大麦半矮秆品种资源“米麦114”和“尺八大麦”的遗传评价

用大麦半矮秆品种资源米麦114和尺八大麦与高秆测验种Bowman杂交的P1、P2、F1、F2及B1和B2六个世代群体为试村，研究了这两份半矮秆资源株高等性状的遗传规律及其之间的遗传关系。发现它们的半矮生性状均主要受一对隐性基因控制；千粒重由微效多基因决定，符合基因的加性——显性遗传模式。米麦114的穗长和穗密度各受一对隐性     

四倍体小麦地方品种矮蓝麦矮秆性状的遗传分析

四倍体圆锥小麦(Triticum turgidum L.ssp.turgidum)地方品种矮蓝麦是我国重要的小麦矮秆基因资源,经鉴定其矮秆特性对外源赤霉酸敏感。2012年配制矮蓝麦与2个高秆圆锥小麦的正反交组合,2012—2013年在四川绵阳分别种植F1、F2代和F2:3家系,对株高的遗传分析表明,矮蓝麦的矮秆性状受1对隐性基因控制。利用BSA法构建高秆和矮秆池筛选多态性SSR标记,并对矮蓝麦/青稞麦F2分离群体进行连锁分析,将目标基因定位于7AS染色体上,与标记GWM471的遗传距离为2.5 c M。矮蓝麦与矮秆番麦正反交的F1和F2群体表现非常相似的株高变异特征,初步推测矮蓝麦的矮秆基因是Rht22;进一步用高通量SNP和DAr T标记对两品种进行全基因组扫描,发现二者的遗传相似性高达98.7%~99.3%。因此认为,历史上矮蓝麦和矮秆番麦可能是同一品种,是通过人为交流而传播到不同地方。矮蓝麦携带的矮秆基因在人工合成六倍体小麦遗传背景中降低株高能力中等或较弱,在育种中需要聚合其他矮秆基因而被利用。     

糯小麦矮源新种质 11-805矮秆性状遗传研究

11-805是绵阳市农科院新创制的糯小麦矮源种质,为了深入了解新创种质糯小麦矮源11-805的矮秆性状遗传规律,试验对11-805的矮秆遗传特性进行了较为系统的研究。用11-805与高秆亲本‘绵麦37’、‘绵麦43’和‘绵麦1618’杂交,从正反杂种F1代株高表现可知,其F1代株高介于高亲值与中亲值之间,且D为负值,说明11-805的矮秆特性主要受隐性矮秆基因控制;3个群体F2代株高分离出矮秆、半矮秆、高秆3个类型,其比例均为1：2：1,同时有超亲分离存在。结果表明,11-805的矮秆性状是由1对隐性基因控制,并受一些微效基因的影响。正反交F1代平均株高降幅为16.07%和15.67%,可以表明矮秆糯小麦11-805具有明显降低株高的特性。     

不同遗传背景矮败小麦的性状表现

以9种遗传背景的矮败小麦近等基因系为材料，研究了矮秆不育株的株高、抽穗期、开花期、每株穗数、穗长、每穗小穗数和异交结实率。结果表明，不仅矮秆不育株与高秆可育株的株高存在显著差异，而且不同遗传背景的矮秆不育株的株高也程度不同的存在差异；矮秆不育株比高秆可育株的抽穗期平均晚2天，而开花期平均晚1天左右；在     

小麦新品种系宛原50-2矮秆基因的染色体定位

宛原50-2是一个株高比常用矮矮，农艺性状较好的新品系。通过21个单体系F1、F2的株高和F2的赤霉酸反应及测交分析，发现该品系携带有4对或4对以上的矮秆基因。其中Rht IS位于染色体4B**上；Rht8和Rht9分别位于染色体2D和7B上；一对可能通过诱变产生的对赤霉酸不敏感的矮秆基因，暂命名为Rht（Wan），位于染色体4D上。     

小麦“矮变一号”的矮秆性遗传研究

本研究以农林10号、奥尔逊矮、矮宁和矮变一号为矮秆亲本,分别与高秆品种 Glenlea、鉴15-1和半矮秆品种选七进行杂交。根据 P_1、P_2、F_1、F_2、F_3和 BC_1、BC_2各世代的株高变异,分析并比较这4个矮亲所携矮秆基因的遗传特性。同时,通过4个矮亲之间的互交,分析各自所携矮秆基因之间的等位性关系。研究结果表明:1.矮变一号和     

