云南3个主要石榴品种果实生长动态的研究

对甜绿籽、甜光颜和厚皮甜砂籽3个云南主要栽培石榴品种的果实纵径、横径、果形指数和体积的动态变化进行了观测研究。结果表明:甜绿籽和厚皮甜砂籽果实纵、横径的生长变化较为一致,其纵径生长呈现"快-慢-快"的变化程序,而横径的生长分"快-慢"两个阶段;甜光颜果实的纵径生长呈现"快-慢"两个阶段,横径生长呈"快-慢-快-慢"变化状。甜绿籽和厚皮甜砂籽果实的果形指数呈倒"S"型,甜光颜果实的果形指数呈倒双"S"型。厚皮甜砂籽果实的体积变化呈现"慢-快-慢-快"4个阶段;甜绿籽和甜光颜2个品种果实的体积在其整个生长发育过程中一直平稳增长。3个石榴品种果实纵径、横径与其果实体积的变化曲线较为相似,甜绿籽、甜光颜和厚皮甜砂籽果实的纵、横径与体积均呈极显著相关,且为同步增长。     

蓝靛果忍冬新品种果实性状的比较研究

以蓝靛果忍冬(Lonicera caerulea)新品种蓝心忍冬(L.caerulea‘Lan Xin’)、伊人忍冬(L.caerulea‘Yi Ren’)、黑林丰忍冬(L.caerulea‘Hei Lin Feng’)为材料,对其果实的单果重、纵径、横径、果形指数(纵径/横径)、果柄长度等形态学性状进行调查,并测定了果实的维生素C、可溶性糖、可滴定酸、可溶性蛋白质等品质指标.分析结果表明:蓝靛果忍冬新品种在果形指数(纵径/横径)方面不存在显著的品种间差异,而在单果重、纵径、横径、果柄长度、维生素C、可溶性糖、可滴定酸、可溶性蛋白质方面存在显著的品种间差异.     

泡泡树不同品种果实性状差异及生长动态分析

对引种的泡泡树4个品种果实单果重、纵径、横径、果形指数及生长动态进行了初步研究，结果表明不同品种间单株结果量存在较大差异。根据当前单株结果量和果实性状表现，筛选出Mary Foos Johnson和Overleese两个早期丰产的优良品种；同时发现各品种之间果实横径和纵径大小存在差异。4个泡泡树品种的纵横径变化在泡泡果实成熟前期都随着时间的增加而增大。     

油橄榄在云南的果实生长发育特性分析

【目的】分析油橄榄在云南的果实生长发育状况,掌握果实生长发育规律和节点,为制定油橄榄不同生长发育时期的合理栽培管理措施、提升果实的产量和品质、研究果实形成机理提供科学参考依据。【方法】以‘柯基’和‘豆果’2个油橄榄品种为材料,定期观测其花果期物候和果实的纵横径,计算每个果实生长发育时期果实的果形指数,分析果实纵横径生长动态和相对生长速率及果形指数的变化规律,分别采用Logistic、二次多项式、三次多项式方程模型对油橄榄果实纵横径进行拟合,比较分析了3种方程模型的拟合效果。【结果】随着果实生长时间的推移,‘柯基’和‘豆果’果实纵横径生长曲线均呈快—慢—稳定的近"S"型,且在花后现果时其果实大小基本相等,之后始终保持纵径大于横径;果实纵横径相对生长速率均表现出快—慢—稳定的生长发育规律;其果形指数均表现出先增大后减小最终趋于稳定的变化特点;3种方程模型均能相对准确地拟合出‘柯基’和‘豆果’油橄榄果实的生长发育进程,且3种方程模型对其纵横径生长拟合精度的大小和拟合效果的优劣均依次为三次多项式、二次多项式、Logistic方程模型。【结论】根据果实物候观测结果和果实纵横径生长、相对生长速率的变化规律,可将‘柯基’和‘豆果’油橄榄果实生长发育进程划分为坐果期、快速生长期、缓慢生长期、稳定生长期4个时期。     

山杏果实性状变异及相关性研究

对甘肃省黄土高原地区分布的山杏资源进行调查,初选出优良单株,测定其果实性状,并进行相关性分析研究,结果表明:山杏果实的各性状在不同植株个体之间存在着较大的变异幅度;各性状指标的变异幅度不一致,其变异系数由大到小依次是果实横径(66.32%)果实扁径(59.32%)果实纵径(59.08%)单果质量(36.88%)果形指数(29.36%)果肉厚度(20.47%);果实的各性状中,除果实纵径与果形指数指标呈线性负相关外,其他果实各性状指标间均呈显著或极显著正相关,单果质量与果实大小、果肉厚度密切相关,与果形指数关系相比较而言不密切。     

