花后高温、弱光及其双重胁迫对小麦籽粒内源激素含量与增重进程的影响

在田间试验条件下研究了花后不同时期高温、弱光和温光双重胁迫对小麦籽粒内源激素含量与增重进程的影响。结果表明,灌浆中期温光双重胁迫处理对小麦粒重的影响最为显著,不同时期3种处理后,单粒重的降低主要是缓增期灌浆速率和平均灌浆速率显著降低所致,而灌浆持续期对其影响较小。灌浆进程中籽粒GA₃含量的降低或ABA含量的升高可能是导致平均与最大灌浆速率以及渐增期、快增期和缓增期灌浆速率变化的生理原因。对籽粒各内源激素变化速率之间及其与籽粒平均灌浆速率的相关分析表明,对籽粒灌浆速率的调节作用GA₃主要体现在灌浆前期（开花后7~12 d）和后期（开花后19~28 d）;而ABA主要是在灌浆中期（开花后12~19 d）,且籽粒平均灌浆速率与ABA之间的关系要比其与GA₃的关系相对密切。整个籽粒灌浆过程,ZR和IAA含量变化与籽粒平均灌浆速率的相关性均不显著。     

灌浆期不同阶段干旱对高粱籽粒淀粉积累的影响

为了研究灌浆期干旱对高粱籽粒淀粉积累的影响,以高淀粉高粱品种铁杂17（TZ17）和低淀粉品种辽杂11（LZ11）为试验材料,在灌浆的早期、中期、后期进行干旱胁迫,通过测定2个高粱品种的总淀粉、直链淀粉、支链淀粉含量及产量指标,研究灌浆期干旱胁迫对高粱籽粒淀粉积累及产量形成的影响。结果表明,2个高粱品种的总淀粉、直链淀粉、支链淀粉含量及产量均受干旱影响呈减少的变化趋势。灌浆期不同阶段干旱胁迫对淀粉积累的影响程度主要表现为灌浆早期>灌浆中期>灌浆后期;高淀粉品种（TZ17）比低淀粉品种（LZ11）更易受到干旱胁迫的影响;干旱胁迫下淀粉指标的变异系数依次为直链淀粉>支链淀粉/直链淀粉>总淀粉>支链淀粉,表明直链淀粉比支链淀粉更易受干旱胁迫的影响;灌浆期干旱胁迫影响籽粒淀粉的积累,降低了千粒重,最终影响高粱的籽粒产量。     

Mass selection of wheat for grain filling without transient photosynthesis

Summary Post-anthesis chemical desiccation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants in the field eliminates transtent photosynthesis by killing all green tissues, thus revealing the plant's capacity for grain filling from stored stem reserves, as the case is for post-anthesis stress such as drought or leaf diseases. This study was conducted to investigate whether mass selection for large kernels under chemical desiccation would lead to the improve ment of grain filling in the absence of transient photosynthesis.Six crosses of common spring wheat were subjected to three cycles of mass selection from F₂ through F₁ when selection was performed for large kernels by sieving grains from plants that were erther chemically desiccated after anthesis, or not (controls). The resulting 36 bulks (six crosses by three selection cycles by two selection environments) were compared with their respective F₂ base populations, when tested with and without chemical desiccation.Selection for large kernels under potential conditions (without chemical desiccation) did not improve kernel weight under potnetial conditions, evidently because these materials were lacking in genetic variation for kernel weight under potential conditions. In four of the crosses, 3rd cycle selection for large kernels under potential conditions decreased kernel weight under chemical desiccation. On the other hand, selection for large kernels under chemical desiccation was effective in improving kernel weight and test weight under chemical desiccation, depending on the cross and the selection cycle, with no genetic shift in mean days to heading or mean plant height. Selection for large kernels under chemical desiccation was also effective in some cases in increasing kernel weight under potential conditions. The results are interpreted to show that selection under potential conditions and under chemical desiccation operate on two different sources for grain filling, namely transient photosynthesis and stem reserve utilization, respectively. In order to expose genetic variability for stem reserve utilization to selection pressure, transient photosynthesis must be eliminated, as done by chemical desiccation in this study.     

The drought response of landraces of wheat from the northern Negev Desert in Israel

Summary Diverse landraces of wheat, collected from the semi-arid (150 to 250 mm of total annual rainfall) Northern Negev desert in Israel were considered as a potential genetic resource of drought resistance for wheat breeding. These materials were therefore evaluated for their reponses to drought stress in agronomical and physiological terms. Up to 68 landraces, comprising of Triticum durum, T. aestivum, and T. compactum were tested in two field drought environments, in one favourable field environment, under post-anthesis chemical plant desiccation which revealed the capacity for grain filling from mobilized stem reserves, under a controlled drought stress in a rainout shelter and in the growth chamber under polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced water stress. Biomass, grain yield and its components, harvest index, plant phenology, canopy temperatures, kernel weight loss by chemical plant desiccation, growth reduction by PEG-induced drought stress and osmotic adjustment were evaluated in the various experiments.Landraces varied significantly for all parameters of drought response as measured in the different experiments, which was in accordance to their documented large morphological diversity. Variation in grain yield among landraces under an increasing drought stress after tillering was largely affected by spike number per unit area. Kernel weight contributed very little to yield variation among landraces under stress, probably because these tall (average of 131 cm) landraces generally excelled in their capacity to support kernel growth by stem reserve mobilization under stress. Yield under stress was reduced with a longer growth duration of landraces only under early planting but not under late planting. Landraces were generally late flowering but they were still considered well adapted phenologically to their native region where they were always planted late.Landraces differed significantly in canopy temperature under drought stress. Canopy temperature under stress in the rainout shelter was negatively correlated across landraces with grain yield (r=0.67^**) and biomass (r=0.64^**) under stress. Canopy temperature under stress in the rainout shelter was also positively correlated across landraces (r=0.50^**) with canopy temperature in one stress field environment. Osmotic adjustment in PEG-stressed plants was negatively correlated (r=–0.60^**) with percent growth reduction by PEG-induced water stress. It was not correlated with yield under stress in any of the experiments. In terms of yield under stress, canopy temperatures and stem reserve utilization for grain filling, the most drought resistant landrace was the Juljuli population of T.durum.     

Plant Recovery and Grain-Yield Formation in Barley and Triticale Following Forage Removal at Two Cutting Stages

The effects of cutting stage on plant recovery and grain-yield formation were analyzed in three barley and three spring triticale genotypes for two sowing dates and two sites in northeastern Spain. Harvesting treatments were (i) uncut or control, (ii) cut at the pseudostem erection stage, and (iii) cut at the first node detectable stage. Plant recovery after forage removal was affected by environmental conditions, sowing date, and plant stage at cutting. There were genotypic differences in the rate of recovery after cutting. The later the plant stage at cutting, the greater were the reductions in dry-matter accumulation, leaf-area expansion, leaf-area duration after anthesis and grain-yield components, and the increases in the inverse of leaf area ratio (1/LAR) and in grain:leaf ratio. In barley, photosynthesis after anthesis was the main source of assimilates for grain filling. Photosynthesis after anthesis, which was a greater contributor than reserve remobilization to grain filling in both uncut and cut at the pseudostem erection stage treatments in triticale, was reduced when the plants were subjected to the stress of forage removal at the first-detectable-node stage.     

Remobilization of Nitrogen and Carbohydrate from Stems of Bread Wheat in Response to Heat Stress during Grain Filling

When wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is grown under heat-stress conditions during grain filling, preanthesis stored total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC) and nitrogen (N) could serve as alternative source of assimilates. This study was performed to evaluate wheat genotypes for their ability to accumulate and remobilize TNC and N stored in their stem to support grain filling under heat stress. Eighteen genotypes were used for N remobilization study while nine of them were used for TNC remobilization study. They were grown in pots and placed in a vinyl house with the maximum temperature kept below 30 °C. Five days after anthesis (5DAA), half of the pots were taken to phytotrons where temperature was gradually increased and the maximum was set at 38 °C. Grain yield and grain weight decreased by about 35 % under heat stress. Significant differences were found among genotypes in percentage reduction in grain yield, grain weight, grain filling duration and harvest index because of heat stress. The N and TNC concentrations of the stem at 5DAA were significantly different among genotypes. Heat stress significantly reduced the N remobilization efficiency of most of genotypes. However, heat stress significantly increased TNC remobilization efficiency and significant variation were observed among genotypes. N remobilization efficiency across treatments significantly correlated with grain yield, grain weight, harvest index and grain filling duration. TNC at 5DAA negatively correlated with N at 5DAA and harvest index, but the TNC remobilization efficiency under heat stress positively correlated with mainstem grain yield, grain weight and harvest index. The rate of chlorophyll loss from flag leaf positively correlated with N and TNC remobilization efficiencies under heat stress suggesting a link between leaf senescence and remobilization efficiency. The results indicate that heat stress negatively affected grain yield, its components and N remobilization while it increased TNC remobilization because of the increasing demand for resources.     

灌浆结实期低温弱光复合胁迫对稻米品质的影响

近年来,南方水稻抽穗灌浆期低温寡照天气发生频率明显增加,为探明其对稻米品质的影响,在水稻灌浆结实期不同时间段(1~7d、8~14d、15~21d、22~28d、29~35d)设置低温弱光复合胁迫(LW)、单一弱光(WN)、单一低温处理(LN)和常温常光(NN)4个处理,研究低温弱光复合胁迫对稻米加工品质、外观品质、蒸煮食味品质、RVA谱特征值等的影响。结果表明,不同处理方式间的垩白米率、垩白大小和垩白度均表现为LW>LN>WN>NN,且灌浆结实期各阶段的复合胁迫均较对照NN差异极显著或显著,除了2016年灌浆结实1~7d的垩白度外,灌浆结实21d内的复合胁迫与单一弱光、低温差异也显著或极显著,单一胁迫低温、弱光在灌浆结实21d内较对照NN差异极显著或显著,其中单一低温与弱光在部分处理下差异达显著水平,灌浆结实21d后,复合胁迫与单一弱光、低温部分差异显著,弱光与低温无显著差异。不同处理间的糙米率、精米率和整精米率均表现为NN>WN>LN>LW,其中,灌浆结实21d内,复合胁迫及单一低温、弱光较对照NN差异极显著或显著,灌浆结实21d后,部分时间段差异显著或极显著。低温弱光复合胁迫及单一胁迫对加工品质影响程度按大小依次为整精米率、精米率、糙米率,且灌浆结实21d内处理的影响大。对蒸煮食味品质,低温弱光复合胁迫极显著或显著降低了稻米的直链淀粉含量、胶稠度、外观、黏度和食味值,显著或极显著提高了蛋白质含量和硬度,单一胁迫低温、弱光表现与复合胁迫相同的影响,且灌浆结实21d内,除2016年的胶稠度,单一低温、弱光较对照NN差异显著或极显著,单一低温、弱光较复合胁迫差异也多显著或极显著。从水稻RVA谱特征值来看,低温弱光复合胁迫及单一胁迫造成稻米的峰值黏度、热浆黏度与崩解值下降,最高黏度、消减值与峰值时间上升,除灌浆结实29~35d的崩解值外,复合胁迫较对照NN差异达极显著或显著水平,部分指标的低温、弱光较对照NN差异也达显著水平。总之,灌浆结实期各时间段的低温弱光复合胁迫及单一胁迫造成稻米品质不同程度下降,且以灌浆结实21d内复合胁迫的影响较大。     

Traits in Spring Wheat Cultivars Associated with Yield Loss Caused by a Heat Stress Episode after Anthesis

Heat stress resulting from climate change and more frequent weather extremes is expected to negatively affect wheat yield. We evaluated the response of different spring wheat cultivars to a post‐anthesis high temperature episode and studied the relationship between different traits associated with heat tolerance. Fifteen spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars were grown in pots under semifield conditions, and heat stress (35/26 °C) and control treatments (20/12 °C) were applied in growth chambers for 5 days starting 14 days after flowering. The heat stress treatment reduced final yield in all cultivars. Significant variation was observed among cultivars in the reduction in average grain weight and grain dry matter yield under heat stress (up to 36 % and 45 %, respectively). The duration of the grain‐filling period was reduced by 3–12 days by the heat treatment. The reduction in the grain‐filling period was negatively correlated with grain nitrogen yield (r = ?0.60). A positive correlation (r = 0.73) was found between the treatment effect on green leaf area (GLA) and the reduction in yield resulting from heat stress. The amount of stem water‐soluble carbohydrates (WSC) was not related to treatment effects on grain yield or grain weight. However, the treatment effect on stem WSC remobilization was negatively correlated with reduction in grain‐filling duration due to heat stress (r = ?0.74) and positively with treatment effect on grain N yield (r = 0.52). The results suggest that the effect of the heat treatment on GLA was the trait most associated with yield reduction in all cultivars. These findings suggest the importance of ‘stay green’‐associated traits in plant breeding as well as the need for better modelling of GLA in crop models, especially with respect to brief heat episodes during grain filling. There is in particular a need to model how heat and other stresses, including interacting effects of heat and drought, affect duration of GLA after flowering and how this affects source–sink relations during grain filling.     

Effect of two-week heat stress during grain filling on stem reserves,senescence, and grain yield of European winter wheat cultivars

To examine the extent to which heat stress during grain filling impacts on the development and yield of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), a 3-year field experiment was conducted on a loess soil with high water holding capacity in the North German Plain. Thirty-two mostly European winter wheat cultivars were exposed to heat stress in a mobile foil tunnel with maximum air temperatures of 45.7, 45.4, and 47.2°C in 2015, 2016, and 2017, respectively. The 14-day post-anthesis heat stress treatment caused an average 57.3% grain yield reduction compared to a close-by non-stressed control. The proportion of green crop area after the heat stress phase varied from 7% to 98% in 2016 and from 37% to 94% in 2017. The green crop area percentage did not significantly correlate with grain yield, indicating that the delayed senescence of stay-green phenotypes offers no yield advantage under terminal heat stress. The water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentration of the stems at crop maturity varied between 6 and 92 g/kg dry matter, showing that the genotypes differed in their efficiency at using the stem carbohydrate reserves for grain filling under heat stress. The stem WSC concentration correlated positively with the beginning of anthesis (r = 0.704; p < .001) but negatively with the grain yield (r = −0.431; p < .05). For heat tolerance breeding, the stem reserve strategy, i. e. the rapid and full exhaustion of the temporary carbohydrate storage therefore seems more promising than the stay-green strategy.     

Evaluation of Grain Filling Rate and Duration in Bread and Durum Wheat, under Heat Stress after Anthesis

Bread and durum wheat genotypes were submitted to heat stress during the grain filling period, and relationships between grain weight and accumulated time from anthesis until maturity, using days after anthesis and growing degree days, were described by cubic polynomials. Maximum grain weight and the duration and rate of grain filling were estimated from the fitted curves. It was found that bread and durum wheat exposure to high temperatures significantly decreased grain weight and hastens physiological maturity (shortening the grain filling period). High temperatures significantly affected the rate (on a growing degree day basis) and duration (on Julian day units) of grain filling. The grain filling rate, on a thermal time basis, was positively associated with the final grain weight and the estimated maximum grain weight. The duration of grain filling does not appear to be a limiting factor for genotype grain weight stability, being mainly fixed by temperature. Grain weight of the controlled plants was positively correlated with the final and maximum grain weight of heat stressed plants. It was concluded that a high grain filling rate and a high potential grain weight are major traits that can be useful to improve heat tolerance of Triticum under Mediterranean environments.     

水分胁迫对贪青水稻籽粒充实及其淀粉合成关键酶活性的影响

以两个灌浆速率差异较大的杂交稻组合(汕优63，Pc311/早献党)为材料，设置出穗后高氮(HN)和正常氮(NN)两个水平，以正常灌水为对照(WW)，研究适度水分胁迫(WS)对水稻籽粒灌浆速率与籽粒中淀粉合成关键酶活性的影响。结果表明， HN导致水稻贪青迟熟，主要表现为淀粉积累速率和积累量显著下降，造成粒重和产量降低。适度水分胁迫处理能有效改善贪青稻株的籽粒充实状况。施高氮导致水稻籽粒中蔗糖合成酶(SuSy)、腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(ADP-Gppase)、颗粒结合淀粉合成酶(GBSS)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)和淀粉分支酶(SBE)活性降低，是贪青稻株籽粒淀粉积累速率下降和充实不良的内在生理原因。适度水分胁迫处理能诱导籽粒中SuSy、ADP-Gppase、SSS和SBE活性上升，进而增加籽粒淀粉积累和粒重。而正常施氮下，水分胁迫导致稻株籽粒灌浆后期同化物供应不足和淀粉合成代谢酶活性下降过快，是其籽粒淀粉积累总量减少、粒重降低的主要原因。     

花后短暂高温对小麦籽粒蛋白质含量的影响及其生理机制

采用人工气候室控温, 研究花后短暂高温对弱筋小麦扬麦9号和中筋小麦扬麦12籽粒蛋白质含量的影响及其生理机制。结果表明,开花至花后33 d,35℃以上高温处理使籽粒蛋白质含量显著高于对照, 温度越高上升越显著;花后33 d以后遇高温胁迫对蛋白质含量影响相对较轻。籽粒灌浆前期,花后6~8 d 35℃以上高温胁迫对蛋白质含量的影响最大,花后1~3 d处理影响次之;在灌浆中后期,花后19~21 d高温胁迫对蛋白质含量影响较大,花后36~38 d处理的影响较小,且灌浆前期籽粒蛋白质含量受高温胁迫的影响较灌浆中后期大。剑叶硝酸还原酶（NR）和谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性以25℃处理较高,随温度的升高而降低, 与籽粒蛋白质含量呈极显著负相关。高温胁迫导致粒重下降,籽粒蛋白质含量相对上升。花后短暂高温胁迫导致弱、中筋小麦籽粒蛋白质品质变劣。     

Reduction in kernel weight as a potential indirect selection criterion for wheat grain yield under terminal heat stress

Heat is an important abiotic stress during wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain‐filling in South Asia. A study was undertaken to determine effectiveness of selection for reduction in 1000‐kernel weight (TKWR) under heat stress to increase grain yield. Selection was made for low and high TKWR and selected progenies were evaluated in timely and late seeded trials at two locations in Nepal in 2003. One thousand kernel weight (TKW), biomass yield, grain yield, harvest index (HI), grain‐filling duration (GFD) and area under spot blotch progress curve per day (AUDPC/day) were examined. The low and high TKWR groups did not differ significantly for TKW, biomass yield, grain yield, HI, days to heading, GFD and AUDPC/day under timely seeding. However, low TKWR lines showed higher TKW, biomass yield, grain yield, HI, and GFD and lower AUDPC/day than the lines with high TKWR under late seeding. Realized heritability estimates for TKWR ranged from 0.68 to 0.85. The findings show that selection for low TKWR could be used as an indirect selection criterion to identify high grain yielding lines under terminal heat stress.     

我国北部冬麦区小麦品种籽粒灌浆特性的研究

１９９２￣１９９４年在北京对华北６省市以及国外近年来育成的一些冬小麦品种的籽粒灌浆特性进行了研究。在每亩４０万穗左右，亩产４００ｋｇ的条件下，决定籽粒产量的最重要性状是千粒重；而决定千粒重的主要因素是平均灌浆速率（ＡＲ）。山东品种的千粒量和ＡＲ在６省市为最高。采用Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ方程对籽粒灌浆过程进行拟合并求得有关灌浆参数。开花早的品种灌浆速率（Ｒ，Ｒｍａｘ）高，灌浆持续时间（Ｔ）较长，千粒重也高     

土壤水分与氮素对水稻地上器官脱落酸和细胞分裂素含量的影响

在盆栽和土培池条件下,研究了结实期轻度土壤水分胁迫与氮素营养对水稻地上部脱落酸和细胞分裂素含量及籽粒灌浆的影响。轻度土壤水分胁迫提高了籽粒的灌浆速率,缩短了灌浆期。在高氮（HN）水平下,轻度土壤水分胁迫处理使结实率、粒重和产量较正常灌溉条件下提高。土壤水分胁迫降低了稻株中的玉米素（Z）＋玉米素核苷（ZR）含量,显著增加了稻株中特别是籽粒中脱落酸（ABA）含量。籽粒灌浆速率与籽粒ABA含量极显著正相关,而与籽粒中Z+ZR含量的相关不显著。灌浆前期（花后9～13 d）对在HN和正常灌水下生长的稻株喷施ABA,显著提高了籽粒中蔗糖合成酶、淀粉合成酶、淀粉分枝酶、可溶性酸性转化酶和腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶的活性,增加了粒重。喷施氟草酮(ABA合成抑制剂)的结果与喷施ABA相反。表明轻度土壤水分胁迫促进籽粒灌浆,ABA起重要的调控作用。     

冬小麦子粒充实度及灌浆模式的研究

通过对小麦子粒灌浆及发育的研究分析,提出了子粒充实度的概念及计算公式,并据此对河南省小麦子粒灌浆模式进行了研究,结果表明,品种间的子粒充实度存在着显著差异,它可以较好地反映子粒生长潜力的发挥程度。河南省的高产小麦品种可以划分为四种灌浆模式：①高灌浆速度与短灌浆持续期相结合类型;②长灌浆持续期与早开花相结合类型;③长灌浆持续期与晚开花相结合类型;④低灌浆速度与长灌浆持续期相结合类型。其中,①②模式类型比较适合河南省的生态条件,子粒充实度较高。子粒充实度与子粒灌浆持续期、子粒灌浆完成期、开花期、起始生长势等密切相关     

Application of natural plant extracts improves the tolerance against combined terminal heat and drought stresses in bread wheat

Drought and heat are among the main abiotic stresses causing severe damage to the cereal productivity when occur at reproductive stages. In this study, ten wheat cultivars were screened for combined heat and drought tolerance imposed at booting, heading, anthesis and post‐anthesis stages, and role of the foliage applied plant extracts was evaluated in improving the performance of differentially responding wheat cultivars under terminal heat and drought stresses. During both years, wheat crop was raised under ambient temperature and 70% water holding capacity (WHC) till leaf boot stage. The plant extracts (3% each) of sorghum, brassica, sunflower and moringa were foliage applied at booting, anthesis and post‐anthesis stage; and after one week of application of these plant extracts, combined heat and drought was imposed at each respective stage. Heat and drought stresses were imposed at each respective stage by placing pots in glass canopies with temperature of 4 ± 2°C above than the ambient temperature in combination with drought stress (35% WHC) until maturity. Combination of drought and heat stresses significantly reduced the performance of tested wheat cultivars; however, stress at the booting and heading stages was more damaging than the anthesis and post‐anthesis stages. Cultivars Mairaj‐2008 and Chakwal‐50 remained green with extended duration for grain filling, resulting in the maintenance of number of grains per spike and 100‐grain weight under stress conditions and thus had better grain yield and water‐use efficiency. However, in cultivars Fsd‐2008, and Shafaq‐2006, the combined imposition of drought and heat accelerated the grain filling rate with decrease in grain filling duration, grain weight and grain yield. Foliar application of all the plant extracts improved the wheat performance under terminal heat and drought stress; however, brassica extract was the most effective. This improvement in grain yield, water‐use efficiency and transpiration efficiency due to foliage applied plant extracts, under terminal heat and drought stress, was owing to better stay‐green character and accumulation of more soluble phenolics, which imparted stress tolerance as indicated by relatively stable grain weight and grain number. In crux, growing of stay‐green wheat cultivars with better grain filling and foliage application of plant extracts may help improving the performance of bread wheat under combined heat and drought stresses.     

