia

Anthrax is endemic in Western and North-western Provinces of Zambia. The disease occurs throughout the year and impacts negatively on the economy of the livestock industry and public health in Zambia. During 1989-1995, there were 1626 suspected cases of anthrax in cattle in Western province and of these 51 were confirmed. There were 220 cases of human anthrax cases in 1990 alone and 248 cases during 1991-1998 with 19.1% and 7.7% case fatality rates, respectively. Interplay of the ecology of affected areas and anthropogenic factors seem to trigger anthrax epidemics. Anthrax has drawn considerable attention in recent years due to its potential use as a biological weapon. In this paper, the history, current status and approaches towards the control of the disease in Zambia are discussed. Quarantine measures restrict trade of livestock and exchange of animals for draught power resulting in poor food security at household levels. Challenges of anthrax control are complex and comprise of socio-political, economical, environmental and cultural factors. Inadequate funding, lack of innovative disease control strategies and lack of cooperation from stakeholders are the major constraints to the control of the disease. It is hoped that the information provided here will stimulate continued awareness for the veterinary and medical authorities to maintain their surveillance and capabilities against the disease. This may lead to a culminating positive impact on livestock and human health in the southern African region.     

猪卵母细胞体外成熟和孤雌培养体系的建立和优化

试验系统探讨了猪卵母细胞的体外成熟和孤雌激活方法。结果表明:在成熟液中分别添加FSH(促卵泡素:0.1ng/mL)和hMG(人绝经期促性腺激素:0.01IU/mL)的卵母细胞成熟率差异显著,但2组间的分裂率和囊胚率差异不显著。在成熟液中添加0、10、30、50、70ng/mL或90ng/mL的EGF(表皮生长因子),50ng/mLEGF组的分裂率达到84.90%,囊胚率达到30.20%,显著高于其余各组。分别使用以TCM-199和NCSU-23为基础液的成熟液来成熟培养猪卵母细胞,NCSU-23组的分裂率,成熟率和囊胚率均高于TCM-199组。使用离子酶素激活方法和电激活方法进行对比,离子酶素激活后孤雌胚胎发育效果好,差异极显著(P<0.01)。     

甘肃苜蓿田芫菁的种类为害及防治

通过对甘肃苜蓿田芫菁为害调查表明,常见芫菁种类有中华豆芫菁、绿芫菁、苹斑芫菁、腋斑芫菁、豆芫菁、暗头芫菁6种。对其成虫形态特征进行了描述,并列出了检索表。讨论了苜蓿田芫菁的为害性,指出其不仅取食为害,而且因其尸体内含有的斑蝥素,含其尸体的苜蓿草及草产品也会对家畜健康造成危害;因此,干草中不能有有其尸体。最后提出了芫菁的取样调查和防治技术。     

Housing of dogs and cats in shelters and kennels in Switzerland

The study deals with the situation regarding housing of dogs and cats in Swiss shelters and kennels. In shelters, dogs were mainly held inside a cubicle with a small outside yard. In kennels, housing of dogs took place mainly in inside rooms. Usually two or three dogs were kept together. Cats were held in rooms, with or without outside yards, mainly in groups; no establishment preferred exclusively the housing in cubicles. Shelters received on average 183 dogs and 262 cats each year. Among them, about a third were lost animals while the remaining ones were relinquished. The study highlights some possibilities for improvements and the great diversity of the establishments regarding their size, infrastructure, housing conditions and aims.