“碧玉”猕猴桃果实生长动态及相关性分析

以山东省淄博市"碧玉"猕猴桃为研究对象,观测果实生长动态,并进行相关性分析,结果表明:5月下旬花凋落后幼果开始生长,直至9月上旬停止生长;5月31日—6月21日(22 d)为快速生长高峰期,果实纵径从3.81 cm增长到6.16 cm,宽横径从2.33 cm增长到4.01 cm;随后进入缓慢生长阶段,呈逐渐上升单曲线,生长规律符合二次曲线。纵径净增长出现2次生长高峰,宽横径净增长出现3次生长高峰,生长曲线为双"S"形。随着果实发育,果形指数逐渐变小,果形由长圆形逐渐向椭圆形变化,横向逐渐膨大。     

无患子果实发育动态及内含物含量变化

对无患子果实生长发育动态及果肉内含物含量变化进行研究,结果表明,无患子果实纵径、横径、侧径、鲜质量等性状发育进程呈现明显的S型生长曲线特征;以果实生长发育时期为横轴(x),分别以果实纵径、横径、侧径、鲜质量的均值为纵轴(y),构建的果实生长发育数学模型表明,无患子果实生长各性状与果实发育时期高度相关,数学模型可以正确地反映无患子果实生长发育动态变化规律。对无患子果实脱落规律、果肉含水量、可溶性糖含量、皂苷含量变化规律等综合分析表明,10月下旬,无患子果实发育成熟,生长性状趋于稳定,果肉含水量和可溶性糖含量从峰值下降至相对较低水平,而果肉皂苷含量相对较高,因此提出该时期为无患子果实采摘的适宜时期。     

不同摘心处理对骏枣果实性状及产量的影响

以4年生骏枣(Ziziphus jujube cv.Jun zao)为试验材料,探究6种不同程度摘心处理对其果实性状及产量的影响,分析测定不同处理果实的纵径、横径、果形指数、果肉厚度等果实性状指标以及单果质量、单株坐果数、单株产量等指标,以期筛选出最适宜的摘心处理方法。结果表明:不同摘心处理对骏枣果实的纵径、横径生长有显著影响,而对果形指数则没有显著性影响;对骏枣果肉厚度最大、单果质量最大的是处理1(即保留枣头基部1~3节枣吊极重摘心处理),分别为13.44 mm和21.82g,而单株坐果数和产量最大的是处理4(即枣头留3个枣拐摘心处理),分别达到192.53个和3 793.21g。     

黑龙江省东南部地区山杏果实性状评价

对不同地区山杏果实性状的评价结果表明,山杏在果实性状方面遗传多样性丰富,不同地区山杏果实形状各异,果实纵径、果实横径、果实侧径、果核侧径、果核纵径和单果重的差异达到显著或极显著水平;单果重性状的变异系数较大,变异系数最小的为果仁纵径。     

漆树果实性状研究（Ⅱ）——漆籽的含油率

利用典型样株和随机取样的方法对采自云南、贵州、陕西等地15个漆树和野漆树优良种的漆籽性状进行了研究,结果表明;漆树种间的果实质量、果实横径、果实纵径、果形指数、种仁质量、种仁横径、种仁纵径、种仁含油率等性状的差异均达到极显著水平;在供试的15个样中,漆树中V01(肤盐皮)、V06(麻柳叶)、V04(光叶漆树)的种仁含油率较高.都在20%以上,野漆树几个样普遍较低.相关性分析的结果显示,漆籽果实横径、果实纵径、种仁横径对种仁含油率的影响均达极显著水平,相关系数分别为-0.566、-0.524、-0.448.因而,在保证漆籽高产的前提下,选育漆油用漆树优良品种时,应以漆籽相对较小的漆树种为宜;结合漆籽蜡质层含蜡率的数据推测,割漆对种仁含油率和蜡质层含蜡率均有一定的影响.     

