1株鹅副黏病毒的生物学特性分析

对鹅副黏病毒61/GO/GD/05分离株进行主要的生物学特性试验。结果显示,该毒株的鸡胚平均死亡时间(MDT)为78 h,脑内接种指数(ICPI)为1.70;静脉接种指数(IVPI)为2.34;对鸡胚的半数感染量(EID50)为10-7.43/0.2 mL;对鹅的半数致死量(LD50)为10-1.93/0.5 mL;致病性试验表明,该毒株对21日龄非免疫鸡和16日龄非免疫鹅都具有较强的致病性。综合各项生物学特性指标,确定该毒株为强毒力GPMV毒株。对其F基因进行分子生物学分析,表明该毒株为基因Ⅶ型。     

一株鹅源新城疫病毒分子特征和遗传发生分析

经对2007年从昆明某鹅场疑似新城疫发病鹅体内得到的病原进行分离鉴定,结果表明中国部分地区鹅群中已存在对鹅和鸡等禽类具有较强致病性的NDV。该毒株经毒力(MDT)检测为强毒株,鸡胚平均死亡时间为48~60h。RTPCR扩增出了融合蛋白(F)基因,测定相应的核苷酸序列并进行遗传发生分析和酶切位点分析,对基因编码的氨基酸序列进行了推导,试验毒株的蛋白酶裂解激活位点附近的氨基酸序列为112R(K)RQKR↓F117,为强毒特征序列。根据绘制的系统进化发生树和F基因上限制性内切酶(RE)位点分布,确定了这个毒株为基因Ⅶ型。以上证据表明该基因型的新城疫病毒在我国鹅群的流行占据一定的优势。     

F一Ⅶ型鹅源禽副黏病毒的分离及其特性研究

从辽宁省某鹅场雏鹅体内分离到1株副黏病毒，该分离毒株具有血凝活性且血凝活性能被NDV标准阳性血清和鹅副黏病毒阳性血清所抑制，能使SPF鸡胚、非免疫鸭胚和鹅胚100％死亡；电镜观察见病毒颗粒呈多形性，多为圆形，有囊膜，直径200nm左右；ELD500为10^8.6／mL，MDT为56h，ICPI为1．94。通过RT—PCR扩增出F基因，鉴定为基因Ⅶ型强毒株，测序结果为HBS209，与CH2000的同源率为91．8％，从而确定分离毒株属于禽副黏病毒Ⅰ型(APMV—Ⅰ)的基因变异强毒株。动物接种试验表明，该毒株对鸭无致病性，对鹅、鸡、鸽的致病率和致死率均达100％。     

鹅副粘病毒强毒YNG-1株的分离及人工感染试验

采用鸡胚接种法从云南省某鹅场发生烈性传染病的鹅群中分离到一株病毒，经HA，HI试验，鸡胚接种试验，血清中和鸡胚接种试验，确定所分离病毒为副粘病毒，鸡胚半数致死量（ELD50）为10^-8.57/0.1ml。参照国际上规定的新城疫病毒毒力制定标准及其方法，测定该分离株的鸡胚是小致死量致死鸡胚的平均时间（MDT）54h,1日龄雏鸡脑内接种致病指灵敏（ICPI）为1.71,6周龄鸡静脉内接种致病指数（IVPI）为2.36。表明该分离株具有与新城疫病毒速发型相类似的毒力，为强毒株，命名为YNG-1株。人工感染试验结果表明该分离株对6日龄鹅及16日龄鸡致死率均为100%，对6日龄肉鸭无致病性。     

一株鸭源新城疫病毒强毒株的分离与初步鉴定

从表现腹泻、神经症状、肠道粘膜局部出血、坏死以及卵泡充血、出血为特征的病死产蛋鸭分离到一株病毒,经血凝（hemagglutinin,HA）、血凝抑制（hemagglutination inhibition,HI）和血清中和试验（seium neutralization,SN）及部分融合蛋白（F）基因的序列测定初步鉴定为新城疫病毒（Newcastle disease virus,NDV）,命名为JSD0812株。该毒株10日龄SPF鸡胚平均死亡时间（mean deathtime,MDT）为54．6h,1日龄SPF鸡脑内接种致病指数（intracerebral pathogenicity index,ICPI）为1．75,6周龄SPF鸡静脉接种指数（intravenous pathogenicity index,IvPI）为2．68,其F蛋白裂解位点氨基酸序列为^112R—R—Q—K—R—F^117,上述结果符合NDV强毒株的分子特征,证实该毒株为NDV强毒株。致病性试验表明该毒株对鸡、鸭和鹅均有很强的致病性．     

