槲皮素对蛋鸡生产性能及脂类代谢的影响

试验旨在研究槲皮素对蛋鸡生产性能及脂类代谢的影响。选择240只29周龄的海赛蛋鸡,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只鸡。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别在基础日粮中添加0.02%、0.04%和0.06%槲皮素,试验期为8周。结果表明,与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ组槲皮素能显著提高蛋鸡产蛋率与血清胰岛素含量(P<0.05),显著降低肝脏粗脂肪含量(P<0.05);试验Ⅱ组槲皮素显著提高了蛋黄粗脂肪、蛋黄总磷脂、血清胰岛素和雌二醇的含量(P<0.05),显著降低料蛋比、肝脏粗脂肪含量(P<0.05),且低密度脂蛋白胆固醇有下降的趋势(P>0.05);试验Ⅲ组槲皮素能提高蛋鸡产蛋率、蛋黄粗脂肪与总磷脂的含量,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。因此,0.04%槲皮素为适宜添加量,能提高蛋鸡生产性能和蛋黄中磷脂含量,降低肝脏粗脂肪含量。     

蛋鸡的胆固醇代谢调控研究进展

胆固醇是生命活动的必需物质 ,但大量摄入又是导致心血管疾病的重要因素。利用营养和分子生物学手段对蛋鸡的胆固醇代谢过程进行研究 ,有利于找到降低鸡蛋中胆固醇含量的措施。蛋鸡体内胆固醇合成途径与哺乳动物相同 ,但转运过程存在很大区别。研究发现不饱和脂肪酸、粗纤维、植物固醇和药物等对鸡蛋胆固醇含量有重要影响 ,HMG -CoA还原酶抑制剂是一类作用效果最为明显的调控物     

槲皮素对蛋鸡产蛋后期蛋品质的影响

选用体重和产蛋率相近的39周龄海赛白壳蛋鸡240只,随机分4组,每组6个重复,每重复10只鸡,分别在玉米-豆粕饲粮基础上添加0%、0.02%、0.04%、0.06%槲皮素饲喂蛋鸡,研究槲皮素对蛋品质的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,不同添加水平槲皮素对蛋形指数、蛋壳强度、蛋清中蛋白质含量、蛋黄中粗脂肪含量及血清中胆固醇和血磷含量均无显著影响(P>0.05);0.04%和0.06%槲皮素组蛋壳厚度(P<0.01)、哈氏单位(P<0.01)、蛋黄总磷脂(P<0.01)及血清中总蛋白(P<0.05)和血钙(P<0.05)含量均显著提高;不同添加水平槲皮素对蛋黄颜色影响均极显著(P<0.01);0.04%槲皮素组蛋黄中蛋白质含量显著提高(P<0.05);0.06%槲皮素组蛋黄中胆固醇含量极显著降低(P<0.01),但与其他两个添加水平组无显著差异(P>0.05);0.06%槲皮素组血清中尿素氮含量显著降低(P<0.05);0.04%槲皮素组血清中尿酸含量显著降低(P<0.05)。综上所述,槲皮素可有效改善蛋鸡产蛋后期的蛋品质,其最适添加水平为0.04%。     

日粮添加罗望子对蛋鸡胆固醇代谢的影响

本试验研究不同品系蛋鸡日粮中添加罗望子（tamarind）对改善血清和蛋黄中胆固醇浓度以及生产性能的影响.30只43周龄的蛋鸡,分别是海塞褐、伊萨褐、罗曼褐、Starcross褐、Babcock B-300和Starcross-579（每品系5只）,饲喂含0（对照）、2%、4%、6%和8%烘干的罗望子,持续6周.产蛋量、产蛋数、饲料转化效率与罗望子浓度呈现负相关,     

槲皮素对39周龄蛋鸡生产性能的影响

将240只39周龄海赛白壳蛋鸡随机分4组,分别在基础饲粮中添加0、0.02%、0.04%、0.06%槲皮素。采用单因子试验设计研究槲皮素对重鸡生产性能的影响,试验期8周。结果表明:与对照组相比,第4、8周0.04%槲皮素组产蛋率显著提高(P<0.05,P<0.01);第8周0.04%槲皮素组平均蛋重显著提高(P<0.05)、料蛋比极显著降低(P<0.01),日产蛋重极显著提高(P<0.01);0.04%槲皮素组粗蛋白表观消化率极显著提高(P<0.01),0.04%和0.06%槲皮素组钙表观消化率均显著提高(P<0.05);3个槲皮素组粗脂肪表观消化率有降低趋势;0.04%和0.06%槲皮素组大肠杆菌数量极显著降低(P<0.01);0.04%槲皮素组总需氧菌极显著降低(P<0.01);乳酸杆菌数量有升高趋势(P=0.09);3个槲皮素组双歧杆菌数量均显著提高(P<0.05)。结果提示0.04%槲皮素可通过提高肠道有益菌双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌数量,降低肠道有害菌大肠杆菌和总需氧菌数量,进而促进粗蛋白和钙的消化和吸收,最终提高蛋鸡的生产性能。     

苜草素对58～65周龄蛋鸡胆固醇和脂类代谢的影响

选用58周龄海兰褐蛋鸡384只,随机分为4个处理,分别为对照组、苜草素500 mg/kg组、1000 mg/kg组和1 500 mg/kg组。试验期为7周,研究苜草素对蛋鸡的血脂、鸡蛋胆固醇和甘油三酯、肝脏胆固醇和甘油三酯、胸肌中的胆固醇和血清脂蛋白酯酶活性的影响。结果显示:①苜草素各处理组对血脂无显著性影响;苜草素1500mg/kg剂量组显著增加血清脂蛋白脂酶的活性(P0.05)。②苜草素1 000 mg/kg剂量组显著降低全蛋中总胆固醇的含量(P0.05)和蛋黄中甘油三酯的含量。苜草素各处理组均显著降低全蛋中的甘油三酯含量(P0.05)。③苜草素各处理组均显著降低肝脏中胆固醇和甘油三酯浓度(P0.05);苜草素各处理组对胸肌中的胆固醇均无显著性影响。研究结果显示,日粮中添加苜草素对蛋鸡体内的脂质代谢有调节作用,可以显著降低全蛋中的脂质含量。     

苜草素对蛋鸡胆固醇代谢的影响及其基因调控机制

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同水平苜草素对蛋鸡胆固醇代谢的影响,并探讨其基因表达调控机制。选取体重和产蛋率相近的26周龄尼克蛋鸡540只,随机分为5组,每组6个重复,每个重复18只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加300、600、900、1 200 mg/kg的苜草素。预试期7 d,正试期70 d。结果表明:1)试验第35天和第70天,900 mg/kg苜草素组的蛋黄胆固醇含量显著低于对照组(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,900 mg/kg苜草素组显著升高了蛋鸡血清中高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)含量和高密度脂蛋白/低密度脂蛋白(HDL/LDL)(P0.05),各组蛋鸡血清中总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量差异均不显著(P0.05)。3)与对照组相比,600、900、1 200 mg/kg苜草素组显著降低了蛋鸡肝脏中3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A还原酶(HMGCR)mRNA表达量(P0.05),900和1 200 mg/kg苜草素组显著升高了蛋鸡肝脏组织中胆固醇7α-羟化酶(CYP7A1)mRNA表达量(P0.05)。各组蛋鸡肝脏中固醇结合蛋白元件-2(SERBP-2)和卵巢中卵黄蛋白原受体(OVR)mRNA表达量无显著差异(P0.05)。综上,饲粮中添加苜草素降低了蛋黄胆固醇和全蛋胆固醇含量,其调控机制可能是通过抑制蛋鸡胆固醇的内源性合成和促进胆固醇向胆汁酸的转化排泄2种途径来实现。本试验推荐26~35周龄蛋鸡苜草素添加水平为900 mg/kg。     

α-亚麻酸对产蛋鸡胆固醇、甘油三酯含量和脂肪酸组成的影响

采用单因素试验设计,研究了日粮中,添加α-亚麻酸00、.5%、1.0%、2.0%、3.0%和4.0%对海兰褐产蛋鸡饲喂4周后蛋黄、卵泡和肝脏中甘油三酯(TG)和总胆固醇(TC)以及蛋黄脂肪酸(FA)的影响。结果表明:蛋黄中亚油酸、亚麻酸、EPA和DHA的含量与日粮中α-亚麻酸添加量呈显著直线或二次曲线增加(P<0.10);蛋黄、各种卵泡中TC均与日粮中α-亚麻酸添加量显著直线或二次曲线降低(P<0.10);蛋黄、卵泡和肝脏的TG以及肝脏的TC与ALA之间的线性和二次曲线降低均不显著(P>0.10)。可见日粮中添加α-亚麻酸能降低胆固醇,提高鸡蛋中PUFA的含量。     

槲皮素对蛋鸡蛋壳品质的影响

试验旨在研究槲皮素对蛋鸡蛋壳品质的影响。选择体重和产蛋率相近的240只29周龄蛋鸡,随机分4组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别在基础日粮中添加0.02%、0.04%、0.06%槲皮素。结果表明:①与对照组相比,产蛋高峰期试验2组的蛋壳相对重极显著提高(P<0.01);在产蛋后期各试验组的蛋壳厚度均显著提高(P<0.05),试验2、3组的蛋壳相对重分别提高0.27%(P<0.05)和0.48%(P<0.01),试验1、2组的鸡蛋破软壳率极显著降低(P<0.01)。②产蛋高峰期各试验组的蛋壳钙含量均显著升高(P<0.05);产蛋后期试验2、3组的蛋壳钙含量显著提高(P<0.05),试验3组蛋壳磷含量显著降低(P<0.05)。③产蛋高峰期和后期各试验组的血清钙含量均极显著提高(P<0.01);在产蛋高峰期试验2组的血清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)含量极显著提高(P<0.01);在产蛋后期试验1组的血清ALP含量极显著降低(P<0.01),试验2、3组的血清羟脯氨酸(Hyp)含量均显著降低(P<0.05)。因此,0.04%槲皮素可有效改善产蛋后期蛋壳品质。     

苜蓿皂甙对蛋鸡胆固醇含量及脂质代谢的影响

旨在研究苜蓿皂甙对蛋鸡胆固醇及脂质代谢的影响,并初步探讨其作用机制。选用288只400日龄海兰褐商品蛋鸡,随机分为4个处理,即在玉米-豆粕型日粮基础上添加0,30,60,90 mg/kg的苜蓿皂甙(分别为对照、Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组)饲喂蛋鸡,每组72只鸡,设4个重复,每个重复18只,采用单因素方差设计。试验期60 d。结果表明:①试验30 d蛋黄中胆固醇,Ⅱ、Ⅲ与对照组相比,差异极显著(P<0.01);30 d全蛋胆固醇,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组与对照组相比,差异不显著(P>0.05)。60 d蛋黄胆固醇浓度,Ⅰ组与对照组相比,差异显著(P<0.05),Ⅱ、Ⅲ组与对照组相比,差异极显著(P<0.01);60 d全蛋胆固醇,Ⅰ组与对照组相比,差异不显著(P>0.05),Ⅱ组与对照组及Ⅰ组相比,差异极显著(P<0.01),Ⅲ组与对照组相比,差异极显著(P<0.01)。②肝脏胆固醇,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组与对照组相比,差异极显著(P<0.01),Ⅰ组与对照组相比,差异显著(P<0.05);胸肌和腿肌胆固醇,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组与对照组相比,差异不显著(P>0.05)。③血清中总胆固醇,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组与对照组相比,差异极显著(P<0.01);甘油三酯和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组与对照组相比,差异显著(P<0.05);高密度脂蛋白和粪便胆固醇排泄量有所提高,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组与对照组相比,差异不显著(P>0.05)。综合分析得出,日粮中添加60 mg/kg的苜蓿皂甙效果最佳。     

槲皮素对蛋黄卵磷脂含量的影响

试验将29周龄海赛蛋鸡240只随机分4组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只鸡,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮基础上分别添加0.02%、0.04%和0.06%槲皮素,预试期1周,试验共8周。旨在研究饲粮中添加槲皮素对蛋黄卵磷脂含量的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,0.04%槲皮素组蛋黄卵磷脂与粗脂肪含量分别显著提高19.86%和5.81%(P<0.05);0.02%槲皮素组血清游离脂肪酸(FFA)含量显著升高(P<0.05);0.04%槲皮素组血清极低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(VLDL-C)、载脂蛋白B(apo-B)、载脂蛋白A1(apo-A1)含量均显著升高(P<0.05);0.04%槲皮素组血清雌二醇(E2)、胰岛素(INS)含量与0.02%槲皮素组胰岛素(INS)含量均显著升高(P<0.05)。由此可见,一定剂量槲皮素能通过改善蛋鸡内分泌活动,提高血脂水平来提高蛋黄卵磷脂含量。     

Effects of dietary copper on production and egg cholesterol content in laying hens

1. This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of diets supplemented with different amounts of copper on egg production, food intake, food conversion ratio, egg weight, damaged egg ratio, specific gravity, mortality and cholesterol concentration in yolk. The experiment lasted 90 d and 400 Hisex-Brown hens, aged 27 weeks at the start of the study, were used. 2. There were no statistically significant effects of supplementary copper on egg production, food intake or food conversion efficiency. 3. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in terms of damaged eggs, egg weight, specific gravity and live weight. 4. At the end of the experiment, the lowest yolk cholesterol concentrations were obtained in the 150 kg/kg copper group and the greatest concentrations were in the control group. 5. Consequently, the use of supplementary copper to provide 150 kg/kg in poultry diets was concluded to decrease yolk cholesterol concentrations without any effect on production performance.     

Effects of karaya saponin and Rhodobacter capsulatus on yolk cholesterol in laying hens

1. It has been reported that karaya saponin and Rhodobacter capsulatus individually have hypocholesterolaemic activity in laying hens. This study focuses on the effect of adding karaya saponin with R. capsulatus to hen's diet with regard to serum and egg yolk cholesterol and triglycerides.

2. A total of 56 Boris Brown laying hens were divided into 7 groups at 20 weeks of age. Combinations of 25, 50, 75 mg kg^?1 karaya saponin and R. capsulatus 200 and 400 mg kg^?1 were used as treatment groups.

3. After 8 weeks of supplementation, the effects of all the combinations of karaya saponin and R. capsulatus on serum and egg yolk cholesterol, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol were greater than either karaya saponin or R. capsulatus alone. The combination of karaya saponin 50 mg kg^?1+ R. capsulatus 400 mg kg^?1 exhibited the greatest reduction of serum (32?5%) and yolk (22?5%) cholesterol and the greatest increase of faecal, liver bile acids and yolk fatty acid (oleic, linoleic and linolenic) concentrations. In addition, egg production and yolk colour were significantly improved by the combined use of karaya saponin and R. capsulatus supplementation.

4. Therefore, the dietary supplementation of karaya saponin and R. capsulatus may lead to the production of a low-cholesterol egg, with production performance maintained at a standard level.     

大豆低聚糖对蛋鸡脂质代谢和抗氧化能力的影响

选择240只34周龄的健康商品代海兰褐壳蛋鸡,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复20只鸡,分别在其日粮中添加0%、0.1%、0.2%和0.3%的纯度为30%的大豆低聚糖,探讨其对产蛋高峰期蛋鸡脂质代谢和抗氧化能力的影响.试验期为56 d.结果表明:添加大豆低聚糖可以降低蛋鸡血清中总胆固醇(T-CHO)(P<0.05)、甘油三酯(TG)(P>0.05)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平(P<0.05),提高高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平(P<0.05),以0.30%添加组效果最好;添加大豆低聚糖可以提高蛋鸡血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量(P<0.05),降低丙二醛(MDA)含量(P>0.05).     

葛根粉对林地蛋鸡产蛋性能和脂代谢的影响

文章旨在评估药用原料对林地饲养蛋鸡产蛋性能、蛋品质和脂代谢相关指标的影响.试验将570只产蛋率接近的40周龄海兰褐壳蛋鸡随机分为3组,每组5个重复,每个重复38只鸡.在林地饲养条件下,蛋鸡每天有1个小时开放活动时间(各重复均有特定划分的区域),试验8周内自由采食以玉米和豆粕为主的日粮,3组日粮分别添加0、50和100?...     

Divergent selection for yolk cholesterol in laying hens

1. Lines were selected for divergence in yolk‐cholesterol concentration for three and four generations in the Cornell Control (Leghorn) and Athens‐Canadian (AC) (meat‐type) randombred populations respectively. Selection was based on both individual and family records.

2. Cholesterol values were obtained from two consecutively laid eggs when birds were 28 weeks of age. The yolks of eggs from individual hens were pooled and analysed for cholesterol content by the colorimetric assay of Zlatkis et al. (1953) on the “fat extract” obtained by a modification of the procedure of Folch et al. (1956).

3. The largest differences between high and low lines (1.lb27 and 1.lb38 mg cholesterol/g yolk) were observed in the last generation of selection. There was evidence of a lack of response in the low lines. Realised herita‐bility estimates obtained by dividing the difference between high and low lines by half the cumulative selection differential ranged from 0.lb11 to 0.lb25 in the AC population and from 0.lb21 to 0.lb25 in the Leghorn population. Realised estimates on a within‐line basis suggest that selection for yolk cholesterol is effective only in the upward direction.     

Effects of food intake regulation on the energy metabolism of laying hens

1. The effects of dietary energy restriction on the energy metabolism of post‐peak‐of‐lay hens of two hybrid layer strains were studied by indirect calorimetry.