2种Y形整形方式对‘中梨1号’生长结果的影响

为了解Y形架不同整形方式对梨树生长结果的影响,研究了龙干式和二主枝2种Y形架整形方式下‘中梨1号’梨品种幼树树干直径、主枝直径、早期结果性能、果实品质等方面的差异。结果表明,龙干式整形的‘中梨1号’树干直径、主枝直径、40%以上节位结果枝条数、单株平均结果数等均显著高于二主枝整形的‘中梨1号’,表现出良好的幼树早期丰产性。但龙干式整形的树势相对中庸,果实平均单果质量略小于二主枝整形的‘中梨1号’。除了龙干式的果心占比稍大于二主枝‘中梨1号’,2种整形方式的‘中梨1号’果实在果形指数、果肉硬度和可溶性固形物含量等品质指标上并无显著差异。总体上,龙干式较二主枝式更容易整形,树势更中庸,幼树早期丰产性强,但需要强化水肥管理。     

毛叶山桐子优树种实性状变异初步研究

对广元地区19株毛叶山桐子初选优树的种实等9个表型性状进行测定,采用方差分析、多重比较、相关分析等统计分析方法,对其种实性状变异及其性状之间的相关性进行了研究。结果表明:除了种子形状指数外,其余各性状在优树间均存在极显著差异;19株优树中种实性状总体变异幅度最大的是果实百粒重,变异系数为24.36%,其次为种子宽度,变异系数为22.43%,果实形状指数变异最小,为4.17%,表明果实形状较为稳定,改良潜力最小,果实百粒重最不稳定,改良潜力较大;果实横径、果实侧径和果实重量存在极显著相关关系,可由此对单果质量进行预测,其方程y=-7.6478+1.6321x1+27.6817x2;19株优树可分为2大类,第一大类包括1株优树,表现为果柄较长,果实较重,第二大类包括18株优树,表现为果柄较短,果实重量中等。     

Effects of varying crop load on photosynthesis, dry matter production and partitioning of Crispin/M.27 apple trees

Fruit load was altered by flower thinning on three- and four-year-old, field-grown apple trees. Increasing fruit load led to increases in dry matter production per unit leaf area and partitioning to fruit and to decreases in fruit size, percentage fruit dry matter, dry matter partitioning to new shoot growth, thickening of existing woody tissue and root growth. Flower bud production for the following spring was also negatively affected by an increase in fruit load. Leaf photosynthesis was increased in cropping trees in July and August at the time of maximum fruit dry weight increase. Calculated light interception was linearly related to leaf area. The efficiency of conversion of intercepted photosynthetic active radiation to dry matter energy equivalents was 3.3% in heavily cropping trees and 1.8% in non-cropping trees. Total dry matter production was linearly related to both leaf area and light interception, but the variance accounted for by the regression was more than doubled if fruit dry matter or fruit number was included in the regression.     

Effects of soil water deficit on gas exchange characteristics and water relations of orchard lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) trees

Eight-year-old lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) trees, cv. 'Bengal,' growing in krasnozem soil were subjected to soil water deficit from one month before flowering until harvest by covering the ground with polyethylene sheeting and withholding irrigation. The ratio of daytime stomatal conductance of unirrigated to irrigated trees decreased 20% during the three months of increasing water deficit. Predawn leaf water potentials of irrigated trees averaged about -0.3 MPa throughout the period, whereas they declined progressively to -0.9 MPa in unirrigated trees. Minimum daytime leaf water potential in the unirrigated trees decreased from -1.0 to -1.1 MPa at the beginning of the drought period to -2.2 to -2.4 MPa after three months, and calculated whole-plant conductance did not change with decreasing availability of water. The calculated soil-root water potential declined to less than -1.0 MPa in unirrigated trees. Capacitance effects on the relationship between leaf water potential and transpiration were significant only at low transpiration rates. Although unirrigated trees reduced soil water content at 0-30 cm depths to an equivalent water potential of -1.0 MPa, fruit shedding was significantly less than in irrigated trees. Water deficit had no effect on the fresh weight of pericarp, but caused increased seed size and decreased fresh weight of flesh, resulting in fruit from unirrigated trees being 16% lower in total fresh weight per fruit than fruit from irrigated trees.     

壁蜂传粉对红富士苹果坐果及品质的影响

通过田间试验揭示了凹唇壁蜂(OsmiaexcavaAtik)作为红富士苹果传粉媒体,对提高坐果和改善品质的作用,同时研究了影响该昆虫有效传粉的若干因子。结果表明:凹唇壁蜂的有效活动范围在距蜂巢60m半径的区域内,在该范围内,距蜂巢不同距离的供试树的坐果率指标无明显差异,但处理株平均坐果率都极显著地高于超过该范围的对照树,坐果率比对照提高81%～111%。弱树自然坐果率低,凹唇壁蜂传粉提高弱树坐果率效果更为明显。经凹唇壁蜂传粉,红富士苹果种子数、单果重和果形指数增加,但并未影响果实的着色和硬度。     

