目前禽流感的流行特点及防控对策

近年来,随着国家对家禽禽流感强制免疫和业内对禽流感防控的高度重视,我国禽流感疫情总体呈逐年下降趋势。但目前,无论是高致病性禽流感,还是低致病性禽流感,仍是严重威胁养禽业的大敌。秋冬初春季节是禽流感的高发期,在气候突变、寒冷应激,机体抵抗力下降的情况下最易发生禽流感。希望养禽生产者尽早做好防护工作,防患于未然。     

养殖户防控禽流感须知

高致病性禽流感是养禽业大敌。养禽户要在当地动物防疫部门的指导下,积极做好高致病性禽流感防控工作。     

当前蛋鸡的流行疫病探究

正目前蛋鸡场要关注的疾病主要有四种:高致病性禽流感;新城疫、H9型流感等诱发的产蛋下降;病毒性肿瘤疫病;腺病毒感染,也叫安卡拉病。高致病性禽流感,这两年虽然不断出现新的变异株,但是从个人判断来看,随着我国规模化养殖业生物安全大环境的逐步改进,估计高致病性禽流感的流行会逐渐减弱。过去,高致病性禽流感疫源地都是小规模养殖户,但由于小规模养殖户越来越少,自然而然我们国家养殖业的生物大环     

禽流感免疫十要点

禽流感又称真性鸡瘟、欧洲鸡瘟.是由A型流感病毒引起的禽类的一种烈性传染病.国际兽医局(OIE)将高致病性禽流感划分为A类疫病,我国亦将其列为一类动物传染病,是国家规定强制免疫的疫病.免疫是当前防控禽流感的有效措施,是避免和减少疫情发生的关键,广大养禽户和动物防疫工作者必须高度重视,做好免疫接种工作,增强禽群的特异性抵抗力,建立有效免疫屏障.在生产中搞好禽流感免疫要把握以下十要点.     

2021年我国禽流感等禽病流行情况与2022年预测分析

受新冠肺炎疫情和家禽生产量增加的影响,2021年家禽价格仍保持低位运行,随着饲料成本的大幅上涨,多数养禽企业呈现微利或亏损局面.在家禽疫病防控方面,高致病性禽流感仍然是养禽业的最大威胁,2021年H5N8、H5N6和H5N1高致病性禽流感对我国家禽生产造成较大损失.本文将对我国2021年禽流感等重要家禽疫病发生情况进行...     

云梦县H9亚型禽流感诊断与防治报告

云梦县是养禽大县,是湖北省养禽示范县,全县良种蛋鸡200多万只,高致病性禽流感免疫密度达100%,而H9亚型禽流感自2008年2月开始在本县流行,给全县养殖业造成较大经济损失。     

养殖户防控禽流感须知

高致病性禽流感是养禽业大敌。养禽户要在当地动物防疫部门的指导下,积极做好高致病性禽流感防控工作。1实施按程序免疫根据农业部的规定及本地动物防疫部门发布的免疫程序实施免疫,及时测定免疫后的抗体水平。     

农村条件下处置禽流感疫情的应急措施

近年来,国家对重大动物疫病防控工作更加重视,20005年初,温家宝总理对防控禽流感作出重要批示,近期,国家农业部等七部委下发了“关于切实加强高致病性禽流感防治工作的紧急通知”,说明当前做好防治禽流感工作的紧迫性和重要性。随着养殖业的发展,农村养禽业规模的不断扩大,但客观存在农村养禽,以散养为主的现状,使防疫工作任务更加严峻,一旦发生禽流感疫情,处置疫情的难度也就远比规模场大的多,因此,在农村条件下,认真按照国家制定的《高致病性禽流感防治技术规范》及《重大动物疫情应急条例》要求,坚持“早、快、严、小”防疫原则,做好禽流…     

浅谈禽流感防治对策

高致病性禽流感是一种毁灭性的疫病,每次流行都给养禽业带来极大的打击.当前全球多个国家和地区都不同程度地发生了高致病性禽流感的重大疫情,造成了不可估量的经济损失,甚至对人类健康造成威胁.新年伊始,禽流感在不到一个月时间内,迅速在东亚、东南亚和南亚地区蔓延,我国也有多个省份发生,其病型除中国台湾为H5H2型和巴基斯坦为H7型低致病性禽流感外,其余国家和地区均为H5N1型高致病性禽流感.防治禽流感工作已成当务之急,为此,笔者就其防治对策谈几点建议.     

建立高致病性禽流感长效防控机制之我见

1 高致病性禽流感疫情发展需要建立防控工作长效机制 最初业界认为,高致病性禽流感病毒会传染给猪,在猪体内繁殖成为新的病毒,进而感染人,并因此而颇为担心.1997年,香港发现第一例人感染禽流感H5N1病毒.2004年、2005年高致病性禽流感病毒先后引起了东南亚乃至世界许多国家和地区的禽类发病,并直接突破种问差异从禽类传染给人,世界各地不断有报道人感染高致病性禽流感病例,感染与死亡人数不断上升.近来欧洲和非洲国家发生的高致病性禽流感疫情,说明疫情传播的范围在不断扩大.     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.