几种淀粉的糊化特性及力学稳定性(简报)

为探索淀粉糊化的力学稳定性,以不同来源淀粉为原料,采用快速黏度分析仪于不同搅拌速度下,研究外力作用对淀粉糊化特性的影响,为淀粉质食品的品质控制提供依据。结果表明,不同来源淀粉的黏度曲线及其力学稳定性有差异。以小麦淀粉的糊化温度最低;马铃薯淀粉糊的黏度和温度稳定性最大;马铃薯和莲子淀粉的峰值黏度较高,冷糊稳定性好;莲子淀粉的热糊稳定性差;玉米淀粉糊易于老化。外力作用对淀粉糊的黏度曲线有影响。较强的外力作用后,会导致淀粉糊的强度、黏度和糊化温度降低,改善热糊稳定性和冷糊稳定性。淀粉糊化的力学稳定性与其颗粒强度有关,较大颗粒强度的淀粉的力学稳定性较好。     

热风干燥条件对马铃薯全粉糊化品质的影响

为了改善马铃薯脱水制品的干燥工艺,该文以薄层干燥试验为基础,研究了不同热风温度(40、50、60、70、80、90℃)、风速(0.5、1.0、1.5、2.5、3.5 m/s)和切丁长度(2.5、5、10、15 mm)对马铃薯全粉的糊化特性的影响。采用扫描电子显微镜和差示扫描量热仪对马铃薯全粉的微观结构和糊化特性进行分析,并测定了其吸水性。研究表明,糊化焓值可以表征马铃薯全粉的糊化水平,焓值越高,糊化水平越低;糊化起始温度的范围为62.31~64.96℃,终止温度的范围为70.16~74.19℃,比纯淀粉制品糊化温度高;高于糊化温度进行干燥时,淀粉不会完全糊化;0.5~2.5 m/s风速干燥的样品糊化焓值没有显著差异(P0.05),3.5 m/s干燥的样品焓值显著小于其他风速干燥样品;马铃薯全粉焓值随切丁长度增大而显著减小(P0.05);不糊化样品吸水性没有显著差异(P0.05),吸水性随糊化程度的增强而显著增强;热风干燥条件为温度70℃,风速1.0 m/s和切丁长度10 mm时,马铃薯全粉的糊化程度较低。研究可为热风干燥制备未糊化的马铃薯全粉提供理论基础。     

14种不同马铃薯全粉的理化特性差异分析

为研究马铃薯全粉理化特性的品种间差异,本研究以14种马铃薯全粉为材料,测定了马铃薯全粉的粘度特性、质构特性、糊化特性和回生特性等理化特性指标,并进行相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析。结果表明,4个中薯系列品种的淀粉含量较高,均高于70%。不同品种马铃薯全粉的理化特性存在较大差异,威芋5号(PT10)、中薯3号(PT34)和中薯5号(PT35)的粘度较大;PT34的硬度最高,中薯13号(PT38)的粘聚性最低,而红色马铃薯PT14的硬度最低,粘聚性最高;PT34的糊化温度较低,糊化焓最高。相关性分析表明,淀粉含量与多数性状间存在显著的相关性,粘度特性的各指标间均存在正相关性,硬度和粘聚性存在显著负相关性,糊化温度(To、Tp和Tc)与糊化焓值(ΔHg和ΔHr)之间存在显著负相关性。主成分分析表明,马铃薯全粉的理化特性评价可以综合成4个主成分因子。聚类分析表明,14个品种根据理化特性主要可分为两大类。本研究为马铃薯全粉加工和品种遴选提供了一定数据支持,也为马铃薯品质育种中的亲本选择提供了理论依据。     

基于介电特性的燕麦含水率预测

为了给基于介电特性的小杂粮含水率测量仪的开发提供基础数据,该文以燕麦为对象,利用同心圆柱形电容器研究了测试信号频率(103～106Hz)、燕麦含水率(12%～21%)、温度(5～40℃)和体积密度(671～787kg/m3)对相对介电常数ε′和介质损耗因数ε″的影响,分析了介电参数变化的原因;建立了部分频率下燕麦介电参数与主要影响因素的关系模型,验证了模型的精度;检验了基于介电参数预测含水率的精度和可行性。结果表明,在103～106Hz频段内,燕麦的ε′和ε″均随测试信号频率的增大而减小,但随含水率、温度和体积密度的增大而增大;可用三元或二元三次方程描述介电参数和主要影响因素的关系,且各模型的决定系数皆大于0.96;同烘干法获得的含水率相比,基于介电参数预测燕麦含水率的误差范围在±1.2%,说明基于介电特性预测含水率是可行的。本研究对了解燕麦的介电特性以及燕麦含水率检测仪的开发有重要的指导意义。     

垄沟集雨覆盖对旱作马铃薯块茎淀粉颗粒形态、颗粒分布及糊化特性的影响

为探讨垄沟集雨覆盖栽培对旱作马铃薯块茎形成过程中淀粉颗粒形态、颗粒分布及糊化特性的影响,以马铃薯栽培品种青薯9号为材料,设置全膜双垄(M2)和地膜垄作(M1)覆盖栽培模式,以露地平播为对照(MO),采用扫描电镜、激光粒度仪、粘度分析仪,测定马铃薯块茎形成过程中淀粉的颗粒形态、分布及糊化特性指标.结果表明,从块茎发育全程...     

莲子热风干燥过程对其淀粉热特性及凝胶化的影响

为解决莲子干燥过程中淀粉形态结构变化造成莲子结壳、硬化,不利于干燥以及复水难、易返生问题,该文利用差示扫描量热技术(differential scanning calorimetry,DSC)对新鲜莲子以及不同热风干燥(70、80、90℃)莲子的淀粉热特性与凝胶化过程进行了研究.研究发现,莲子淀粉在低水分环境(42.2%,以质量比计)时存在2个明显的吸热峰,高水分环境(71.1%,以质量比计)时存在1个明显的吸热峰;莲子在干燥过程中不断失水,并伴随着淀粉凝胶化.方差分析(analysis of variance,ANOVA)表明,高温干燥显著影响莲子淀粉的热特性,其淀粉凝胶化温度(峰起温度To、峰顶温度Tp以及峰止温度Te)部分显著升高.相同干燥条件下,莲子淀粉糊化焓ΔH受水分显著影响,但干燥温度、升温速率对其影响不显著(P>0.01).采用Kissinger、Crane方程获得了淀粉凝胶化动力学参数(活化能Ea、指前因子Z以及反应级数n).莲子淀粉的非等温凝胶化反应可近似为一级反应,高温干燥后其Ea值出现增加,并随着水分增加呈现降低趋势.研究结果可为确定莲子高品质干燥工艺以及干莲子、莲子淀粉后续加工过程提供技术支持.     

播期对夏播糯玉米淀粉理化特性的影响

为明确夏播糯玉米的适宜播期,以苏玉糯5号和渝糯7号为材料,分析了播期对夏播糯玉米籽粒淀粉理化特性的影响。结果表明,2014年度2个糯玉米品种的淀粉平均粒径在早播和迟播处理下均显著降低,2013年度苏玉糯5号在早播处理下较高,渝糯7号受播期影响较小。播期对糯玉米淀粉的晶体衍射类型无影响,但使尖峰强度发生了变化。淀粉碘结合力随播期推迟逐渐降低,糊化范围在早播和迟播处理下均显著降低。淀粉最大吸收波长、糊化温度、胶凝温度(起始温度、峰值温度和终值温度)受播期影响较小。淀粉膨胀势、黏度特征值、热焓值和回生值在不同播期处理下均发生了变化。相关分析结果表明,生育期较高的积温增加了支链淀粉中长链比例,使谷值黏度升高;降雨量过多易导致淀粉膨胀势下降,热焓值降低;较长的日照时数增加了支链淀粉中长链比例,使淀粉膨胀势、谷值黏度和热焓值升高。因此,在夏播糯玉米生产中,应根据气候条件和生产目标确定适宜播期,提高黏度应提早播种,降低回生应推迟播种。本研究结果为夏播糯玉米淀粉品质调优提供了理论依据。     

玉米高压糊化淀粉的老化特性和变色性质

研究了玉米淀粉高压糊化后的冻融稳定性和色泽变化，并和热糊化淀粉的老化特性和色泽变化做了比较。高压完全糊化淀粉糊没有与热加工糊化淀粉糊相同的老化现象。同时，高压不象热加工使玉米淀粉的颜色变黄。     

水稻心白突变体xb1的淀粉理化特性分析

淀粉是稻米胚乳的主要成分,解析其理化特性对改良水稻品质具有十分重要的意义。为了探究心白稻米淀粉的理化特性,本研究以经EMS诱导粳稻品种辽星1号获得的心白突变体xb1为材料,利用扫描电镜、激光粒度分析仪、RVA快速黏度分析仪、差示扫描量热仪等方法,对形态结构、淀粉颗粒结构和粒径分布、糊化特性及热力学特性等进行了分析。结果表明,与野生型相比,突变体xb1籽粒的粒宽、粒厚和千粒重均显著降低;淀粉结构和淀粉粒粒径分布均发生改变,淀粉粒粒径值大于13左右的淀粉粒数量明显低于野生型;突变体种子中蛋白质含量极显著高于野生型,总淀粉含量极显著低于野生型,而直链淀粉含量没有明显改变;在支链淀粉分支结构上,聚合度(DP)在6~9之间的短链及25~35之间的中长链比例有所增加,而DP值在10~24之间的中短链及36~50之间的长链比例有所减少;突变体xb1淀粉的糊化起始温度(To)、峰值温度(Tp)、终止温度(Tc)和糊化距离(Tr)均未发生明显改变,只有热焓值(△H)极显著提高。同时,突变体xb1的RVA谱特征值中,热浆黏度(HPV)、峰值黏度(PKV)、冷胶黏度(CPV)和消减值(SBV)极显著提高,崩解值(BDV)和回复值(CSV)极显著降低。本研究结果为探索垩白形成的生理机制以及进一步的基因克隆奠定了基础。     

马铃薯交联淀粉醋酸酯的制备工艺及特性

马铃薯原淀粉在水相体系、碱性条件下与醋酸酐作用，生成马铃薯淀粉醋酸酯，然后与交联剂进行交联反应，得到马铃薯交联淀粉醋酸酯。通过改变反应温度、反应时间、pH值和交联剂用量等条件，得出制取马铃薯交联淀粉醋酸酯的最佳工艺条件：反应温度35℃，pH值11，反应时间2 h，交联剂用量2%。所制取的马铃薯交联淀粉醋酸酯较原淀粉在糊液黏度的稳定性、抗老化性、抗分离性等方面均有较大的改善。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.