鹅副黏病毒的分离与鉴定

从鹅体内分离到一株副黏病毒（DG01株）,该病毒具有血凝活性且血凝活性能被新城疫标准阳性血清和鹅副黏病毒阳性血清所抑制,能使SPF鸡胚、非免疫鸭胚和鹅胚100％死亡。电镜观察见病毒颗粒呈多形性,多为圆形有囊膜,直径在200nm左右;ELD50为10^8.6／ml,MDT为56h,ICPI为1．94。对DG01株通过RT-PCR方法,扩增出F基因,鉴定为基因Ⅶ强毒株,测序结果与CH2000同源率为91．8％,因此确定DG01株属于禽副黏病毒Ⅰ型（APMV-1）的基因变异强毒株。动物接种试验表明DC01株对鸭无致病性,对鹅、鸡、鸽具有100％的发病率和致死率。     

免疫鸭体内副黏病毒的分离及其F基因的分子特征

为分析当地鸭副黏病毒流行状况及其融合蛋白(F)基因的序列特征,从江苏省某新城疫疫苗免疫过的鸭群中分离到1株病毒,经血清学试验和中和试验鉴定为鸭副黏病毒,命名为JS0920株.生物学特性分析,9日龄SPF鸡胚的半数致死量(ELD50)为10-5.3；9日龄SPF鸡胚的最小致死量平均死亡时间(MDT)为47.7h,1日龄SPF鸡脑内接种致病指数(ICPI)为1.875,6周龄鸡静脉接种致病指数(IVPI)测定为2.7.用该病毒的培养物(鸡胚尿囊液)经肌肉注射攻毒,鸭的发病率为70％,死亡率为40％；鸡的发病率和死亡率均为100％.用RT-PCR方法扩增该分离毒株的F基因,序列分析表明,JS0920株与标准强毒株F48E9的核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列同源性最高,分别为99.2％和99.5％,与免疫预防用的LaSota株的同源性分别为89.0％和92.2％；其多肽裂解位点为112R-R-Q-R-R-F117,具有高致病性鸭副黏病毒毒株的分子特征；系统发育进化树分析,JS0920株与LaSota株的基因型不同,JS0920株为基因Ⅸ型,与F48E9株的亲缘关系最近.试验结果对认识当前DPMV的流行和变异现状以及疫苗研制具有重要的参考价值.     

鹅副粘病毒YF株的分离鉴定与生物学特性研究

从辽宁省某鹅场病死鹅中分离到1株禽Ⅰ型副粘病毒.应用鸡胚传代、电镜形态学观察、红细胞凝集、红细胞凝集抑制试验、血清中和试验、动物回归试验、免疫保护试验进行了研究,并进行了最小致死量平均死亡时间(MDT)、脑接种致病指数(ICPI)、静脉内接种致病指数(IVPI)三项毒力指标的测定.参照新城疫病毒毒力判定的标准及其方法,分别测定该分离株的鸡(鹅)胚MDT、1日龄鸡(鹅)ICPI和6周龄鸡(鹅)IVPI为51.6/68.6 h、1.75/1.70和1.68/1.72.结果表明,该分离株为鹅副粘病毒强毒株,命名为YF株.应用YF毒株制备的油乳剂灭活苗免疫实验鸡和雏鹅,结果表明有良好的保护率.     

鸭源新城疫病毒TH-1株的分离鉴定及遗传进化分析

试验从吉林省通化某地发病死亡鸭子病料中分离到1株具有血凝性的病毒,通过血凝试验、血凝抑制试验、血清中和试验及融合蛋白(F)基因的扩增测序,初步鉴定为新城疫病毒,命名为TH-1株。该病毒鸡胚平均死亡时间(MDT)、1日龄雏鸡脑内接种致病指数(ICPI)及6周龄鸡静脉接种致病指数(IVPI)分别为53.4 h、1.85和2.575,表明该新城疫病毒为强毒。F蛋白多肽裂解位点为112-RRQKRF-117,符合新城疫强毒株裂解位点氨基酸序列,进一步证明该毒株为新城疫强毒株。F基因核苷酸及氨基酸同源性比对发现,TH-1株与中国野鸭源新城疫病毒分离株mallard China HLJ株的同源性最高,核苷酸同源性达到了99.3%,同为新城疫基因Ⅶ型毒株,与目前新城疫流行的主要基因型Ⅶ型相一致,为鸭源新城疫的有效防制提供了理论基础。     

鸡传染性法氏囊病毒JS株毒力测定

35日龄SPF鸡半数致死量(LD50)和9日龄SPF鸡胚半数致死量(ELD50)试验结果显示,传染性法氏囊病毒(1BDV)JS株的LD50为10-3.60.1 mL/只,ELD50为10-5.20.1 mL/胚;1～6周龄SPF鸡及商品鸡的致病性试验结果显示,IBDV JS株对SPF鸡和商品鸡3周龄后的致病率为100%,最高致死率分别为93.75%和75%;应用RT-PCR方法从IBDV JS株中扩增的VP2基因,经序列测定分析结果显示,IBDV JS株的VP2基因与香港HK46、日本OKYM、英国UK661等国际超强毒株的氨基酸序列的同源性达99%以上.表明IBDV JS株为超强毒株.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein