铜、锌污染梯度对自然林地和农田土壤线虫群落的影响

为从污染程度的角度探索土壤线虫多样性与群落稳定性的关系,以重金属铜和锌为扰动因子,设置不同程度的胁迫水平,通过恒温培养试验对比高生物多样性的自然林地和低生物多样性的农田土壤线虫群落对重金属胁迫的响应。结果表明:自然林地土壤线虫数量随Cu和Zn的添加浓度升高而降低;农田土壤线虫总数呈现低浓度扰动条件下降低,中、高浓度又反弹的现象。占绝对优势的食细菌线虫数量变化规律与线虫总数相近;自然林地中捕食杂食性线虫仅在添加高浓度Zn处理有所减少,而在农田土壤中,中、高浓度Cu,以及低浓度Zn处理均呈现出显著的抑制效应。重金属梯度对自然林地线虫多样性无显著影响,但是降低了农田线虫的香农指数,提高了优势度。总体上,Cu和Zn扰动对自然林地线虫的影响主要表现在数量上,对农田线虫的影响更多体现在群落结构、多样性和生态指数上。就污染程度以及生物群落结构的角度而言,高多样性的自然林地线虫群落对Cu和Zn污染的抵抗力更强。     

Interplay of omnivory, energy channels and C availability in a microbial-based soil food web

 To study the effects of omnivory on the structure and function of soil food webs and on the control of trophic-level biomasses in soil, two food webs were established in microcosms. The first one contained fungi, bacteria, a fungivorous nematode (Aphelenchoides saprophilus) and a bacterivorous nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans), and the second one fungi, bacteria, the fungivore and an omnivorous nematode (Mesodiplogaster sp.) feeding on both bacteria and the fungivore. Half of the replicates of each food web received additional glucose. The microcosms were sampled destructively at 5, 9, 13 and 19 weeks to estimate the biomass of microbes and nematodes and the soil NH₄ ⁺-N concentration. The evolution of CO₂ was measured to assess microbial respiration. Microbial respiration was increased and soil NH₄ ⁺-N concentration decreased by the addition of glucose, whereas neither was affected by the food-web structure. Supplementary energy increased the biomass of fungi and the fungivore, but decreased the biomass of bacteria, the bacterivore and the omnivore. The omnivore achieved greater biomass than the bacterivore and reduced the bacterial biomass less than the bacterivore. The biomass of the fungivore was smaller in the presence of the omnivore than in the presence of the bacterivore at three sampling occasions. Fungal biomass was not affected by food-web structure. The results show that the effects of the omnivore were restricted to its resources, whereas more remote organisms and soil processes were not substantially influenced. The results also indicate that the presence of an omnivore does not necessarily alter the control of populations as compared with a food web containing distinct trophic levels, and that the fungal and bacterial channels may respond differently to changes in energy supply. Received: 15 December 1997     

Cattle grazing increases microbial biomass and alters soil nematode communities in subtropical pastures

This study focused on examining the impacts of cattle grazing on belowground communities and soil processes in humid grasslands. Multiple components in the soil communities were examined in heavily grazed and ungrazed areas of unimproved and improved bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) pastures in south-central Florida. By using small (1-m×1-m) sampling plots, we were able to detect critical differences in nematode communities, microbial biomass, and mineralized C and N, resulting from the patchy grazing pattern of cattle. Soil samples were collected on three occasions between June 2002 and June 2003. Microbial C and N were greater (P?0.01) in grazed than in ungrazed plots on all sampling dates. Effects of grazing varied among nematode genera. Most genera of colonizer bacterivores were decreased (P?0.10) by grazing, but more persistent bacterivores such as Euteratocephalus and Prismatolaimus were increased, as were omnivores and predators. Higher numbers of persisters indicated that grazing resulted in a more structured nematode community. Some herbivores, particularly Criconematidae, were decreased by grazing. Abundance of omnivores, predators, and especially fungivores were strongly associated with C mineralization potential. Strong correlation of microbial C and N with nematode canonical variables composed of five trophic groups illustrates important links between nematode community structure and soil microbial resources. Including the analysis of nematode trophic groups with soil microbial responses reveals detection of grazing impact deeper into the hierarchy of the decomposition process in soil, and illustrates the complexity of responses to grazing in the soil foodweb. Although highly sensitive to grazing impacts, small-scale sampling could not be used to generalize the overall impact of cattle grazing in large-scale pastures, which might be determined by the intensity and grazing patterns of various stocking densities at the whole pasture level.     

土壤动物与土壤健康

土壤动物与土壤健康息息相关,土壤动物多样性和功能能够灵敏反映人类活动和气候变化引起的土壤扰动。同时,土壤动物还通过与生物和非生物组分间的相互作用对地上生态系统产生反馈作用。当前土壤动物在土壤健康评价体系中的应用相对较少,主要集中在土壤线虫、节肢动物和蚯蚓等类群,仍缺乏基于土壤动物的系统性评价指标。因此,本文围绕土壤动物在指示土壤健康方面的潜力,系统总结了现有基于土壤动物的土壤健康评价指标,强调未来应建立和完善土壤动物基因组信息数据库,挖掘土壤动物的功能性状,加强土壤食物网结构和生态功能的研究,建立集成土壤动物物种多样性、功能性状和土壤食物网的指标体系,从而促进土壤健康和生态系统的可持续发展。     

Long-term soil feedback on plant N allocation in defoliated grassland miniecosystems

Defoliation of plants is known to have effects on soil organisms and nutrient availability in grassland communities, but few studies have examined whether changes in soil attributes can further feed back to plant growth and plant nutrient content. To examine defoliation-induced soil feedbacks, we established replicated miniecosystems with a grass Phleum pratense, defoliated half of the systems, collected soil from both defoliated and non-defoliated systems and planted new seedlings into each soil. The two soils did not differ in promoting shoot and root growth. However, seedlings that grew in the soil collected from defoliated systems had higher shoot N content, allocated relatively more N to shoots and had lower root N concentration than those growing in the soil collected from non-defoliated systems. Our study provides novel evidence that defoliation can generate long-lasting changes in grassland soil that in turn can affect plant N allocation.     

接种丛枝菌根真菌对甘薯生长的影响研究

温室盆栽试验研究 3种丛枝菌根真菌 (AM )对甘薯生长的影响结果表明 ,灭菌土壤条件下接种 3种AM真菌 (GlomusmosseaeBEG16 7GlomusintraradicesBEG14 1和Glomussp .WUM2 6 )均不同程度促进甘薯对P的吸收和植株生长 ,其中BEG16 7和BEG14 1对甘薯效应显著高于WUM2 6 ;各接种处理菌丝长度差异及琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)活性与其对甘薯的生长效应基本一致 ;接种BEG16 7和BEG14 1的生长效应无显著差异 ,但接种BEG16 7菌丝长度显著大于BEG14 1,其原因可能是BEG16 7菌丝活性低于BEG14 1所致。未灭菌土壤条件下接种 3种AM真菌对甘薯的生长效应不显著 ,而土著AM真菌繁殖体数量较多可能是影响其接种效果的主要原因。     

Highlights and perspectives of soil biology and ecology research in China

As seen for the publications in several distinguished soil related journals, soil biology and ecology is booming in China in recent years. This review highlights the major findings of the soil biology and ecology projects conducted in China during the past two decades. Special attention is paid on the responses of soil biota to environmental change, and the roles of soil functional groups in C transformation, nutrient cycling and pollution remediation. We also point out the future challenges facing the Chinese soil biologists and soil ecologists. In the future, more systematic studies rather than scattered case studies are needed, more controlled field experiments rather than short-term laboratory studies should be encouraged. Besides, we need to focus more on the linkage between aboveground and belowground organisms, the interactions between different groups of soil food web, and the coupling of observation with modeling. It is essential to employ the state-of-the-art technology in research of soil biology and ecology because to answer the emerging scientific questions relies heavily on the development of new technology. Our ultimate goals are to push forward the research on soil biology and ecology in China and to encourage the interaction and collaboration between the international community and research groups in China.     

沼液淹没土壤抑制根结线虫及对土壤线虫群落的影响

为探索沼液抑制根结线虫的效果,本研究通过盆栽试验,以番茄为试供作物,对比了种植前沼液淹没土壤(BSS)、种植期间浇灌沼液(BS)和加热(HE)3种方法对根结线虫的防控效果。结果表明,与不采取任何措施的对照(CK)处理相比, BSS处理抑制根结线虫效果最为明显,防效高达97.1%,根结指数分别比HE和BS处理降低96.9%和92.9%。HE处理尽管在处理土壤后显著降低了根结线虫数量,但在最后破坏性取样时(结束试验)出现反弹,根结线虫数量甚至高于CK处理。对于土壤线虫群落,CK处理中以植食性线虫为主(81.8%);两个沼液处理中食细菌线虫占优势(平均78.3%),且其中的杂食捕食性线虫在土壤前处理后消失,在试验结束时又重新出现,但所占比例依然非常低。沼液淹水方式的高效防控效果揭示了利用沼液防控根结线虫的关键期在于线虫入侵到植物根部之前的幼虫期。然而,在盆栽系统中,沼液淹水的方式也对作物生长表现出了一定的抑制趋势。高量沼液施用防控病害的同时引发的植物毒害作用以及环境污染风险,需要进一步开展田间研究。     

根际溶铁细菌与AM真菌协同提高石灰性土壤铁有效性的机制研究

石灰性土壤普遍存在铁有效性低导致的植物缺铁黄化现象,严重影响农业可持续发展。筛选高效溶铁细菌并探讨其与菌根真菌（AMF）协同提高土壤有效铁含量、改善植物铁营养机制具有重要意义。以石灰性土壤和番茄（Lycopersicon esculentum）为试材进行盆栽试验,分别接种Advenella kashmirensis（B1）、Arthrobacter cupressi（B2）、Klebsiella variicola（B3）、Variovorax guangxiensis（B4）和Enterobacter ludwigii（B5）5株细菌,以不接菌处理为对照（CK）,筛选出高效溶铁菌株B1、B2和B3。将其与纯培养得到的AM真菌孢子（Rhizoshagu irregularis, Ri）组合,设置单独接种AM真菌（Ri）、单菌与Ri（B1+Ri、B2+Ri和B3+Ri）、菌群与Ri（B1+B2+B3+Ri）共接种处理,进一步探究单菌及菌群与AMF协同促进石灰性土壤难溶性铁的活化和促进植物铁吸收的机制。结果表明：（1）与对照相比,接种B1、B2和B3能够显著促进番茄生长,根系和地上部全铁积累量分别提高6.48倍和2.61倍（B1）、4.11倍和2.03倍（B2）、4.37倍和2.25倍（B3）;新叶活性铁含量分别提高74.21%、1.33倍和1.75倍。（2）与单接AMF相比,不同共接种组合显著增加番茄生物量,各部位平均全铁积累量显著提高58.32%~119.43%,其中B3+Ri处理、B1+B2+B3+Ri处理下番茄根系活性铁含量分别提高41.47%和44.30%、新叶活性铁含量分别提高12.61%和12.77%。不同共接种组合处理显著提高AM真菌的菌根侵染率,较单接AM真菌处理提高13.35%~30.99%;根系铁还原酶活性增加9.86%~22.07%,根系LeFIT1、LeFRO2和LeMYB72基因表达显著上调。与单接AM真菌相比,B3+Ri和B1+B2+B3+Ri处理下根际土壤pH分别降低0.21和0.09,土壤有效铁含量分别提高15.78%和55.23%。综上,AM真菌与3株高效溶铁细菌的协同作用可显著提高石灰性土壤铁有效性并改善植物铁营养,不同类型溶铁细菌与AMF的协同作用机制不同,为解决石灰性土壤铁有效性低的问题提供了微生物途径。     

Density-dependent grazing on the extraradical hyphal network of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus intraradices, by the collembolan, Folsomia candida

The effect of microarthropod density on the relative palatibility of selected microfungi and on the integrity of extraradical arbuscular-mycorrhizal (AM) hyphal networks was examined. A series of microcosm experiments were conducted using two conidial fungi (Alternaria alternata and Trichoderma harzianum), one AM fungus (Glomus intraradices) and the microarthropod Folsomia candida (Collembola). We did not detect a significant effect of athropod density on food preference. Food preferences for conidial over mycorrhizal hyphae were consistent across a wide range of collembolan densities. Collembolan density did, however, have a significant effect on the numbers of extraradical AM hyphae which were severed from the plant root in vitro. Even in the presence of a preferred food source, numbers of severed AM hyphal networks increased with increasing collembolan density. Also, the fecundity of Folsomia candida increased in the presence of preferred food sources. We conclude that microarthropod population densities are influenced by the fungal species available and that the potential of microarthropods to impair the efficacy of AM symbioses is density-dependent. Received: 16 May 1997     

