Carbon dioxide degassing by advective flow from Usu volcano, Japan

Magmatic carbon dioxide (CO2) degassing has been documented before the 31 March 2000 eruption of Usu volcano, Hokkaido, Japan. Six months before the eruption, an increase in CO2 flux was detected on the summit caldera, from 120 (September 1998) to 340 metric tons per day (September 1999), followed by a sudden decrease to 39 metric tons per day in June 2000, 3 months after the eruption. The change in CO2 flux and seismic observations suggests that before the eruption, advective processes controlled gas migration toward the surface. The decrease in flux after the eruption at the summit caldera could be due to a rapid release of CO2 during the eruption from ascending dacitic dikes spreading away from the magma chamber beneath the caldera.     

Atmospheric carbon dioxide and carbon reservoir changes

The net release of CO(2) from the biosphere to the atmosphere between 1850 and 1950 is estimated to amount to 1.2 x 10(9) tons of carbon per year. During this interval, changes in land use reduced the total terrestrial biomass by 7 percent. There has been a smaller reduction in biomass over the last few decades. In the middle 19th century the air had a CO(2) content of approximately 268 parts per millon, and the total increase in atmospheric CO(2) content since 1850 has been 18 percent. Major sinks for fossil fuel CO(2) are the thermocline regions of large oceanic gyres. About 34 percent of the excess CO(2) generated so far is stored in surface and thermocline gyre waters, and 13 percent has been advected into the deep sea. This leaves an airborne fraction of 53 percent.     

克氏针茅草原生态系统生长季碳通量变化特征

植被和大气之间CO2通量的观测有助于理解陆地生态系统的碳循环及其控制机理.以中国北方典型草原克氏针茅草原为研究对象,以涡度相关法为主要技术手段,探讨了2008年生长季内克氏针茅草原净生态系统碳交换(NEE)的变化特征.结果表明,克氏针茅草原生态系统CO2通量的日变化进程可以依据高峰出现的时间分为两种,一种具有一个吸收高峰,出现在11:00左右,另一种则具有两个吸收高峰,在正午前后出现碳释放现象.2008年克氏针茅草原生态系统最大的CO2吸收速率为-0.4 mg·m-2·s-1.克氏针茅草原在4月和10月的NEE昼夜变化比较平缓,在5-9月日间CO2吸收量和夜间CO2排放量都开始增大,出现了明显的CO2日吸收峰值,但各月的日动态格局差异较大.2008年生长季中7-9月白天碳吸收活动最强,6-9月夜间CO2释放量较大.克氏针茅草原碳通量日累积量在2008年出现了3个明显的碳吸收峰;NEE的日最大累积吸收量和最大累积释放量分别为-2.38和1.47 gC·m-2·d-2,并且出现在植被生长最旺盛的7、8月份.研究表明,温度和水分是影响克氏针茅草原生态系统碳通量变化的重要因子.     

Arctic lakes and streams as gas conduits to the atmosphere: implications for tundra carbon budgets

Arctic tundra has large amounts of stored carbon and is thought to be a sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO(2)) (0.1 to 0.3 petagram of carbon per year) (1 petagram = 10(15) grams). But this estimate of carbon balance is only for terrestrial ecosystems. Measurements of the partial pressure of CO(2) in 29 aquatic ecosystems across arctic Alaska showed that in most cases (27 of 29) CO(2) was released to the atmosphere. This CO(2) probably originates in terrestrial environments; erosion of particulate carbon plus ground-water transport of dissolved carbon from tundra contribute to the CO(2) flux from surface waters to the atmosphere. If this mechanism is typical of that of other tundra areas, then current estimates of the arctic terrestrial sink for atmospheric CO(2) may be 20 percent too high.     

Airborne studies of the smoke from the kuwait oil fires

Airborne studies of smoke from the Kuwait oil fires were carried out in the spring of 1991 when approximately 4.6 million barrels of oil were burning per day. Emissions of sulfur dioxide were approximately 57% of that from electric utilities in the United States; emissions of carbon dioxide were approximately 2% of global emissions; emissions of soot were approximately 3400 metric tons per day. The smoke absorbed approximately 75 to 80% of the sun's radiation in regions of the Persian Gulf. However, the smoke probably had insignificant global effects because (i) particle emissions were less than expected, (ii) the smoke was not as black as expected, (iii) the smoke was not carried high in the atmosphere, and (iv) the smoke had a short atmospheric residence time.     

