饮水温度和环境富集对断奶仔猪生产性能及营养素利用的影响

本文采用2×2双因子两水平试验设计探讨了饮水温度(DWT)和环境富集(EE)对断奶仔猪生产性能以及营养素利用的影响.试验选用30日龄断奶仔猪100头,随机分为对照(DWT11-EE)、温水(DWT30-EE)、环境富集(DWT11+EE)、温水+环境富集(DWT30+EE)4组,每组5个重复,每个重复5头(3母+2公),饲养40 d.结果显示:(1)添加富集材料时,30℃饮水组断奶仔猪平均日饮水最比11℃饮水组增加23.4%(P<0.05);温水温度显著降低断奶仔猪料肉比(F/G)(P<0.05)、饮水温度和环境富集对试验猪平均日增重(ADG)和平均日采食量(ADFI)的交互作用极显著(P<0.01);(2)饮水温水显著提高日粮磷(P)的表观消化率(P<0.05);饮水温度和环境富集对日粮干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、钙和磷表观吸收量有极显著的交互作用(P<0.01).由此得出,饮30℃温水可提高断奶仔猪饲料转化效率,增加饮水量;对断奶仔猪,添加环境富集材料时宜饮11℃凉水,不添加环境富集材料时宜饮30℃温水.     

环境富集和饲养密度对绵羊福利的影响

试验主要研究环境富集和饲养密度对绵羊生产性能、血清指标、屠宰性能的影响。选用健康的小尾寒羊24只,分为A、B、C 3组,每组8只,A 组为高集约化模式,B组为高集约化模式+运动场模式,C组为环境富集模式。结果表明,各组绵羊的末重、平均日增重、平均日采食量、饲料转化率差异不显著,环境富集和适宜的饲养密度有提高绵羊生产性能的趋势。环境富集和适宜的饲养密度可以极显著改善前膝清洁度指数（P<0.01）,显著改善后膝、后臀的清洁度指数（P<0.05）;环境富集和适宜的饲养密度能显著降低第37天血清皮质醇浓度（P<0.05）;各组肉品质差异不显著（P>0.05）;宰杀后各组pH45 min和pHult的差异不显著（P>0.05）。因此,环境富集和饲养密度能在一定程度上提高绵羊福利。     

环境富集材料对不同饲养密度条件下肉鸡生产性能的影响

选择21日龄健康的AA肉公鸡 816只,研究环境富集材料对不同饲养密度条件下肉鸡生产性能和屠宰性能的影响.试验采用3(饲养密度)×2(环境富集材料)设计,每个处理4个重复.试验结果表明:随着饲养密度的增加,肉鸡日增重和采食量极显著地降低(P<0.01),料肉比明显增加(P<0.01),添加环境富集材料除能使高饲养密度组的死亡数大幅度降低外,对生产性能的其他指标影响不明显(P>0.01);添加环境富集材料能使不同饲养密度水平下饲养的肉鸡的腹脂率明显下降(P<0.05).研究表明:高饲养密度降低了肉鸡的日增重和采食量,增加了料肉比;在肉鸡舍中添加环境富集材料降低了肉鸡的腹脂率,且在一定范围内可提高屠体率.     

环境富集材料对不同饲养密度条件下肉鸡生产性能的影响

选择21日龄健康的AA肉公鸡816只,研究环境富集材料对不同饲养密度条件下肉鸡生产性能和屠宰性能的影响。试验采用3(饲养密度)×2(环境富集材料)设计,每个处理4个重复。试验结果表明:随着饲养密度的增加,肉鸡日增重和采食量极显著地降低(P<0.01),料肉比明显增加(P<0.01),添加环境富集材料除能使高饲养密度组的死亡数大幅度降低外,对生产性能的其他指标影响不明显(P>0.01);添加环境富集材料能使不同饲养密度水平下饲养的肉鸡的腹脂率明显下降(P<0.05)。研究表明:高饲养密度降低了肉鸡的日增重和采食量,增加了料肉比;在肉鸡舍中添加环境富集材料降低了肉鸡的腹脂率,且在一定范围内可提高屠体率。     

我国草本植物中重金属富集、超富集植物筛选研究进展

介绍了我国在草本植物中筛选重金属富集、超富集植物的研究进展,同时对植物筛选问题提出了一些设想。     

产蛋和停产武定鸡卵巢转录组SNP分析

为提高武定鸡生产性能,探索繁殖相关差异基因,对270日龄产蛋和停产一周以上的武定鸡卵巢组织进行转录组测序,将获得的数据进行SNP检测,利用GO富集和KEGG富集分析SNP所在基因。结果显示:产蛋武定鸡特有的SNP有116235个,停产武定鸡特有的SNP有156020个,两者共有的SNP有276467个;GO富集分析发现,SNP所在基因大量富集在生物进程中;KEGG富集分析发现,SNP所在基因显著富集在代谢途径、剪接、细胞周期、细胞凋亡、基础转录因子等通路;对GnRH信号通路中的5个基因SNP分析发现,有9个SNP位于外显子区,其中有4个SNP位于编码区并引起了氨基酸的改变。研究结果为武定鸡繁殖性能的相关研究提供了理论依据。     

