常山提取物对人工感染鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫病疗效的观察

为了探讨常山提取物对鸡球虫病的治疗效果,通过人工感染鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫后在饲料中添加一定比例的药物,试验设常山提取物组(分别为200、100、50 mg/kg饲料)、鸡球虫散组(300 mg/kg饲料)、地克珠利组(1 mg/kg饲料)、感染对照组和健康对照组.结果显示,与感染对照组比较,所有给药组试验鸡盲肠和十二指肠肿胀明显减轻,血液性内容物明显减少,抗球虫指数分别为171.98、169.18、169.01、163.84和166.74,均达到中等抗球虫水平.结果表明,常山提取物具有良好的抗球虫效果,且作为一类中药组分,具有绿色环保、低毒低残留的特点,有望成为新型抗球虫药物.     

常山总碱缓释剂抗鸡柔嫩艾美尔球虫研究

为了制备常山总碱的缓释制剂,提高药效,将常山总碱与吸附性材料凹凸棒石结合制成缓释剂,通过在饲料中添加一定比例的药物饲喂人工感染鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫试验鸡,探讨常山总碱对鸡球虫病的治疗效果。设置常山总碱缓释剂组(分别为250 mg/kg饲料、200 mg/kg饲料、150 mg/kg饲料)、球虫肠毒液组(300 mg/kg饲料)、感染对照组和健康对照组。试验结果表明,与感染对照组比较,所有给药组试验鸡的盲肠和十二指肠肿胀明显减轻,血样内容物显著减少,抗球虫指数分别为160.74、151.53、147.18、161.42,达到中等抗球虫水平。结果显示,常山总碱具有良好的抗球虫效果。     

常山散对人工感染的鸡球虫病疗效研究

为了明确常山散治疗鸡球虫病的疗效和最佳给药剂量,通过人工感染鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫后在饲料中添加一定比例的药物,试验设常山散组(分别为0.05、0.1、0.3、0.5、0.7、1 g/kg饲料)、妥曲珠利对照组(1.0 m L/L饮水)、感染对照组和健康对照组。结果表明:与感染对照组比较,常山散各剂量组鸡盲肠和十二指肠肿胀明显减轻,血液性内容物明显减少,抗球虫指数分别为85.5、132.7、141.1、128.8、104.2和102.8,均高于感染对照组;常山散按0.1、0.3和0.5 g/kg饲料给药抗球虫指数均高于妥曲珠利对照组(124.8)。结果提示:常山散抗球虫疗效好,且作为中药提取物,绿色环保、低毒、低残留,有望成为新型抗球虫药物。     

常山口服液抗鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫广东分离株的疗效研究

研究旨在明确常山口服液治疗鸡球虫病的疗效和最佳给药剂量。试验选取90只14日龄健康雏鸡,随机分为9组,每组10只,即常山口服液组(分别为2.5、5.0、15.0、25.0、35.0、50.0 m L/L水剂量)、妥曲珠利组(1 m L/L水)、感染对照组和健康对照组。除健康对照组外,每只鸡接种7×104个柔嫩艾美耳球虫广东分离株的孢子化卵囊,饮水给药7 d,观察其疗效。结果显示,常山口服液各剂量组其盲肠和十二指肠的肿胀现象较感染对照组明显减轻,血液性内容物明显减少,抗球虫指数(ACI)分别为87.7、136.2、141.8、136.2、109.7和108.0,均高于感染对照组;常山口服液按5.0、15.0及25.0 m L/L水剂量给药,抗球虫指数均高于对照药物妥曲珠利组(ACI=124.8)。结果表明,人工感染条件下,常山口服液较化学药物妥曲珠利具有更好的抗球虫疗效,且作为中药提取物,疗效对比试验效果较为理想。     