苹果授粉特性研究进展

苹果是异花授粉树种，授粉是影响其果实品质的重要因素。花粉形态、生活力等直接影响授粉效果；雌蕊的生长发育对受精有着重要的影响；柱头有效授粉期的长短决定授粉品种的选择；光照、气温、空气湿度、风以及传粉方法都对授粉效果有着重要的影响。授粉程度影响果实形状和大小，授粉品种的性状影响果实的果形指数等品质性状。     

Quantitative descriptors of variation in the fruits and seeds of Irvingia gabonensis

Methods were developed to quantify variation in the fruit, nut and kernel traits using the fruits from four trees of Irvingia gabonensis, an indigenous fruit tree of west and central Africa. The measurement of 18 characteristics of 16–32 fruits per tree identified significant variation in fruit, nut and kernel size and weight, and flesh depth. Differences were also identified in shell weight and brittleness, fruit taste, fibrosity and flesh colour. Relationships between fruit size and weight with nut and kernel size and weight were found to be very weak, indicating that it is not possible to accurately predict the traits of the commercially-important kernel from fruit traits. Seven key qualitative traits are recommended for future assessments of the levels of genetic variation in fruits and kernels. These traits describe ideotypes for fresh fruit and kernel production.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Variability of Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) fruits’ physical characteristics and nutrient content in the West African Sahel

The present study was carried out to evaluate variability in fruit characteristics and nutritional quality of Baobab fruits with the aim of providing the background to select trees bearing fruit with desirable characteristics for further utilisation. Vitamin C, total sugar and ash contents were assessed in 178 Baobab fruit samples from 11 sites in Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger. Furthermore the following tree and fruit physical characteristics were recorded: tree height, bark colour, fruit size, pulp weight, seed weight, seed size and pulp colour. The content (mean?±?SD) of vitamin C was 4.78?±?1.02?g?kg^?1, sugar 514?±?72?g?kg^?1 and fruit weight 293?±?96?g. There was a significant correlation between annual precipitation of the tree population site and vitamin C content but not with sugar content. For sugar, there were significant positive correlations with latitude and longitude. Negative correlations were found between fruit size and both longitude and latitude with smaller fruits generally being found to the north/east. No relation was found between pulp or bark colour and the sugar or vitamin C content. The contents of protein, lipid, carbohydrates, ash and moisture in the seeds ranged from 156 to 159, 143 to 150, 641 to 652, 44 to 49 and 50 to 55.7?g?kg^?1 respectively. The variation for vitamin C and sugar found within populations is a first indication that valuable gains could be made by selection of superior trees.     

Modeling the response of peach fruit growth to water stress

We applied a semi-mechanistic model of fresh matter accumulation to peach fruit during the stage of rapid mesocarp development. The model, which is based on simple hypotheses of fluid flows into and out of the fruit, assumes that solution flow into the fruit increases with fruit weight and transpiration per unit weight, and decreases with the maximum daily shrinkage of the trunk, which was used as an indicator of water stress. Fruit transpiration was assumed to increase with fruit size and with radiation. Fruit respiration was considered to be related to fruit growth and to temperature. The model simulates variability in growth among fruits according to climatic conditions, degree of water stress and weight of the fruit at the beginning of the simulation. We used data obtained from well-watered and water-stressed trees grown in containers to estimate model parameters and to test the model. There was close agreement between the simulated and measured values. A sensitivity analysis showed that initial fruit weight partly determined the variation in growth among fruits. The analysis also indicated that there was an optimal irradiance for fruit growth and that the effect of high global radiation on growth varied according to the stage of fruit development. Water stress, which was the most important factor influencing fruit growth, rapidly depressed growth, particularly when applied late in the season.     

Water stress and crop load effects on fruit fresh and dry weights in peach (Prunus persica)

Effects of water stress on fruit fresh and dry weights were investigated in peach trees, Prunus persica (L.) Batsch., with varying crop loads: light, moderate and heavy. In well-watered controls, tree water status was independent of crop load. In trees receiving reduced irrigation, the degree of water stress increased with increasing crop load. Water stress induced fruit fresh weight reductions at all crop loads. Fruit dry weight was not reduced by water stress in trees having light to moderate crop loads, indicating that the degree of water stress imposed did not affect the dry weight sink strength of fruit. Water-stressed trees with heavy crop loads had significantly reduced fruit dry weights, which were likely due to carbohydrate source limitations resulting from large crop carbon demands and water stress limitations on photosynthesis.