树木生长早期测定研究的回顾与展望

本文回顾了近几十年来国内外有关林木优良基因型早期评价和选择的方法。系统地阐明了早期测定在整个综合的林木育种模式中的重要性。对各种早期测定研究的材料、方法和结论作了比较和分析, 指出种子、苗期和幼龄试验地性状是较好的早期测定性状。并讨论了在多世代选择中早晚相关的可靠性问题。     

《林业科技通讯》1992年报道要点

一、林木育种 1.林业无性系育种新技术(微繁新技术、人工种子方面的进展等); 2.林木引种驯化的成功经验及利用; 3.林木良种选育及抗性育种的新技术; 4.母树林改造经验总结; 5.统计遗传学新理论的应用。 二、生理生化 1.植物激素、植物生长促进剂在林业生产中应用及其效益的研究; 2.测定林木种子活力及其它新方法; 3.同工酶、核型分析及次生物质等在林木分类、早期鉴定等方面的研究; 4.树木和土壤生理、生化研究的新技术、新方法及科研成果。 三、种苗、造林 1.种子采收、处理和贮存新方法的研究和新技术, 2.用材、经济树种(含花卉)育苗造林…     

生理生化指标在林木遗传育种中的应用

阐述了生理生化指标的特性，对与林木生长及抗性有关常用生理生化指标进行了归纳和总结。对目前生理生化在林木遗传育种中的主要应用进行了综述，包括亲本选配、间接选择和杂种优势的生理生化机制等几个方面。对今后该类指标的应用提出了建议。     

我国北方林木抗旱性生理研究进展

水资源短缺已成为全球性资源问题，水分缺失引起的干旱是影响植物生长发育的主要自然灾害之一。林木抗旱性研究已成为现阶段林木生产的研究热点，主要集中在对林木抗旱生理研究，即林木体内发生的应对干旱胁迫的生理代谢变化。林木在干旱逆境下，正常的生理生化过程受到干扰，林木为保护自身而启动一系列调节机制以抵御不良环境。该文详细总结了我国北方林木在干旱胁迫下的生长发育及生理代谢变化，并作以展望，旨在为林木抗旱遗传育种提供理论参考。     

全国林木遗传育种学术讨论会在青岛市召开

<正> 1979年9月7—14日中国林学会在青岛市主持召开了“林木遗传育种学术讨论会”。出席会议的有各省(市、区)的科研、教学和生产单位从事此项工作的科技人员,以及出版、宣传和情报部门的代表126人。会上代表们交流了优树选择、种子园子代测定、种源、组织培养等191篇学术论文和研究报告。这些论文基本反映了我国目前林木遗传育种工作的水平和现状。在优树选择方面,目前研究的树种已达40多个,选择技术有的已开始运用了指数法选优、相关选择和性状早期预测等;在育种方面,已选育出一批增产效果显     

林木分子标记研究及其在育种中的应用

林木分子标记研究主要包括林木遗传连锁图谱构建、比较基因组研究、数量性状位点定位、标记辅助选择、系统演化及群体遗传变异和多样性等内容。迄今已有近 2 0个树种构建了基因组遗传连锁图谱 ,少数树种进行了目标性状位点定位研究 ,定位了为数不多的与分子标记连锁的数量性状位点。林木分子标记已在育种策略制定、辅助选择育种、基因型鉴别 ,以及目的基因的分离和克隆等分子育种研究中广泛应用。     

分子标记在林业辅助选择育种中的应用

本文主要阐述分子标记在林木辅助选择育种中的应用。利用多种分子标记(RAPD,RFLP,AFLP,STS,SSR,STR等),可以在林木早期生长阶段对一些性状进行鉴别, 构建单种分子标记遗传连锁图谱或几种分子标记共存的混合连锁图谱和对控制数量性状的基因进行定位, 对林木群体遗传结构、遗传变异、遗传分化和基因流动进行研究, 在基因工程中, 能够追踪目的基因行为和对控制质量性状的基因进行鉴别, 对单株进行指纹图谱, 对种子质量进行监测和对品系、品种和无性系进行鉴定。     

云南松优良家系的早期选择

指出了云南松是西南地区的乡土树种,在生态建设上起到很关键的作用。在查阅文献的基础上,从各种性状的早晚期分析、形态相关分析、生理生化指标和生长性状早晚期相关分析、物候生长的相关性分析等方面总结了云南松优良家系的早期选择,为今后的进一步开展工作提供参考。     

表型技术在林木育种和精确林业上的应用

缺乏有效的表型采集与分析能力已成为林木育种研究领域的瓶颈,其关键难点是生成准确的表型数据,以便正确解释获得的结果。在精确林业中面临的核心挑战是实现自动化、大范围、快速实时的表型性状分析。长久以来,林木遗传育种和精确林业监测要花费大量的人力收集常规表型数据,传统的表型研究方法具有效率低、维度低、通量低、精度低、劳动量大、主观性强等缺点,无法满足挖掘"基因型—表型—环境型"内在关联、揭示特定生物性状形成机制的科研需求。因此,亟需在林业上发展并应用非破坏式、自动化、高通量、高精度的表型监测技术。现代表型技术使用搭载多种类型成像传感器的系统,自动收集林木形态结构和生理生化等大量表型数据,实现对大批量林木个体的生长监测。另外,无损测量的特点使对同一林木个体进行连续监测得以实现,从而获取林木生长相关的表型性状,如在胁迫研究中,表型技术能明晰林木对胁迫的响应模式及其对胁迫的抗性。利用新型传感器技术对遗传测定群体进行准确、高通量、无损式、快速高效的表型信息采集,对于加快林木遗传改良进程、实施精确林业战略、挖掘优良种质、提高森林质量和抗逆能力至关重要。本文回顾林木表型技术的发展,介绍了基于个体和基于林分(群体)的林木表型技术的应用领域和研究内容。详细分析可见光相机、荧光成像仪、近红外成像仪、高光谱成像仪、热红外成像仪和激光雷达扫描仪等各成像传感器的测量参数、频谱范围、成像原理、优缺点,以及在林木表型信息采集上的应用现状等。林木表型技术的研究趋势为:1)构建新型采集平台获取林分和个体的关键表型性状以提高精度及通量;2)利用环境监测技术,分析林木在温度、湿度、水分、光照等非生物胁迫下的表型反应,以进行抗逆良种选育;3)利用生物胁迫下的表型变化分析推动精确林业中的病虫害监测、分类、识别和防治等;4)利用高通量表型技术与全基因组选择、数量性状位点和全基因组关联分析相结合以鉴定基因的功能,提高选择的准确性。表型技术的应用将实现快速实时、高质量、高精度、高通量的采集林木数据,从而提高育种效率,优化精确林业实践,加速林业信息化的发展进程。     

林业中的全息现象及全息生物学在林业中应用展望

在林业中普遍存在着全息现象,树木的形态、生理活性、生化物质分布等都具有全息关系。全息生物学在林业上有着非常广泛的应用,并有着其特殊的应用价值。在林木遗传育种方面,全息定域选种是对树木个体内部位的遗传变异改良利用;对优树选择、早期选择以及组织培养中外植体的选择,都具有指导意义。对于林木的病理诊断防治、树龄确定、生物量测定和集约经营的经济林或种子园的树体管理等方面,全息生物学也有着重要应用。     

湿地松、火炬松扦插繁殖技术研究*

对影响湿地松、火炬松扦插生根的基质、生根剂及浓度、插穗状况、扦插季节、扦插方式 、扦插后管理等因子进行了研究。较佳的扦插技术组合为：用砂性土作基质，在冬季或早春采集当年生半木质化的基部萌条，湿地松用生根剂１号低浓度，火炬松用生根剂１号或２号中等浓度浸泡１５ｈ，插后保温保湿并定期喷洒营养液，生根率可达９５％以上，温室扦插苗在５月上旬以前移入大田，当年生扦插苗高达３３－４４ｃｍ，主侧根发达，可出圈造林     

Aluminum fractions in root tips of slash pine and loblolly pine families differing in Al resistance

Aluminum (Al) distribution among several cellular fractions was investigated in root tips of seedlings of one Al-resistant and one Al-sensitive family of slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) grown in nutrient solution containing 100 microM AlCl3 (pH 4) for 167 h. Aluminum present in 5-mm-long root tips was fractionated into cell-wall-labile (desorbed in 0.5 mM citric acid), cell-wall-bound (retained after filtering disrupted cells through 20-microm mesh) and symplasmic (filtrate following cell disruption) fractions. When averaged across both species, 12% of Al absorbed by root tips appeared in the symplasmic fraction and 88% in the apoplasmic fraction (55% as cell-wall-labile, and 33% as cell-wall-bound). On a fresh mass basis, total Al in root tips was lower in loblolly pine than in slash pine, lower in the Al-resistant slash pine family than in the Al-sensitive slash pine family, and lower in the Al-resistant families than in the Al-sensitive families across species. Although the data support the hypothesis that Al-resistant plants limit Al uptake to root apices, they do not exclude other mechanisms of Al resistance. Differential Al resistance between the species and between slash pine families may also be associated with the size of the total non-labile and cell-wall-labile Al fractions, respectively. We were unable to identify the basis for differential Al resistance in loblolly pine.     

Pine growth response to different site-preparation methods with or without post-plant herbaceous weed control on North Florida's Lower Coastal Plain

A study was initiated in 1994 to evaluate the effects of bedding timing and frequency and pre-plant herbicide application, with and without post-plant herbaceous weed control, on growth of three slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) plantations and one loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation on flatwoods sites. Site preparation treatments included early bedding alone, late bedding alone, double bedding, early bedding plus banded pre-plant herbicide, and early bedding plus broadcast pre-plant herbicide. Each site preparation treatment was tested with and without a first-year post-plant herbicide application for herbaceous weed control (HC). Results ranging from age 5 to 11 are reported, depending on installation. Pine growth following late bedding alone was similar or greater than that with early bedding alone. Double bedding did not consistently increase pine growth as compared with single bedding alone. Early bedding plus either broadcast or banded pre-plant herbicide application generally exhibited greater pine growth than did bedding alone treatments or bedding plus post-plant herbaceous weed control treatments. Broadcast pre-plant herbicide application resulted in similar or greater growth than banded pre-plant herbicide application. Post-plant herbaceous weed control improved loblolly pine growth across all site preparation regimes on the one test location. For slash pine plantations evaluated, post-plant herbaceous weed control resulted in significant growth increases on some but not all sites. The differences in growth response to bedding and pre- and post-plant herbicide applications are discussed in relation to treatment efficacy in controlling woody shrub and herbaceous competing vegetation. Effective bedding and chemical site preparation reduces the need for post-plant herbicide applications for slash pine on certain sites. Good site preparation, including the application of herbicides for competition control, is essential for fast growing slash and loblolly pine plantations in the flatwoods.     

Aluminum sensitivity of loblolly pine and slash pine seedlings grown in solution culture

To probe variation in Al sensitivity of two co-occurring pine species, seedlings from six full-sib families of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) were grown in solution culture containing 4.4 mM (high-Al) or 0.01 mM (low-Al) AlCl(3) at pH 4 for 58 days. On average, both pine species had 41% less total dry weight in the high-Al treatment than in the low-Al treatment. Stem volume growth of slash pine was more sensitive to the high-Al treatment than that of loblolly pine. In both species, the high-Al treatment inhibited root dry weight more than shoot dry weight. Within-species variation in Al sensitivity among families was greater in loblolly pine (24 to 52% inhibition of seedling dry weight) than in slash pine (35 to 47% inhibition of seedling dry weight). Foliar Al concentration was positively correlated with Al sensitivity in slash pine but not in loblolly pine; however, in both species, the concentration of Al in roots was 20-fold greater than in foliage.     

2种国外松与马尾松生长比较

通过对福建闽侯南屿林场火炬松、湿地松及马尾松家系子代测定林连续10 a的跟踪调查分析表明,火炬松家系不仅在胸径、树高及材积上存在极显著差异,而且与湿地松、马尾松的生长量也存在极显著差异;火炬松早期生长明显优于马尾松,但是随着树龄增长,马尾松生长速度明显加快,7年生时生长量超过火炬松家系平均生长量,10年生时超过火炬松最好家系生长量;湿地松生长趋势与火炬松相似,即前期生长比马尾松快,后期生长落后于马尾松,但湿地松早期生长稍落后于火炬松,后期生长优于火炬松。     

不同种源火炬松和湿地松木材基本密度和管胞长度的变异

对1984年种植在广西和浙江的22个种源的火炬松及在浙江的8个种源的湿地松的木材密度和管胞长度进行了测定和分析。结果表明,两个树种的木材密度和管胞长度在种源间和种源内单株间均表现出显著差异,但株间差异较种源间差异显著得多。不同地区火炬松的差异较之同一地区不同种源间的差异更为显著。种源、地区的交互作用对火炬松的木材密度和管胞长度都表现出显著影响,种源和单株的交互作用对两个树种的木材密度也有显著影响。两个树种的木材材性与年轮宽度之间没有显著的相关关系。与马尾松和早期引种的火炬松、湿地松比较表明,用新引进的材料可选育出木材材质更为优良的品种。     

Cattle grazing and pine survival and growth in subterranean clover pasture

When combining pines and cattle on tame pasture, grazing is often delayed for several years until trees are large enough to resist injury. As an alternative approach to delayed or deferred grazing during the early years, this study in central Louisiana, USA, examined the effects of cattle grazing in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) pastures on slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) and loblolly pine (P. taeda L.) seeding survival and growth during the first 3 years of tree establishment. Pines were planted at about 1200 trees/ha in 3 rows on 0.4-ha subclover units with 1.3 m spacing within rows. Three grazing treatments included: (1) ungrazed pines, (2) limited grazing with a single-wire electric fence above the planted pines, and (3) grazed pines. Thirty Brahman crossbred cows with calves and a bull grazed the tame pasture on a controlled grazing, rotational basis from December through May each year, during the subterranean clover growing season. Pine trampling injury during the year was 8% on the grazed seedlings while essentially none occured under limited grazing. During the first 2 growing seasons, survival and height of the pines were significantly less on the grazed seedlings than on either the limited grazing or ungrazed seedlings. Pine heights from the limited grazing and ungrazed treatments were not different during the 3-year study; loblolly pine heights from the limited grazing treatment continued to be taller than the grazed treatment through the third year while the slash pine heights were similar for all treatments by the third year. Seedling mortality became more acute as severity of grazing injury increased; the greatest mortality occured when the terminal bud and needles were both browsed off.     

14年生火炬松优良家系选择

在福建省漳平五一国有林场,对美国引进的火炬松第1代种子园25个家系试验林进行测定,以湿地松、马尾松为对照。结果表明:火炬松早期生长较易感染松针褐斑病,保存率较低;14年生火炬松家系总体生长优于湿地松、低于马尾松;各家系在树高、胸径和材积等性状上有着显著差异;综合各性状共选择出4个优良家系(21、9、18、13号),14年生树高、胸径和单株材积的平均值分别为12.6 m、20.4 cm、0.1981 m3,比湿地松增长9.2%、25.9%、71.1%,遗传增益达8.9%、24.7%、67.9%。     

Pine growth response to management of the subterranean clover understory

Management of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) understory grown with loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) resulted in differences in both clover yield and pine diameter. Loblolly and slash pines were planted into a subterranean clover pasture in 1984. Suppression of warm season herbaceous vegetation by applying herbicides or disking the site in late summer resulted in significantly greater subterranean clover production than on the control site where no additional understory management was applied. Pine species had no effects on clover yield. The N content of the pine foliage on the blocks managed with herbicide application or disking generally was significantly greater than the control from the 5th through 7th growing seasons (1988–1990). The dbh of the pine trees in the disked and herbicide treatments was greater than the control after the 7th growing season (1990).