Rht16矮秆小麦中GA2ox-A9(Rht18)基因的克隆与表达分析

赤霉素2-氧化酶(GA2ox)是赤霉素降解途径的一种关键酶,在茎的伸长中起着关键作用。为探讨GA2ox-A9 (Rht18)与Rht16矮秆小麦矮化之间的关系,本研究利用同源克隆方法从硬粒小麦株高近等基因系ANW16F (含矮秆基因Rht16)和高秆材料LD222中分别分离得到GA2ox-A9-1和GA2ox-A9-2基因,并对其进行生物信息学分析和表达模式分析。结果表明,从矮秆ANW16F和高秆LD222克隆得到的GA2ox-A9-1和GA2ox-A9-2基因是位于A和B基因组的两个拷贝基因,均含有3个外显子和2个内含子,编码347个氨基酸。ANW16F和LD222的GA2ox-A9-1蛋白在第89位氨基酸残基存在差异,GA2ox-A9-2蛋白在第87位存在差异。ANW16F和LD222的GA2oxA9-1蛋白与GA2oxA9-2蛋白在第182、186、251、336位的4个氨基酸残基存在差异。GA2ox-A9为亲水性不稳定酸性蛋白,无跨膜结构,二级结构丰富,三级结构预测显示与拟南芥GA2ox 6ku3.1A蛋白的序列相似度高,GA2ox-A9-1蛋白结构完全相同,GA2ox-A9-...     

一个水稻半矮秆突变体的鉴定与遗传分析

高黄矮材料是由黄矮与高秆材料杂交后代F2群体中分离得到的一个半矮秆突变体材料,株高在95 cm左右,比黄矮高约40 cm.该材料在苗期倒2叶叶尖开始出现黄化,分蘖期倒2叶叶尖仍然黄化,倒3叶近1/3叶面黄化干枯、破损现象比较明显.将该突变材料与不同高秆材料杂交,杂种F1表现为高亲本,F2群体株高数据符合3:1分离比例,结果表明该矮生性状受1对隐性基因控制,因其叶尖黄化性状与半矮秆性状共分离,故暂将该基因命名为dy(t)基因;同时将突变材料与其他不同基因型的半矮秆杂交,F2群体均符合9:3:3:1的分离比例,结果表明dy(t)基因与sdl、sdn、sdg基因均不等位,为一新的半矮秆基因.对不同株高材料的幼苗进行不同浓度外源赤霉素(GA3)叶面喷施处理后,结果表明dy(t)基因对该激素敏感.     

甘蓝型油菜矮秆突变体bndf-1的遗传鉴定及利用潜力分析

油菜矮秆资源的研究和利用是解决目前油菜品种易倒伏问题并实现机械化操作的有效途径之一。在甘蓝型油菜杂交选育后代中发现了一株高75 cm左右、株型紧凑、1次分枝明显增多的矮秆突变体,暂命名为bndf-1(Brassica napus L., dwarf-1)。该突变体与高秆常规种品系0003、0826的正反交F1株高小于中亲值而偏向矮秆亲本,相应F2分离群体高矮株分离比符合1:3的期望比值,表明bndf-1的矮秆性状受一对不完全显性核基因控制。对正反交F1的产量性状分析表明,该矮秆资源具有较好的生产应用前景。     

蓖麻株高性状主基因+多基因遗传分析

本研究选用蓖麻YC2×YF1高、矮秆组合的2组6世代群体(P1、P2、F1、B1、B2和F2),对株高性状进行了主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析。结果表明,蓖麻株高受1对主基因和多基因共同控制。2组群体在B1、B2和F2三个分离世代中主基因遗传率分别为37.05%/49.57%、30.51%/34.48%和43.98%/43.64%;主穗位高和主茎节数均受2对主基因和多基因共同控制,且主基因的互作效应显性效应加性效应。3个分离世代中,2组群体主穗位高主基因遗传率分别为67.91%/92.72%、86.89%/92.13%和60.18%/66.87%,主茎节数主基因遗传率分别为91.83%/91.50%、35.22%/63.37%和85.76%/94.58%。主茎节长由多基因控制,遗传率分别为47.64%/47.64%、38.87%/38.87%和25.25%/52.71%。以上遗传模式决定了蓖麻杂种后代株高、主穗位高和主茎节长的正向超亲遗传,而主茎节数则倾向于低值亲本。因此,主穗位高和主茎节数可以作为株高的早期间接选择指标。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Evolution under domestication involving disturbance of genic balance

Summary An hypothesis is developed that the rapid change from wild plants into domesticated crops principally involves the selection of alleles with non-functional gene products which leads to reduced control of the highly integrated metabolism and morphogenesis previously accumulated by lengthy natural selection. Such disturbance of the genome produces altered physiological and morphological development which, although deleterious in nature, serves mankind better and has been selected.     

Genetic variation for disease and nematode resistances and forage quality in perennial diploid and tetraploid lucerne populations (Medicago sativa L.)