玩具对猪福利的影响

现代集约化养殖对猪的行为产生了诸多限制,使猪的福利受到损害,也影响到猪的生长甚至猪肉品质等许多方面。玩具是动物表达其天性的一种用具,也是环境富集的手段之一。玩具主要影响动物的行为、生长性能、应激和免疫功能甚至猪肉品质等。随着人们对动物福利的重视,越来越多的研究把玩具作为提高动物福利的一种手段应用到不同的动物上面。玩具对猪福利影响方面的研究在国外已有不少研究报道,近年来,在中国也开始受到关注和重视。文章简述了动物福利的意义、环境富集原理以及玩具对猪的影响方面的研究和应用概况。     

基于转录组学研究双酚A对猪睾丸支持细胞炎症和氨基酸代谢通路的影响

旨在研究猪睾丸支持细胞(ST)暴露于环境雌激素双酚A(BPA)不同时间后的基因表达谱变化。本研究将猪ST细胞设为C、B两组，每组设置3个重复，C组为空白对照组，B组细胞暴露于50μmol·L^-1浓度的BPA。BPA暴露6、24 h后，收集C₆、B₆、C₂₄、B₂₄组细胞总RNA样品，构建测序文库，通过双端150 bp测序方法进行高通量转录组测序。对组装数据进行功能注释、差异基因分析以及GO和KEGG富集分析。通过Real-time PCR方法对关键差异基因表达进行验证。BPA暴露24 h后差异基因数量(6 928个)较BPA暴露6 h差异基因数量(3 940个)明显增加。编码分泌型磷蛋白1的SPP1基因在BPA暴露6 h后表达增加，但在BPA暴露24 h后表达降低。管腔结合蛋白编码基因BIP、泛素B编码基因UBB、泛素C编码基因UBC、鸟氨酸脱羧酶1编码基因ODC1表达量在BPA暴露6和24 h后均显著上调。富集分析结果表明，BPA暴露6 h后，TNF信号通路富集差异倍数最高，...     

富集环境对猪决策行为的影响

为研究和评估猪只的决策行为,开发了猪博弈任务(Pig Gambling Task, PGT)。在PGT中共有两种选择(有利和不利)可供试验猪只选择:有利选择意味着每次选择的结果风险较低,回报频次高,但每次回报较少;不利选择意味着每次选择结果风险高,回报频次低,但却回报多。猪只做出有利选择会得到更多的奖励和更少的惩罚。训练所有供试猪只使其适应和习惯测试设备和测试方法(耗时大约4周时间),在9周龄时(获得技能阶段,acquisition phase)供试猪只学会了区分有利选择和不利选择。再过14周(技能保持阶段,retention phase;即24周龄)时,对供试猪只进行保持技能的测试。在上述两个(获得技能和保持技能)阶段,每天进行20次测试,总共进行120次。在两个阶段结束时均采集唾液和毛发样品以测定其皮质醇浓度水平,并在第二个阶段(获得技能阶段)结束时测量体重。在训练过程中,供试猪只做出有利选择的数量增加了。在技能获得阶段,贫瘠环境中生长的供试猪只比富集环境中生长的猪只做出的有利选择更多。在技能保持阶段则没有发现两者间的差异。所有供试猪只在技能保持阶段开始时做出有利选择的数量均较获得阶段结束时少。贫瘠环境中饲养的猪只毛发皮质醇水平高于富集环境条件下饲养的猪。两种环境中猪毛发皮质醇水平的差异在获得技能(9周龄)后比技能保留阶段(之后的14周)更为显著。试验结束时,两种环境对猪只体重增长亦无明显影响。总之,贫瘠环境中生长的猪只毛发皮质醇浓度水平较高,表明贫瘠环境中饲养的猪只,比富集环境中饲养的猪只所经受的应激压力更大,从而贫瘠环境中饲养的猪只能够更好地完成PGT任务。     

