小规模家禽养殖的未来发展

家禽业在整个畜牧业中是发展最快、波动最大的一个产业.在过去的几十年,由于消费需求的强力驱动,家禽业不断发展壮大,已成为全球化的综合产业.尽管如此,家禽业仍面临严峻挑战,原材料的稀缺或价格上涨、公共卫生等一系列问题要求仍想立足此行业的生产者必须具备一定的企业家精神和灵活性.联合国粮农组织(FAO)在2007年底曼谷召开的会议上指出,作为替代性消费和地区销售的家庭极小规模散养家禽不太可能完全脱离生产链;而对于那些供城市人口消费的小规模商业养殖受到的竞争压力会越来越大.     

小规模家禽养殖生物安全改进策略

H5N1高致病性禽流感病毒肆虐全球十多年来,发生禽流感的国家越来越多,并陆续入侵无高致病性禽流感的国家.许多国家,大多数疫情发生在由庭院散养和小规模商业生产组成的小规模家禽养殖业.尽管如此,与大型集约化养禽相比,小规模养禽模式更多样且受疫病侵扰的实际几率更低,至少某些国家是这样.     

家禽养殖与效益

家禽养殖已处于微利时期，因此养殖者在养殖过程中，对某一环节稍一疏忽，就会影响效益。本文从饲料饲喂、环境管理、疫病防治、适时上市四个方面浅述，能对家禽养殖者提高效益有所帮助。     

影响家禽屠宰质量的养殖因素

家禽在屠宰前必须停止饲喂 ,以便减少对家禽产品的潜在污染。理想的停止饲喂的过程应该是既减少了那些可视污染物及微生物的污染 ,而又不影响其家禽产品的质量和产量。在捕捉和屠宰家禽之前 ,撤走饲料和饮用水 ,已是家禽饲养业沿用40多年的作法。这样做的目的是使家禽的消化道排空 ,以防止家禽在屠宰过程中 ,滞留在胃中的食物和肠内的粪便等污物流出而污染家禽产品。家禽在屠宰之前停止喂食的大概时间 ,一般来说 ,就是该家禽在饲养棚中被盯住、抓住、运送活禽和被捆绑所需要的全部时间。最理想的作法应该是把清空消化道的时间降到最低限度。但事实上 ,由于各个饲养场之间的差异 ,停止喂食的时间是有着很大差别的。停止喂食的时间虽然制定家禽停止喂食的总时间表 ,现在还没有通用的规则可依 ,但目前一些研究成果已表明 ,有两个“时间窗口”为最佳的家禽屠宰加工期。在这两个“时间窗口”之间有一堵“时间墙”。在“时间墙”期间 ,禽肉被污染的潜在可能性极大 ,这时应降低屠宰生产线的速度 ,以使禽胴体得到再加工。当家禽被停止喂食大约8～12个小时的时候 ,第一个“时间窗口”开启了。在这个时候 ,消化道差不多彻底清空了 ,但家禽肠胃及内脏组织的强度还足以经...     

中小规模奶牛养殖和奶山羊养殖的效益比较

近几年,随着我国奶牛养殖陷入低谷,不少中小规模养殖场不得不转型或者关闭;与此同时,羊奶产业迅速发展促进了奶山羊养殖的兴起。本文分析了奶牛养殖和奶山羊养殖的产业现状,利用统计数据和调研数据比较了两者的投入产出和效益情况,并对奶牛场转型奶山羊养殖场提出了一些建议。     

中小规模养猪场养殖效益低原因分析

本文通过不同的角度,从影响养猪成效的多个方面,就目前中小规模养猪场在养殖中效益低下的原因进行分析。     

家禽营养乃家禽生产效益之基石

正一、平衡养殖理论养殖产业实际上是一项复杂的系统工程。中国未来规模养殖业必须面临的转变,包括密集而高效的工厂化饲养、品种和行为的改变、饲料营养、饲料加工工艺和方式的改变、生产设备和环境的转变、生产系统的改变,以及管理经营心态的改变等。养殖五要素:品种、环境、营养、饲养管理、疾病防控。     

小规模番鸭养殖效益分析及技术要点

正1 发展规模番鸭养殖合作社按乡镇组建成立,根据地域面积和山地、库湾等资源确定一个合作社成员在10~30户,一个贫困村选择5~8户进行番鸭养殖扶贫,根据劳动力及条件允许投资情况,每户饲养300~500羽番鸭。2 饲养周期     

小规模家禽的孵化

<正>一旦掌握孵化相关的步骤和技术之后(虽然一开始看上去并不是如此),鸡蛋的孵化过程相对来说就很简单。其他家禽品种诸如火鸡、水禽的孵化步骤与鸡类似,不过在孵化时间和适用条件方面存在些许差异。本文着重鸡蛋孵化应注意的事项。     

影响牛养殖效益的因素

正目前,影响牛养殖的因素较多,但总结起来主要包括技术因素、环境因素、人为因素和其他因素,其中前三项影响因素的作用最为明显,本文将重点进行研究,同时,结合笔者的一些养殖经验,阐述如何避免这些问题,从而促进牛养殖行业的发展。1技术因素1.1品种相对较少,牛生长效率低目前,我国的主要肉牛品种是黄牛,这种品种的牛具有便于养殖、利于农耕的优势,     

A Comparative Economic Analysis of Smallholder Cattle and Small Ruminant Production Systems in Botswana

Cattle rearing is the single most important activity in the agricultural sector of Botswana, and cattle enjoy a high status among both rural and urban dwellers. In recent years, farmers have begun to intensify the production of small ruminants owing to an increasing recognition by policy makers that they are a potential alternative source of farm income. However, as yet, small ruminants have not approached the social importance of cattle. This may be attributable to several factors, including economic considerations. The present study focused on the economic factor. It comprised a comparative economic assessment of cattle- and goat-rearing enterprises for an average smallholder farm-household to throw light on their relative economic efficiency. It was concluded that rearing either cattle or small ruminants is economically viable in the study area. The net profit measured as the net margin either per enterprise or per animal was far higher for a cattle-rearing enterprise. Nevertheless, when expressed in terms of the return on the capital invested in each enterprise, cattle rearing had only a slight edge (1.93%) over rearing of small ruminants     

上海富朗特动物保健有限公司专栏——维生素营养(五)维生素缺乏导致家禽的神经性疾病

维生素是不同于脂肪、碳水化合物和蛋白质的有机化合物,以极微的含量自然存在于大多数食物中,以满足正常的生理功能.它们在家禽营养上的重要性被其缺乏时所出现的各种缺乏症所证实.它们扮演了有机体内的一系列角色,如抗氧化分子、基因转录调节器、神经递质和核酸的生物合成、细胞分裂驱动器、器官发育和胚胎形成,所有这些都可促进正常的神经功能.在家禽营养中,一种或多种维生素的缺乏会导致神经系统疾病,如周围神经病变、瘫痪、共济失调、反射消失、脑病、角弓反张、运动失调和抽搐.     

影响肉牛经济效益因素的分析

在当前牛肉市场贸易条件下影响肉牛经济效益的因素较多 ,诸如肉牛的品种、年龄、性别、架子牛体重、育肥期内饲养水平、牛肉大理石花纹丰富程度、育肥期长短、屠宰加工分割技术、销售策略和技巧、无谓损失等等。本文依据实际称量测定的山东省东营市广饶县凯银清真肉业公司屠宰肉牛 1 65 0头 (北方大地育肥公司饲养并委托屠宰 )的牛肉产量资料和牛肉销售价格进行分析而得。分析结果 :在诸多影响肉牛经济效益因素中排在第一位的是牛肉大理石花纹丰富程度 ( 1级牛高于 6级牛 5 5 5元 /头 ) ;第二位是育肥牛的年龄 ( 2对牙牛高于未换牙牛 2 79元 /头 ) ;第三位是架子牛开始育肥体重 (≤ 30 0 kg牛好于≥ 5 0 0 .1 kg牛 2 2 2元 /头 ) ;第四位是背部脂肪厚度(≤ 5 mm牛低于≥ 1 5 mm牛 2 0 1元 /头 ) ;第五位是架子牛育肥时间 (育肥时间≤ 1 80 d比≥ 2 4 1≤ 30 0 d多 1 35元 /头 ) ;第六位是脂肪颜色 (白色、微黄色脂肪牛较黄色脂肪牛多卖 1 2 4元 /头 ) ;第七位是牛品种 (每头鲁西牛比夏洛来杂交牛、利木赞杂交牛、西门塔尔杂交牛分别多卖 1 0 0元、73元、73元 ) ;第八位是性别 (阉公牛较公牛多卖 5 0元 /头 )。     

Some Factors Affecting Reproductive Success in Crossbred Dairy Cows on Smallholder Farms in Coastal North-East Tanzania

A 2-year longitudinal survey was carried out to investigate factors affecting reproduction in crossbred cows on smallholder farms in and around an urban centre. Sixty farms were visited at approximately 2-week intervals and details of reproductive traits and body condition score (BCS) were collected. Fifteen farms were within the town (U), 23 farms were approximately 5 km from town (SU), and 22 farms approximately 10 km from town (PU). Sources of variation in reproductive traits were investigated using a general linear model (GLM) by a stepwise forward selection and backward elimination approach to judge important independent variables. Factors considered for the first step of formulation of the model included location (PU, SU and U), type of insemination, calving season, BCS at calving, at 3 months postpartum and at 6 months postpartum, calving year, herd size category, source of labour (hired and family labour), calf rearing method (bucket and partial suckling) and parity number of the cow. The effects of the independent variables identified were then investigated using a non-parametric survival technique. The number of days to first oestrus was increased on the U site (p = 0.045) and when family labour was used (p = 0.02). The non-parametric test confirmed the effect of site (p = 0.059), but effect of labour was not significant. The number of days from calving to conception was reduced by hiring labour (p = 0.003) and using natural service (p = 0.028). The non-parametric test confirmed the effects of type of insemination (p = 0.0001) while also identifying extended calving intervals on U and SU sites (p = 0.014). Labour source was again non-significant. Calving interval was prolonged on U and SU sites (p = 0.021), by the use of AI (p = 0.031) and by the use of family labour (p = 0.001). The non-parametric test confirmed the effect of site (p = 0.008) and insemination type (p > 0.0001) but not of labour source. It was concluded that under favourable conditions (PU site, hired labour and natural service) calving intervals of around 440 days could be achieved.     

Factors Affecting Efficacy of Prescribed Fire for Western Juniper Control

Western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis Hook.) is a tree species occurring on 3.6 million ha in the northern Great Basin. This native species can be quite invasive, encroaching into sagebrush-grassland vegetation, forming woodlands, and dominating extensive landscapes. Control of encroaching juniper is often necessary and important. Efficacy of prescribed fire for western juniper control depends on many factors for which our understanding is still quite incomplete. This knowledge gap makes fire management planning for western juniper control more difficult and imprecise. Natural resource managers require a fire efficacy model that accurately predicts juniper mortality rates and is based entirely on predictors that are measurable prefire. We evaluated efficacy models using data from a fall prescribed fire conducted during 2002 in southwestern Idaho on mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. vaseyana [Rydb.] Beetle) rangelands with early to midsuccessional juniper encroachment. A logistic regression model, which included vegetation cover type, tree height, fire type, and bare ground as predictors, accurately predicted (area under the receiver operating characteristic [ROC] curve [AUC] = 0.881 ± 0.128 standard deviation [SD]) the mortality rate for a random sample of western juniper trees marked and assessed prefire and 5 yr post fire. Trees occurring in an antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata [Pursh] DC.) type, which had a heavy fuel load, were 8 times more likely to be killed by fire than trees in a mountain big sagebrush type, where loading was typically lighter. Probability of mortality decreased by 28.8% for each 1-meter increase in tree height. Trees exposed to head fire were 3 times as likely to be killed as those exposed to backing fire. Findings from this case study suggest that with just four factors which are readily quantifiable prefire, managers can accurately predict juniper mortality rate and thus make better informed decisions when planning prescribed fire treatments.     

Some Factors Affecting Variation in Milk Yield in Crossbred Dairy Cows on Smallholder Farms in North-East Tanzania

A 2-year longitudinal survey was carried out to investigate factors affecting milk yield in crossbred cows on smallholder farms in and around an urban centre. Sixty farms were visited at approximately 2-week intervals and details of milk yield, body condition score (BCS) and heart girth measurements were collected. Fifteen farms were within the town (U), 23 farms were approximately 5 km from town (SU), and 22 farms approximately 10 km from town (PU). Sources of variation in milk yield were investigated using a general linear model by a stepwise forward selection and backward elimination approach to judge important independent variables. Factors considered for the first step of formulation of the model included location (PU, SU and U), calving season, BCS at calving, at 3 months postpartum and at 6 months postpartum, calving year, herd size category, source of labour (hired and family labour), calf rearing method (bucket and partial suckling) and parity number of the cow. Daily milk yield (including milk sucked by calves) was determined by calving year (p < 0.0001), calf rearing method (p = 0.044) and BCS at calving (p < 0.0001). Only BCS at calving contributed to variation in volume of milk sucked by the calf, lactation length and lactation milk yield. BCS at 3 months after calving was improved on farms where labour was hired (p = 0.041) and BCS change from calving to 6 months was more than twice as likely to be negative on U than SU and PU farms. It was concluded that milk production was predominantly associated with BCS at calving, lactation milk yield increasing quadratically from score 1 to 3. BCS at calving may provide a simple, single indicator of the nutritional status of a cow population.     

鹿产茸性能的调控因素

在阐述鹿茸的药理作用和营养特性的基础上,分析了鹿品种、年龄、营养及激素、骨化、光照、温度、中草药添加剂、适时收茸、体重等因素对茸鹿产茸性能的影响,为提高鹿茸产量和质量提供了理论基础。     

建德市蚕桑产业的制约因素及发展对策

建德市是—个“八山一水一分田”的山区市。全市有山地面积20．5万hm^2,坡地面积4667hm^2．山垅田2667hm^2，发展蚕桑产业具有比较充裕的土地资源。蚕桑是建德农业的传统产业之一，历史悠久。是部分乡镇村农民收入的重要来源。建德市委、市政府也十分重视这一特色产业的发展，制定了《建德市发展生态特色农业实施意见》、《建德市蚕桑生产五年发展规划》。