长期“化肥有机替代”提升红壤腐解微食物网生态网络复杂性和稳定性

目的通过探究长期“化肥有机替代”对土壤腐解微食物网复杂性和稳定性的影响,为土壤可持续培肥管理提供理论依据。方法依托南方红壤长期施肥田间定位试验,利用高通量测序技术研究土壤腐解微食物网生物群落组成和多样性对长期化肥有机替代的响应,并通过共现网络分析方法评价长期化肥有机替代对土壤腐解微食物网生态网络复杂性和稳定性的影响。结果长期化肥有机替代显著改变了土壤细菌、真菌、原生动物及整体微食物网的物种群落组成,并显著提高土壤细菌、真菌、原生动物、线虫及整体微食物网生物群落的物种丰富度。各功能群生态网络的平均度、平均聚类系数、连通性和模块化程度等绝大多数拓扑参数均表现为化肥有机替代处理下较高;与常规施肥处理相比,化肥有机替代处理各功能群生态网络的鲁棒性较高,细菌、原生动物、线虫和整体微食物网生态网络的脆弱性较低。结论长期化肥有机替代提高了南方红壤细菌、真菌、原生动物、线虫及整体微食物网生物群落的物种多样性,并提升了微食物网的生态网络复杂性和稳定性,对土壤生态功能有着潜在的改善作用。     

生物炭和AM真菌配施对连作辣椒生长和土壤养分的影响

研究生物炭和丛枝菌根(arbuscularmycorrhizal,AM)真菌对连作辣椒生长和土壤养分的影响,可为辣椒连作土壤改良和新型肥料的开发提供理论依据。采用温室盆栽试验,设置4个生物炭添加水平(0、1%、2%、3%), 2个接菌水平[接菌(+AM)和不接菌(-AM)]。辣椒生长60 d后收获并测定其生理指标、土壤酶活性及土壤养分含量。结果表明,施加生物炭和接种AM真菌处理促进了连作辣椒的生长,提高了辣椒叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和叶绿素含量。接种AM真菌对辣椒的促生效果弱于生物炭,而生物炭和AM真菌配施的促生效果最佳。接种AM真菌促进辣椒对P吸收的效果优于生物炭;但对于K吸收来说,施加生物炭的效果优于接菌。生物炭(3%)和AM真菌配施条件下,辣椒根部N、P、K含量分别较对照(0生物炭和-AM处理)显著提高74.04%、106.42%和78.82%。生物炭(3%)与AM真菌配施处理菌根侵染效果最佳,侵染率高达58.96%,较0生物炭+AM处理提高41.59%。土壤pH随生物炭添加量的增加呈增加趋势,但差异不显著。土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶活性随生物炭添加量的增加呈增加趋势,且差异显著,接种AM真菌处理对其影响不显著。土壤速效钾、有效磷、有机质含量随生物炭添加量的增加而增加,接种AM真菌对土壤有机质含量、阳离子交换量(CEC)无显著影响。土壤速效钾、有效磷、碱解氮含量均在生物炭(3%)和AM真菌配施条件下达最大。与单一处理相比,生物炭和AM真菌配施在促进连作辣椒生长、改善连作土壤养分方面具有显著的协同增效作用,尤其是3%生物炭与AM真菌配施条件下效果最佳。     

Relationships among fine roots, fungal hyphae and soil microarthropods among different soil microhabitats in a temperate coniferous forest of Chamaecyparis obtusa

The relationships between roots and soil communities are not well understood. We used the ingrowth-core method with L-, FH-, and M-layer substrates to investigate the relationships among soil organic carbon, fine root biomass, hyphal length and the numbers of soil microarthropods. The study was carried out in a temperate forest of the arbuscular mycorrhizal conifer, Chamaecyparis obtusa. The relationships among fine roots, fungi and soil microarthropods were different among soil substrates and faunal taxa. Soil carbon contents, fine root biomass, hyphal length and soil-microarthropod numbers were the highest in the FH-substrate, and the lowest in the M-substrate. For each substrate, the total numbers of soil microarthropods did not positively correlated with soil organic carbon. A positive correlation between fine root biomass and the soil microarthropod numbers was significant only in the M-substrate, but not in the L- and FH-substrates. In M-substrates, strong positive correlations were found between fine root biomass or hyphal length and Mesostigmata or Oribatida numbers, but Collembola numbers were not corelated. Further studies of the regulation mechanism of soil food web structures should note that the soil microarthropods have different responses to C sources according to soil conditions and trophic interactions.