猪源肠道丁酸梭菌锌富集能力及富锌工艺的研究

试验旨在研究猪源丁酸梭菌JBH-1株分离株对锌离子的富集能力。采用单因素试验,以丁酸梭菌JBH-1株菌体产量和锌富集率为指标,对影响JBH-1株锌富集性能的锌离子质量浓度、锌加入时间、JBH-1株接种量、培养时间、碳源及氮源种类等发酵条件进行初筛;采用正交试验对最佳碳源、氮源添加量及上述其他发酵条件进一步优化,并在优化的发酵条件下进行50 L发酵罐模拟试验,评价JBH-1株的锌富集性能。结果显示,丁酸梭菌JBH-1株锌富集最优发酵条件为锌离子质量浓度250 mg/L、加锌时间为开始培养后第12 h、JBH-1株接种量10%、培养时间18 h、蔗糖添加量25 g/L、酵母浸粉添加量20 g/L、氯化铵添加量2 g/L。最优发酵条件下的发酵罐模拟试验结果显示,JBH-1株干菌体重量50.75 g,单位菌体锌富集量为139.66 mg/g,锌富集率为82.57%,锌有机率为12.60%。研究表明,综合锌富集量、锌富集率和锌有机化率分析,丁酸梭菌JBH-1株可作为畜禽用微生物有机锌制剂的储备菌株。     

Satisfaction of farm animal behavioral needs in behaviorally restricted systems: Reducing stressors and environmental enrichment

In modern intensive husbandry, systems often restrict farm animal behavior. Behavioral needs will be generated by external stimuli such as stressors deriving from environmental factors or the method of animal care, or some internal factor in farm animals. This means that behavioral restriction would induce maladaptation to stressors or chronic stress. Such a risk of behavioral restriction degrades an animal's physical and mental health and leads to economic loss at a farm. Methods to reduce the risk of behavioral restrictions are to ameliorate the source of a stressor through adequate animal management or to carry out environmental enrichment. This review is intended to describe the relation between animal management and behavioral needs from the perspective of animal motivation.     

丰容对圈养双角犀鸟日常行为的影响

丰容是为圈养动物提供适宜生活环境，改善圈养动物行为结构的重要方法。为了探究丰容对圈养双角犀鸟日常行为的影响，于2013年1～4月对上海动物园3只双角犀鸟进行展区丰容实验。丰容方法包括在栖架上设置云梯、悬挂麻绳和玩具、使用饲喂器等。采用瞬时扫描法观察双角犀鸟的日常行为并进行统计学分析。实验结果表明，丰容前后双角犀鸟个体间行为时间分配在社群、休息、运动、动喙行为方面有显著差异；丰容对双角犀鸟的日常行为有显著的影响，且丰容后各个个体均在修饰行为、休息行为、运动行为和动喙行为方面出现显著差异，具体表现为：修饰行为、运动行为、动喙行为增加，休息行为减少。丰容前后双角犀鸟的Et常行为变化具有个体特异性及行为连锁性。丰容有利于丰富双角犀鸟的日常行为，减少刻板行为的发生，有效提高了动物福利。     

环境丰容对纠正猩猩呕吐行为效果的研究

1只人工饲养的猩猩出现食后连续呕吐的异常行为，通过药物治疗和环境丰容2种方法纠正呕吐行为，采取连续记录法，观察治疗及丰容前后的呕吐次数。结果表明，药物治疗无效，环境丰容可显著纠正呕吐行为。     

动物园环境丰容技术及其效果评估方法

通过对国内动物园调查发现,从20世纪90年代中期至今十几年,人们对动物园环境丰容这一概念逐步得到认识,其应用也越来越广泛,如1995年北京动物园开始尝试对猩猩馆进行环境丰容后,随后卧龙大熊猫研究中心、上海动物园、成都动物园等也有这方面的试验,其他动物园也相继开展相关工作。本文对国内动物园环境丰容工作成果进行总结,归纳出动物园环境丰容技术及效果评估方法,并对环境丰容工作中存在的问题提出了相应的建议。     

Outside enclosure and additional enrichment for dairy goats – a preliminary study

Background

Dairy goats are commonly housed at a space allowance of 0.7 – 0.8 m²/goat in commercial Norwegian goat herds, which is very low compared to regulations and recommendations in other European countries. One easy and cheap way to increase space allowance is to allow the animals’ access to outdoor area. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of access to an outside enclosure and environmental enrichment for dairy goats kept in slatted floor pens with low space allowance on their activity pattern and social behaviour.

Methods

A group of 82 dairy goats on a commercial Norwegian dairy farm were kept inside during the winter period from October to April. In April the goats were given access to an outside enclosure for 8 hours per day. After having access to the enclosure for another for two days, enrichment (branches) was provided, and after 19 days the enrichment were removed. The goats were observed for 5 hours per day for the two last days before they got access to the outside enclosure, the two days in the enclosure, the two first and the two last days with enrichment and for the following two days without enrichment by two trained observers.