2. Starving and resting rates of heat production (SHP and RHP) were measured, over 1‐d periods, at intervals during a 25‐week period in which the experimental birds were individually restricted to 80% of their previous energy intake ad libitum.

3. In both strains mean RHP per bird was about 7% lower in the restricted birds than in controls fed ad libitum, but when RHP was expressed in terms of metabolic body size (kg^0.75) the two groups did not differ.

4. Mean SHP per bird was about 18% lower in the restricted birds of both strains than in the corresponding controls; the decrease in SHP per kg^0.75 was 12%.

5. Heat increment of feeding and calculated maintenance energy were higher, and net availability of metabolisable energy for maintenance and production was lower, in the restricted than in the control groups.

6. Gross efficiencies of egg production, in terms of both mass and energy, increased in the restricted birds.

7. Live‐weight and total carcass energy after 25 weeks of restriction were respectively about 15% and 30% lower in the restricted groups of both strains than in the groups fed ad libitum.     

调节胚胎代谢对蛋鸡激素、抗氧化及产蛋性能的影响

应用VE、VC及普鲁卡因作为胚胎调节剂对蛋鸡胚胎生长发育进行调控。225枚种蛋随机分为3组,即对照组,不采取任何处理;试验1组,采用（78%VE14μL＋25%VC20μL）/枚;试验2组,采用（78%VE14μL＋25%VC20μL＋2%普鲁卡因56μL）/枚;于入孵前,距离种蛋钝端1/4近气室处,经酒精消毒,将调节剂液注射到种蛋胚盘附近,探讨其对蛋鸡内分泌水平、抗氧化性能、免疫性能及生产性能的影响。结果表明：与对照组相比,15周龄蛋鸡激素水平,1组卵泡刺激素（FSH）、促黄体生成素（LH）水平均极显著提高（P〈0.01）;2组甲状腺素（T4）水平显著提高（P〈0.01）。39周龄时,1、2组T4水平显著升高（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,2组孕酮（P）、胰高血糖素水平显著提高（P〈0.05）;抗氧化性能,试验组血清和肝脏中丙二醛（MDA）含量均不同程度地降低,其中2组血清MDA显著降低（P〈0.05）,其余指标差异不显著;脂类代谢方面,试验2组蛋黄胆固醇降低16.58%（P〈0.05）,1组蛋黄粗脂肪降低13.51%（P〈0.05）。对新城疫（ND）疫苗免疫的影响,试验组在注射ND疫苗后7、14、28 d抗体效价不同程度地提高,其中1组在14、28 d时抗体效价差异极显著（P〈0.01）。此外,0 d,1组的抗体效价比2组提高58.35%,差异显著（P〈0.05）;28 d,1组的抗体效价比试验2组提高29.03%（P〈0.01）;其他时间点2个试验组间差异不显著。在22~39周龄,试验1、2组平均蛋重和总产蛋量都不同程度地提高,1组尤为显著（P〈0.01或P〈0.05）,而试验组料蛋比均显著性降低（P〈0.05）。因此,通过调节胚胎代谢能明显改善出壳后蛋鸡的内分泌水平及抗氧化性能,提高产蛋性能。     

牛磺酸对老龄蛋鸡体内抗氧化作用影响的研究

试验选用504只59周龄海兰褐蛋鸡,随机分为7组,每组3个重复,每个重复24羽。预试期1周,正试期又分为60～64周和64～68周两阶段,在各组鸡饲粮中分别添加0、0.005%、0.01%、0.02%、0.04%、0.08%、0.16%的牛磺酸,研究牛磺酸对蛋鸡抗氧化能力的影响,并初步探讨其影响机制。研究结果表明:(1)试验前期0.005%、0.16%水平牛磺酸添加组蛋鸡全血谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性显著升高(P<0.05),且0.16%组在试验后期全血GSH-Px活性也显著升高(P<0.05);添加牛磺酸64周龄蛋鸡血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性没有升高,68周龄SOD活性升高,并且0.08%组酶活极显著升高(P<0.01)。(2)添加牛磺酸可以显著降低蛋鸡心、脑脂褐质含量(P<0.05),其中0.005%添加效果最好。另外,日粮中添加牛磺酸降低了试验后期蛋鸡血清丙二醛含量,其中0.005%、0.02%、0.04%、0.08%组差异显著(P<0.05)。总体上以添加0.005%水平牛磺酸提高蛋鸡抗氧化能力的效果最佳。