Mars: an evolving atmosphere

Photochemical reactions in the martian exosphere produce fast atoms of oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen and provide large escape fluxes of these elements. They appear to play a crucial role in the evolution of the martian atmosphere. The relative outgassing rates of H(2)O and CO(2) on Mars are comparable with terrestrial values, although absolute rates for Mars are lower by a factor of 10(3). Nitrogen is a trace constituent, less than 1 percent, of the present martian atmosphere.     

Carbon dioxide supersaturation in the surface waters of lakes

Data on the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) in the surface waters from a large number of lakes (1835) with a worldwide distribution show that only a small proportion of the 4665 samples analyzed (less than 10 percent) were within +/-20 percent of equilibrium with the atmosphere and that most samples (87 percent) were supersaturated. The mean partial pressure of CO(2) averaged 1036 microatmospheres, about three times the value in the overlying atmosphere, indicating that lakes are sources rather than sinks of atmospheric CO(2). On a global scale, the potential efflux of CO(2) from lakes (about 0.14 x 10(15) grams of carbon per year) is about half as large as riverine transport of organic plus inorganic carbon to the ocean. Lakes are a small but potentially important conduit for carbon from terrestrial sources to the atmospheric sink.     

重庆市碳足迹与碳承载力变化特征及趋势预测

为了全面了解重庆市碳排放状况,通过碳足迹相关研究方法测算了重庆市1997-2013年的碳足迹和1999-2013年植被碳承载力,通过GM(1,1)灰色预测模型预测了2014-2018年重庆市的碳足迹变化趋势。结果表明,1997-2013年重庆市碳足迹总量从6 320.41万t增加到21 199.82万t,化石能源碳足迹是整个碳足迹的主要构成部分;1999-2013年,碳承载力从3 304.63万t增加到3 827.59万t,森林碳承载力是碳承载力主要构成部分;1999-2013年,人均碳足迹从2.49 t/人增加到6.31 t/人,单位面积碳足迹也由9.28 t/hm~2上升到25.73 t/hm2;万元GDP碳足迹下降到1.67 t。通过GM(1,1)模型预测到2014-2018年重庆市碳足迹将进一步增加,预计在2018年碳足迹将达到36 646.181 7万t。     

小麦水热、CO2通量特征和能量平衡分析（英文）

[目的]对河北栾城小麦水热、CO2通量特征和能量平衡进行分析。[方法]基于栾城站利用涡度相关技术观测的2008年小麦水热、CO2通量数据及常规气象、生物量等数据,分析小麦水热、CO2通量特征和能量平衡闭合状况。[结果]①潜热、感热、CO2通量表现出明显的日、季变化特征,潜热、感热通量日变化呈倒"U"型,CO2通量"U"型,且通量日峰值存在较大差异;②潜热、感热、CO2通量的强度变化与环境因子有较大关系:三者对光强、净辐射的反应较为敏感,相关系数分别达0.92、0.66、0.65及0.90、0.69、0.74,且晴天更好,对气温也较为敏感,潜热通量,特别是在降水后对土壤含水量反应较敏感;③小麦农田能量平衡闭合度为0.91,存在明显的不闭合现象,而且在不同月份、一天不同时段,闭合程度也不同,能量平衡不闭合的主要原因是测量误差和忽略热储量等。[结论]该研究得到了小麦农田生态系统水热通量及CO2通量特征、传输机制及其影响因子,可为揭示作物冠层蒸散、光合与水分利用效率关系、能量分配等的机制提供科学依据。     

小麦水热、CO_2通量特征和能量平衡分析

[目的]对河北栾城小麦水热、CO2通量特征和能量平衡进行分析。[方法]基于栾城站利用涡度相关技术观测的2008年小麦水热、CO2通量数据及常规气象、生物量等数据,分析小麦水热、CO2通量特征和能量平衡闭合状况。[结果]①潜热、感热、CO2通量表现出明显的日、季变化特征,潜热、感热通量日变化呈倒"U"型,CO2通量"U"型,且通量日峰值存在较大差异;②潜热、感热、CO2通量的强度变化与环境因子有较大关系:三者对光强、净辐射的反应较为敏感,相关系数分别达0.92、0.66、0.65及0.90、0.69、0.74,且晴天更好,对气温也较为敏感,潜热通量,特别是在降水后对土壤含水量反应较敏感;③小麦农田能量平衡闭合度为0.91,存在明显的不闭合现象,而且在不同月份、一天不同时段,闭合程度也不同,能量平衡不闭合的主要原因是测量误差和忽略热储量等。[结论]该研究得到了小麦农田生态系统水热通量及CO2通量特征、传输机制及其影响因子,可为揭示作物冠层蒸散、光合与水分利用效率关系、能量分配等的机制提供科学依据。     

嘉兴市农业碳汇及低碳农业技术应用策略

根据嘉兴市实际农林产品产量和土壤含碳量测算了主要农作物和森林每年吸收二氧化碳672.8万t,释放氧气489.3万t,每年固碳制氧生态价值达102.36亿元,远超过当年度农林业产品价值60.19亿元。另外,嘉兴市土壤贮存碳汇也高达860.7万t。根据当地农业特点,提出了改造传统农业,发展低碳农业技术的策略。     

Stable carbon cycle-climate relationship during the Late Pleistocene

A record of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations measured on the EPICA (European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica) Dome Concordia ice core extends the Vostok CO2 record back to 650,000 years before the present (yr B.P.). Before 430,000 yr B.P., partial pressure of atmospheric CO2 lies within the range of 260 and 180 parts per million by volume. This range is almost 30% smaller than that of the last four glacial cycles; however, the apparent sensitivity between deuterium and CO2 remains stable throughout the six glacial cycles, suggesting that the relationship between CO2 and Antarctic climate remained rather constant over this interval.     

Mass-independent oxygen isotope fractionation in atmospheric CO as a result of the reaction CO + OH

Atmospheric carbon monoxide (CO) exhibits mass-independent fractionation in the oxygen isotopes. An 17O excess up to 7.5 per mil was observed in summer at high northern latitudes. The major source of this puzzling fractionation in this important trace gas is its dominant atmospheric removal reaction, CO + OH --> CO2 + H, in which the surviving CO gains excess 17O. The occurrence of mass-independent fractionation in the reaction of CO with OH raises fundamental questions about kinetic processes. At the same time the effect is a useful marker for the degree to which CO in the atmosphere has been reacting with OH.     

生物质炭对土壤性状和作物产量的影响

综述了生物质炭(biomass charcoal)对土壤性状和作物产量的影响.生物质炭化后与木炭相似,耐降解,可提高土壤碳库容量,减少温室气体排放.同时炭具有很大的表面积,持水性、吸附性均较强.在一定量下,施炭可增加土壤阴、阳离子交换量、吸附氮、磷及矿物离子,减少养分损失,在一定范围内,普遍能增加作物生物量和产量,因此认为生物质炭还田是提高土壤肥力、增加碳封存时间的有效途径.     

南北主食差异对家庭食物浪费碳足迹的影响——来自CHNS的经验证据

减少食物浪费是保障粮食安全、缓解全球气候变暖的重要举措。基于中国健康与营养调查(CHNS)和中国食品生命周期评估数据库(CFLCAD),从南北主食差异这一视角出发,基于生命周期理论分析中国居民家庭的食物浪费碳足迹。研究发现,中国居民家庭人均日食物浪费碳足迹为62.255 g CO²eq。相比以小麦为主食的北方家庭(人均食物浪费碳足迹为53.704 g CO²eq/d),以大米为主食的南方家庭有着更高的人均食物浪费碳足迹(69.628 g CO²eq/d)。此外,显著影响家庭食物浪费碳足迹的还有户主年龄、主要女性成员年龄、主要女性成员受教育年限、家庭人口规模与结构、收入水平、储藏条件和膳食知识、家庭类型等变量。     

土壤碳作为湿润亚热带表层岩溶作用的动力机制:系统碳库及碳转移特征

以桂林丫吉村岩溶实验场为例, 分析了表层带岩溶系统中碳库组成, 测定了各碳库的碳稳定性同位素丰度, 表明土壤碳是系统中最大的碳库, 生物的 Ｃ Ｏ２ 吸收同化与土壤有机质分解导致的土壤 Ｃ Ｏ２ 释放是系统中主导的碳流通过程, 系统活动态碳组分主要由土壤碳贡献, 从而揭示了土壤碳对表层岩溶作用的动力机制。     

象山港网箱养殖鲈鱼残饵和排粪情况初步研究

通过对象山港典型网箱养殖区,养殖鲈鱼投饵、摄食情况的研究,推算残饵和排粪情况。结果表明,鲈鱼年平均摄食率以饵料湿重计为2.6%,以饵料干重计为0.6%。全年投入象山港养殖网箱中的饵料以湿重计为143335.5 t,平均每天投392.7 t,以干重计为31 045.5 t,平均每天投85 t。鲈鱼的排粪率以颗粒有机碳POC干重计平均为6.5%,象山港网箱养殖鱼类每天排粪量干重为7.5 t,全年为2 737.5 t。鲈鱼对饵料的平均利用率为71.8%,全年网箱养鱼的残饵量湿重为43 252.5 t,每天平均118.5 t;以干重计为9 548.4 t,平均每天为26.16 t。显示残饵和排粪量对养殖区底质和水质污染比较严重。     

象山港网箱养殖鲈鱼残饵和排粪情况初步研究

通过对象山港典型网箱养殖区,养殖鲈鱼投饵、摄食情况的研究,推算残饵和排粪情况。结果表明,鲈鱼年平均摄食率以饵料湿重计为2.6%,以饵料干重计为0.6%。全年投入象山港养殖网箱中的饵料以湿重计为143335.5 t,平均每天投392.7 t,以干重计为31 045.5 t,平均每天投85 t。鲈鱼的排粪率以颗粒有机碳POC干重计平均为6.5%,象山港网箱养殖鱼类每天排粪量干重为7.5 t,全年为2 737.5 t。鲈鱼对饵料的平均利用率为71.8%,全年网箱养鱼的残饵量湿重为43 252.5 t,每天平均118.5 t;以干重计为9 548.4 t,平均每天为26.16 t。显示残饵和排粪量对养殖区底质和水质污染比较严重。     

Net Exchange of CO2 in a Mid-Latitude Forest

The eddy correlation method was used to measure the net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide continuously from April 1990 to December 1991 in a deciduous forest in central Massachusetts. The annual net uptake was 3.7 +/- 0.7 metric tons of carbon per hectare per year. Ecosystem respiration, calculated from the relation between nighttime exchange and soil temperature, was 7.4 metric tons of carbon per hectare per year, implying gross ecosystem production of 11.1 metric tons of carbon per hectare per year. The observed rate of accumulation of carbon reflects recovery from agricultural development in the 1800s. Carbon uptake rates were notably larger than those assumed for temperate forests in global carbon studies. Carbon storage in temperate forests can play an important role in determining future concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide.     

大气CO2浓度升高对植物细根影响的研究进展

细根是调节生态系统C平衡的主要组分之一,大气CO2浓度升高对细根影响研究已成为当前全球变化背景下关注的热门课题之一,为此从以下几个方面就大气CO2浓度升高对细根的影响研究进展进行了综述:(1)CO2浓度升高对细根生长动态的影响;(2)CO2浓度升高对细根生理特性的影响;(3)CO2浓度升高对细根组分、分泌物、菌根的影响。由于细根生长受较多因素影响,使得研究结果也表现多样性,此外目前的研究技术和方法也存在一些缺陷,因此如何在非干扰环境条件下开展CO2浓度升高对细根影响的研究,是当前研究地下生态学过程面临的难题之一。