Results

When allowed access to the enclosure, the goats spent nearly 50% of the time outside, and later the time spent outside was reduced to less than 40% (P < 0.0001), but there was no clear effect of enrichment. All the goats appeared to have a regular use of the enclosure. Time spent resting decreased 59.2% to only 25.2% when the goats first got access to the enclosure, but then started to increase again (P < 0.0001). Initially time spent exploring and chewing the branches was 20%, but this was reduced to around 12% in the last part of the ENRICH period (P < 0.0001). Number of aggressive interactions tended to increase when the goats were allowed access to the outdoor enclosure whereas play behaviour was only observed in the outside enclosure (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

In conclusion, the goats preferred to use the outside enclosure when being active, and branches were perceived as an attractive enrichment.     

环境丰容在鹦鹉展区中的应用

2007年12月～2008年8月,通过进行笼内环境生态化布置、改变食物投喂方式、投放玩具等方式,对上海动物园葵花凤头鹦鹉实施了丰容试验,并通过对3只葵花凤头鹦鹉的行为观察进行了丰容效果的评价。结果表明：丰容促进了鹦鹉身体各部位协调性;休息行为减少,活动行为增加;异常行为减少;丰容区域利用率大于非丰容区。针对动物园鹦鹉饲养中存在的一些问题,本文提出了几点建议：保证视线无障碍设施的防撞、防逃逸、通风、保洁＇加强饲养员的专业知识培训和责任性教育i针对不同物种采取不同丰容方式并定期维护及更换丰容设施;经常开展国际交流,提升丰容水平等。     

环境丰容对单独圈养黑猩猩行为影响的研究

对广州动物园科研中心的2只单独圈养的黑猩猩进行环境丰容,采取焦点观察法和连续记录法,记录2只黑猩猩丰容前后的各行为持续时间。结果表明,环境丰容对2只单独圈养黑猩猩的行为产生影响,雌性黑猩猩积极行为显著增加,刻板行为和一般行为显著降低,而雄性黑猩猩的探究和进食行为明显提高。     

The effects of environmental enrichment and transport stress on the weights of lymphoid organs,cell‐mediated immune response,heterophil functions and antibody production in laying hens

The effects of environmental enrichment and transport stress on the immune system were investigated in laying hens. A total of 48 1‐day‐old chickens were used, half of the chickens were reared in conventional cages (RCC) and the rest in enriched cages (REC). Transport stress was applied in the 17th week. Liver weight decreased, spleen and bursa of Fabricius weights, white blood cell count, CD4+ and CD8+ cell proportions increased due to the transport. Environmental enrichment significantly increased antibody production and tended to increase monocyte percentage and CD8+ cell proportion. The effect of transport on, heterophil (H) and lymphocyte (L) percentages was not significant in RCC chickens. While heterophil percentage and H:L ratio increased, lymphocyte percentage decreased in REC chickens subjected to transport. Transport stress increased heterophil functions both in REC and RCC chickens, but the increase was higher in REC hens than in RCC hens. In conclusion, although environmental enrichment did not neutralize the effect of transport on lymphoid organs, it activated the non‐specific immune system, cellular and the humoral branches of the specific immune system by increasing heterophil functions, CD8+ cells and antibody production, respectively. Therefore, environmental enrichment suggested for improving animal welfare may also be beneficial to improve the immune system of birds exposed to stress.     

Effects of 'Five freedoms' environmental enrichment on the welfare of calves reared indoors

We provided comfortable resting areas in pens and tools for self-grooming and suppressing aggressive behavior for environmental enrichment in Japanese black and Japanese Shorthorn calves. At the start of the experiment, the black calves ( n  = 10) were 164 days old and 138 kg in weight, and the Japanese Shorthorn calves ( n  = 10) were 176 days old and 164 kg in weight. Calves of each breed were divided into two groups (the enrichment group and the non-treatment group), and each group was housed in a 4 m × 7.2 m pen. The effect of enrichment on calf welfare was estimated on the basis of daily weight gain and behavior. The brush stimulated the grooming behavior in calves although the mean time of using the brush decreased during the experiment. The partition of the feed trough and the wooden wall in the pen decreased the agonistic behavior in Japanese Shorthorn calves ( P  < 0.01) and increased the affiliative behavior in Japanese black calves ( P  = 0.08). The cleanliness of the bedding increased sternum lying and lying with the head touching the flank or ground in Japanese black calves and decreased the standing resting behavior in both breeds ( P  < 0.05 in all the cases). However, the treatments did not have an effect on daily weight gain. We concluded that the treatments would improve the welfare of calves and function as environmental enrichments.