不同抗球虫药对雏鸡生长性能及疗效观察

分别选择120只1日龄和40只12日龄健康的雏鸡,各分成4组,除对照组不加药外,其他3个试验组分别添加氢溴酸常山酮预混剂500mg/kg、氨丙琳预混剂500mg/kg、磺胺哇恶琳120mg/kg。试验周期30d,试验鸡自由采食、自由饮水。试验开始和结束时称重,记录死亡率、粪便情况;1日龄组试验30d,观察生长性能,15日龄组试验8d。试验结果表明:在试验组中加入抗球虫药后,鸡的生产性能有所改善,死亡率下降。其中,氢溴酸常山酮的效果相对较好;3种抗球虫药都有较好的治疗球虫的感染。     

抗球虫药“氢溴酸常山酮”在鸡上的应用效果

本文旨在研究新型抗球虫药“氢溴酸常山酮”在鸡上的应用效果，为这种抗球虫药的研发和生产提供技术支撑。分成两个试验来进行验证。第一个试验是雏鸡饲养试验，选用120只健康的1日龄雏鸡，将鸡分成4组，除对照组不加药外，其他3个试验组分别添加氢溴酸常山酮预混剂500mg／kg、氨丙琳预混剂500mg／kg、磺胺哇恶琳120mg／kg。试验周期30天，试验鸡自由采食、自由饮水。试验开始和结束时称重，记录死亡率、粪便情况；第二个试验为鸡感染试验，在感染球虫病雏鸡的饲料中添加氢溴酸常山酮等抗球虫药，比较不同抗球虫药的抗感染效果。第一个试验结果表明：在试验组中加入抗球虫药后，鸡的生产性能有所改善，死亡率下降。其中，氢溴酸常山酮的效果较好；第二个试验结果表明：三种抗球虫药都有较好的治疗球虫的感染，常山酮的效果相对较好。结论：抗球虫药“氢溴酸常山酮”在鸡上有较好的应用效果。     

复合植物提取物治疗鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫病的研究

研究旨在探明两种复合植物提取物对鸡感染柔嫩艾美耳球虫病的防治效果。试验选用21日龄无球虫雏鸡100只,随机分为5组,每组20只。试验分组为:A组(空白对照组)、B组(阳性对照组)(感染球虫不添加抗球虫药物)、C组(地克珠利组)、D组(复合植物提取物Ⅰ试验组)、E组(复合植物提取物Ⅱ试验组)。除空白对照组外,其余每组分别经口感染柔嫩艾美耳球虫孢子化卵囊5×104个/只,感染后当天,A、B组饲喂不含抗球虫药物的基础日粮,C、D、E组饲喂含有相应药物的日粮。结果显示,药物处理组C、D、E组的相对增重率分别为:99.91%、101.9%、74.10%;ACI值分别为196.91、191.90、149.10。由此得出结论:复合植物提取物Ⅰ抗柔嫩艾美耳球虫与地克珠利相比,疗效表现为优秀,且在饲料中添加复合植物提取物Ⅰ的增重效果优于地克珠利,是替代抗球虫、促生长抗生素的良好药物选择。     