Summary Twenty-five lucerne populations of the Medicago sativa complex, which were either diploid or tetraploid and wild or cultivated, were analysed for their resistance to four different fungal diseases and to stem nematode. Forage quality, including stem digestibility and saponin content, was also tested.Populations varied in susceptibility to the diseases caused by Colletotrichum trifolii, Verticillium albo-atrum, Sclerotinia trifoliorum and Pseudopezizza medicaginis, and to the nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci. Except for Sclerotinia rot, sativa and falcata subspecies differed in susceptibility, but this grouping of populations did not account for the full range of variation among them. However, the resistance to P. medicaginis was much lower in the sativa than in the falcata populations.Populations also varied significantly in stem fiber content and digestibility. Stem digestibility was negatively correlated to forage yield. Wild sativa and falcata populations had lower fiber content and higher digestibility than cultivated sativa populations. The medicagenic acid was the sapogenin responsible for the anti-nutritional effect of the lucerne measured by the yellow mealworm larvae Tenebrio molitor. The medicagenic acid content was lowest for the pure sativa populations, highest for the pure falcata populations, and intermediate for the French sativa varieties that have some traits originating from falcata germplasm. Some populations could be used in breeding programs to improve disease and nematode resistance, and forage quality.     

Review of Effects of Active Components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on Central Nervous System

In order to explore the pharmacological effects of active components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on the central nervous system,through consulting related literatures,...     

Effects of Pb on Rhizosphere Soil Enzyme Activity and Chemical Constituents of Achyranthes bidentata Blume

[Objectives]The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Pb on rhizosphere soil enzyme activity and chemical constituents of Achyranthes bidentat...     

不同P-Zn配比对小麦幼苗微量元素营养的影响

采用了螯合-缓冲营养液培养方法对小麦进行了苗期培养试验,在3个P水平(0,0.6,3.0 mmol/L)和3个Zn水平(0,3,30 μmol/L)的完全组合下对小麦苗期生长及Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养进行了研究,旨在为小麦微肥施用提供理论依据.结果表明,P、Zn的正常供应促进了小麦生长,二者的缺乏与过量均会抑制小麦发育,且这种影响在冠部表现得更为明显.在小麦苗期,Zn与Cu的吸收存在明显的拮抗作用,但供Zn则促进了Zn和Cu的转运,而Mn转运则受到了抑制;过量供Zn时,大量Zn被转运到冠部,同时明显抑制了(Fe+Cu+Mn)的吸收总量;P的供应显著地抑制了Fe的吸收,但P的供应提高了Zn、Cu、Mn的转运率;P、Zn在对Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn间吸收竞争的影响中,Zn本身的影响要比P的影响更为明显,供Zn明显促进了小麦幼苗对Zn的吸收;在小麦幼苗冠部,Zn与Fe的竞争中,供P利于Zn的吸收,缺P则利于Fe的吸收;而Zn与Cu以及Zn与Mn间的竞争中,缺磷时利于Zn的吸收,供磷后则利于Cu和Mn的吸收.总之,小麦幼苗Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养中,P、Zn的不同配比会不同程度地改变Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn的协同或拮抗效应.     

Isozyme variation between diploid and tetraploid cytotypes of Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth.

Summary Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth. is a wild perennial species related to the cultivated soybean, G. max (L.) Merr. It is composed of diploid (2n=40) and tetraploid (2n=80) cytotypes. Currently, to differentiate the cytotypes, plants are grown out in the greenhouse and chromosome counts made on pollen mother cells. It is a laborious and time consuming process. The objective of this study was to determine whether electrophoretic techniques could be utilized to separate the cytotypes. Electrophoretic examination of seven isozyme systems from seed of 67 G. tabacina accessions revealed banding patterns that could be used to differentiate between diploid and tetraploid cytotypes in the species. Among the tetraploid accessions, the number of bands observed were always greater than the diploids. Some tetraploid banding patterns consisted of bands similar to the diploid tabacina and/or additional bands previously identified in other Glycine species. The patterns of isozyme multiplicity and variation in the tetraploid tabacinas suggests more than one mode of origin for the tetraploids.     

Some physiological and photosynthetic characters of rice × sorghum and rice × wheat hybrids

Summary Some photosynthetic characters as-leaf anatomy, leaf photosynthetic rate and CO₂ compensation pointdistinguishing C₃ and C₄ plants and physiological characters as leaf area ratio, nitrogen content, leaf stem ratio and total shoot-to-root and deep root-to-shoot ratios have been studied in rice × sorghum and rice × wheat hybrids. Rice × sorghum 1. has lower values of photosynthetic rate, leaf nitrogen, total root and deep root-to-shoot ratio and CO₂ compensation point as of rice parent where as, rice × sorghym 2. is superior in all these characters. Both hybrids lack kranz anatomy. Though both rice × sorghum hybrids show characters of C₃ rice plant but rice × sorghum 2. has improved drought tolerance and leaf characters in relation to yield. Rice × wheat hybrid have higher assimilatory area and higher total root-to-shoot ratio. Grains of rice × wheat hybrids are identical to rice grain. However, as grains of rice × wheat hybrid does not contain seed coat, it could be exploited as novel rice germplasm after improvement.Abbreviations T CO₂ compensation point - T21 CO₂ compensation point at 21% O₂ - T2 CO₂ compensation point at 2% O₂ - dR/sR deep Root-to-shoot Ratio - LAR Leaf Area Ratio - CER photosynthetic rate - TR/SR Total Root-to-Shoot Ratio