土壤水分胁迫对水稻产量和品质的影响

以农大3号为试材,盆栽,控水,研究了不同生育阶段土壤水分（水势）胁迫（≤－75 kPa）对水稻产量和品质的影响。结果表明,孕穗中期土壤水分胁迫导致功能叶变短,穗粒数减少,生物产量与经济产量降低,糙米率、米粒长宽比、食味下降。分蘖期干旱胁迫使单穴有效穗数降低,生物产量与经济产量下降。出穗后干旱胁迫导致叶片萎蔫变黄,叶面积指数下降。乳熟期和灌浆期干旱胁迫,饱满粒率、饱满千粒重降低,整精米率下降。灌浆期干旱还导致垩白率、垩白度明显增高。蜡熟期干旱使叶绿素含量减少,胶稠度、蛋白质含量降低。     

Australian rice varieties vary in grain yield response to heat stress during reproductive and grain filling stages

Climate change may lead to an increase in both day and night time temperatures in rice (Oryza sativa L) growing regions, but the impact of such temperature increases on yields of Australian rice varieties is not known. We evaluated the biomass and grain yield response of eleven Australian rice varieties including long, medium and short grain types, and the Californian cultivar M205, to heat stress during the reproductive phase and grain filling stages. Heat stress (day/night = 35/25°C) was applied at one of three stages: from panicle exertion to anthesis (PE), from anthesis to 10 days after anthesis (EGF) and from 10–20 days after anthesis (LGF) periods after which the effect on biomass and grain yield was compared to control plants. When heat stress was applied at PE and early grain filling stages, mean grain yield losses across rice varieties were 83% and 53%, respectively, though significant genotype × heat stress treatment interactions were observed. Notably, three varieties—YRM 67, Koshihikari and Opus—appeared to possess greater tolerance to heat stress at these growth stages. A significant genotype × heat stress treatment interaction was also observed in the LGF treatment, where significant yield reductions were only observed in Opus (21% loss) and YRM 67 (25% loss). A lack of effect of heat stress on total grain yield in most varieties at late grain filling appeared to be due to late tiller grain yields which were either unaffected by the heat stress or increased significantly compared to control plants. While genetic variation for tolerance to heat stress across the three growth stages was observed, there was no rice genotype that was consistently tolerant (in terms of yield under stress) across all three heat stress treatments. In the absence of a genotype that showed broad heat stress tolerance during reproductive growth, we suggest screening of a wider pool of more diverse rice germplasm is warranted.     

水分胁迫对水稻结实期一些生理性状的影响

选用抗旱性不同的3个杂交水稻品种，在干旱棚内分别在正常供水和水分胁迫条件下，研究了水稻结实期丙二醛（MDA）含量、光合速率、气孔导度、渗透调节物质及保护性酶活性等生理性状变化。结果表明，结实期随土壤水分胁迫加剧和时间延长细胞膜脂过氧化加剧，抗旱性弱的品种膜脂过氧化更为严重；剑叶光合速率、气孔导度和叶绿素含量迅速下降，抗旱性弱的品种比抗旱性强的品种降速快、幅度大。抽穗后0～14 d随胁迫时间的延长叶片内可溶性糖、氨基酸含量增加，超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和过氧化物酶（POD）3种酶活性升高，抗旱性强的品种增加或升高的幅度大。抽穗14 d后叶片内可溶性糖、氨基酸含量下降，SOD、CAT和POD酶活性降低。试验表明，水稻叶片MDA含量、光合作用、渗透调节物质及保护性酶活性的变化幅度与品种的抗旱性密切相关。