单宁酸提取物对肉鸡肠道健康和抗球虫病效果的影响

本研究旨在研究饲粮中添加单宁酸提取物对肉鸡肠道健康和抗球虫病效果的影响。本研究包括2个试验,试验1采用320只科宝肉仔公鸡随机分成5个处理组,每个处理8个重复。5个处理分别为不感染组,球虫感染不治疗组,球虫感染+66 mg/kg盐霉素组,球虫感染+0.5 g/kg单宁酸组和球虫感染+0.5 g/kg单宁酸提取物组。其中于14日龄对肉仔鸡进行球虫卵(包括3种球虫,Eimeria acervulina, E. maxima和E. tenella)灌服感染;于20日龄进行肠道损伤评分、粪便球虫卵计数和生长性能统计。结果发现,和球虫感染不治疗组相比,单宁酸提取物组显著降低粪便球虫卵数量(P 0.05)。试验2于0日龄对3000只肉仔鸡进行球虫免疫,随机分成5个处理组,每个处理15个重复。5个处理分别为对照组,66 mg/kg盐霉素组,33 mg/kg氯苯胍组,0.5 g/kg单宁酸提取物组和0.5 g/kg单宁酸提取物+芽孢杆菌组。其中于29日龄对20个重复(每个处理4个重复)的肉仔鸡进行球虫口服感染,并于35日龄进行肠道损伤评分、粪便球虫卵计数和生长性能统计;其中感染球虫后选取10个重复不进行饲粮处理,均饲喂对照饲粮。剩下的未进行球虫感染的55个重复(5个处理,每个处理11个重复)饲喂至49日龄。结果发现,未感染球虫条件下,对照组肉鸡21和49日龄生长性能得以改善;5个处理组肉仔鸡进行球虫感染处理后均饲喂对照饲粮,和对照组相比,盐霉素组和氯苯胍组对肉鸡料重比均无影响,而单宁酸提取物组和单宁酸提取物+芽孢杆菌组均改善了其料重比。以上结果表明,饲粮添加单宁酸提取物或单宁酸提取物+芽孢杆菌是有效改善肉鸡球虫病感染的可选择策略之一。     

鸡球虫石河子株对4种药物的抗药性试验

将 1 2 0只 1 3日龄罗曼公雏随机均分为 6组 ,按组分别投服通扬独霸 (40 0mg/kg)、三九球痢灵 (1g/kg)、海南霉素 (5mg/kg)和盐霉素(60mg/kg) 4种抗球虫药物 ,并设立不给药不感染、不给药感染对照组。给药后第 3天 ,除不给药不感染对照组外 ,其余各组试验鸡每只分别接种柔嫩艾美尔球虫 (E tenella) 孢子化卵囊 1× 1 0 5个。根据各组鸡的存活率、相对增重率、盲肠病变计分、血便计分和抗球虫指数对 4种药物进行药物疗效判定。结果表明 :通扬独霸组、三九球痢灵组、海南霉素组和盐霉素组的抗球虫指数 (ACI)分别为 1 88 2 5、1 4 9 64、 1 89 1 4和 1 4 7 72 ;4组最适抗球虫活性百分率 (POAA)分别为 71 0 1、 59 42、 85 50和 62 31。通扬独霸和海南霉素抗球虫疗效显著。     

几种药物的联合使用对堆型艾美耳球虫的疗效及耐药性试验

目的研究几种药物的联合抗球虫效果及其耐药性。方法将175只14日龄罗曼粉雏公鸡随机分为7组,设5个试验组,按组分别投予磺胺氯吡嗪300 mg/kg 氨吡啉125 mg/kg,磺胺氯吡嗪300 mg/kg 尼卡巴嗪125mg/kg,磺胺氯丙嗪300 mg/kg 左旋咪唑10 mg/kg,地克珠利3 mg/kg,地克珠利2 mg/kg 氨丙啉125 mg/kg,并设立感染不用药和不感染不用药对照组。给药后2 d,除不感染不用药对照组的鸡只外,其余全部试验鸡每只分别接种E.acervulina孢子化卵襄8×104个。以抗球虫指数(ACI)作为判定药物效力的指标;并根据最适抗球虫活性百分率(POAA)病变记分减少率(RLS)、相对卵囊产量(ROP)、三项指标综合判定球虫对上述抗球虫药的耐药性。结果地克珠利与氨丙啉的联合使用,其抗球虫指数达181.25,其余各组药的抗球虫指数均在165~170之间;且该球虫株对磺胺氯吡嗪 尼卡巴嗪、磺胺氯吡嗪 左旋咪唑、地克珠利组药物有轻度耐药性(-- ),对磺胺氯吡嗪 氨丙啉有中度耐药性(- )。结论地克珠利与氨丙啉联合使用对E.acervulina具有高效抗球虫作用。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein