坪草腐霉病菌毒素产生除草活性物质的条件优化

从多年生黑麦草上分离得到了5株腐霉菌(编号依次为PA1、PA2、PA3、PA4、PA5),通过鉴定,PA1和PA5菌株为瓜果腐霉菌(Pythiumaphanidermatum)。将所得5株菌株分别在PD培养基、PS培养基、玉米粉培养基、改良Fries培养基、Czapek-Dox培养基和Richard培养基中进行培养,所得培养滤液、粗毒素对马唐和反枝苋的除草生物活性进行了测定。结果表明,在PD培养基中所产生的毒素除草生物活性最强,在供试的5株菌株中以PA1菌株所产生的毒素除草活性最强。PA1菌株在PD培养基中培养所得粗毒素对马唐、反枝苋、虎尾草、金色狗尾草、野燕麦、稗草、藜7种杂草的生长有明显的抑制作用;对玉米、小麦有轻微药害,而对大豆安全。试验发现,PA1菌株产毒的适宜pH值为7.0,以培养5d的毒素除草活性最强;在100~150r/min条件下,振荡培养所得粗毒素的除草活性要明显高于静止培养。     

瓜果腐霉除草活性成分的分离鉴定

 【目的】为了明确瓜果腐霉在液体培养基中所产生粗毒素的具有除草活性成分的组成及结构,本研究对具有除草活性毒素成分进行了分离纯化和结构鉴定。【方法】瓜果腐霉培养滤液分别用乙酸乙酯、石油醚、三氯甲烷等不同极性溶剂萃取制备粗毒素,用薄层层析法对粗毒素进行分离,再用高效液相色谱分离制备得到除草活性成分,通过核磁共振谱和红外光谱对其进行结构解析。【结果】用乙酸乙酯萃取得到的粗毒素活性最高;以Rf值为0.19的物质除草活性最强,对马唐的生长抑制作用达到5级;通过化学信息分析表明该成分为邻苯二甲酸二甲酯。【结论】邻苯二甲酸二甲酯是瓜果腐霉在液体培养过程中所产生的组分之一,具有除草活性。     

灰葡萄孢诱变菌株毒素的除草活性研究

 对灰葡萄孢BC4菌株进行紫外线诱变得到了15个诱变菌株, 经测定筛选出BC4-1、BC4-2和BC4-15等3个诱变菌株中以BC4-1菌株效果最好。试验发现，用于毒素产生的PD培养基的pH 值对产毒能力影响很大，以pH 4.0最优。用三氯甲烷、石油醚、乙酸乙酯萃取培养滤液制备BC-粗毒素，生物测定结果表明，以乙酸乙酯萃取所得粗毒素对杂草种子萌发及生长抑制作用最强。通过柱层析法和HPLC法分离和纯化除草活性组分,得到1个在271 nm有最大UV吸收的化合物,该组分在100 mg·L-1浓度下对马唐的生长具有强烈的抑制作用，在50 mg·L-1浓度下可完全抑制马唐和反枝苋种子的萌发。     

瓜果腐霉毒素除草活性物质的初步分离

为分离纯化瓜果腐霉毒素中的除草活性物质,本研究利用吸附树脂对瓜果腐霉毒素进行了吸附,利用薄层层析对其粗毒素样品进行了初分离,在展开剂乙酸乙酯-甲醇-石油醚-乙酸为30∶5∶25∶1时,可以分离出5个条带,生物测定结果表明,其中M1和M2条带的除草活性较强。对M1进行了HPLC分析,结果表明,该样品可分离出2种除草活性组分,其保留时间分别为9.89 min和14.98 min,其中保留时间为14.98 min的组分与已报道的邻苯二甲酸二甲酯相同。     

瓜果腐霉的液体发酵工艺及代谢产物活性测定

本试验对具有除草活性的瓜果腐霉PA1-M1菌株进行了液体发酵工艺探讨,并对其发酵产物进行了除草活性和抑菌活性测定。结果表明:PA1-M1菌株以振荡方式、中酸性发酵为适宜,其培养滤液粗提物和菌丝粗提物对马唐根和芽的IC50分别为0.36 mg/mL、0.46 mg/mL和7.36 mg/mL、4.09 mg/mL。此外,培养滤液粗提物对小麦赤霉病菌表现出了一定程度的抑菌活性。     

草茎点霉粗毒素的除草活性和杀草谱研究

以种子萌发、胚根和胚芽伸长、植株生长量、叶片伤害反应为参数,测定了草茎点霉粗毒素的除草活性.在最高毒素浓度500μg·mL-1时.种子萌发的抑制率为17.89%,胚根和胚芽伸长的抑制率分别为37.26%和28.37%,植株鲜重减少了15.5%,叶片病斑面积6.53mm2.粗毒素杀草谱和对作物安全性测试结果为:鸭跖草和藜对毒素最敏感,伤害反应为4级;反枝苋和虎尾草伤害反应分别为3级和1级;玉米和高粱对粗毒素敏感,小麦、大豆和花生对粗毒索不敏感.     

草茎点霉毒素Ⅲ衍生物的合成与除草活性

[目的]提高草茎点霉毒素Ⅲ(2-甲基-3,5-二硝基苯甲酸甲酯)的除草活性,对其结构进行衍生优化.[方法]以邻甲基苯甲酸为起始原料,经硝化、酰化等反应合成了16个新的苯甲酸酯类化合物,其结构均通过IR和1HNMR确证,并对合成的化合物进行除草活性筛选.[结果]在100μg/ml时,J-L-59对稗草Echinochloa crusgalli根的抑制率为93.7％;活体盆栽试验结果表明,在有效成分1000 g/hm2时,J-L-59对苘麻Abutilon theophrasti和反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus的鲜重防效均达100％.毒力测定结果表示,J-L-59对反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus的ED50值为有效成分94.06 g/hm2.[结论]J-L-59有较高的除草活性.     

大豆疫霉根腐病菌毒素的提取及生物活性测定

对大豆疫霉根腐病原菌的主要致病因子之一—毒素的提取方法进行了探讨,并用抗感不同大豆品种的切根苗进行了毒素生物活性及最佳浓度的测定、筛选。结果表明:毒素的提取采取弱极性的有机溶剂萃取的方法比较理想,尤其是用乙醚萃取;用稀释100×浓度的毒素处理抗感不同的大豆品种的切根苗可以产生与病原菌下胚轴接种法相同的症状,同时也证明该毒素是一种非寄主专化性毒素     

草茎点霉毒素Ⅲ衍生物的合成与除草活性（英文）

[目的]提高草茎点霉毒素III(2-甲基-3,5-二硝基苯甲酸甲酯)的除草活性,对其结构进行衍生优化。[方法]以邻甲基苯甲酸为起始原料,经硝化、酰化等反应合成了16个新的苯甲酸酯类化合物,其结构均通过IR和1H NMR确证,并对合成的化合物进行除草活性筛选。[结果]在100μg/ml时,J-L-59对稗草Echinochloa crusgalli根的抑制率为93.7%;活体盆栽试验结果表明,在有效成分1000 g/hm~2时,J-L-59对苘麻Abutilon theophrasti和反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus的鲜重防效均达100%。毒力测定结果表示,J-L-59对反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus的ED50值为有效成分94.06 g/hm~2。[结论]J-L-59有较高的除草活性。     

链格孢菌Alternaria augustiouoidea突变菌株毒素的除草活性研究

通过对链格孢菌Alternaria augustiouoidea菌株AAEC05紫外线诱变得到的8个诱变菌株进行除草剂活性测定,筛选出的AAEC05—3、AAEC05—5、AAEC05—8和AAEC05-2等4个诱变菌株具有较强的除草剂活性,其中AAEC05—3和AAEC05—5菌株效果最好。研究表明,pH值对菌株产毒能力影响很大,以pH5．0最佳。用石油醚、三氯乙烷、乙酸乙酯萃取培养滤液制备粗毒素。生物测定结果表明,以乙酸乙酯萃取所得粗毒素对稗草种子萌发及生长抑制作用最强。     

Isolation and Structural Indentification of Herbicidal Toxin Fractions Produced by Pythium aphanidermatum

In order to understand the compsition and structure of herbicidal component of Pythium aphanidermatum,the isolation and structural indentification were researched.The culture filtrate was extracted by ethyl acetate,petroleum,and chloroform with the same volume respectively and the activity of the crude toxin was bioassayed.The toxin was separated by using the method of thin layer chromatography（TLC）,then the main fraction was separated by HPLC,and the structure was analyzed by the sepctrum of IR,13C-NMR and 1HNMR.The results showed that the ethyl acetate extracts had the strongest herbicidal activity.Using the method of TLC,the bioassay results showed that the extracts with Rf 0.19 had the strongest effect on weeds and the inhibition to Digitaria sanguinalis and Amaranthus retroflexus reached five levels,and the component was proved to be dimethyl o-phthalate from the spectrum of IR,13C-NMR and 1HNMR,which was one of the components from the toxin,and it had herbicidal activity.     

Mechanism of herbicidal action of the component I from Pythium aphanidermatum

The herbicidal mechanism of the components extracted from Pythium aphanidermatum was examined in this study. Component I was isolated using the HPD500 macroporous adsorption resin and HPLC. Its impact on seed germination and plant growth of weeds was determined and the contents of MDA, superoxide anion radical, and the activities of hills and roots were examined. The root length of weed plants was inhibited under illumination while the stem height was inhibited evidently under darkness. The relative electric conductivity of Digitaria sanguinalis and Amaranthus retroflexus under illumination was 94.55 μS·cm⁻¹ and 58.75 μS·cm⁻¹, respectively, whereas that under darkness was 85.25 μS·cm⁻¹ and 36.25 μS·cm⁻¹, respectively. The MDA contents of Digitaria sanguinalis and Chlorella pyrenoidosa were 0.08385 μmol·L⁻¹ and 0.1742 μmol·L⁻¹ under illumination, respectively, while those were 0.0129 μmol·L⁻¹ and 0.01935 μmol·L⁻¹ under darkness, respectively. Simultaneously, superoxide anion radical content was higher under illumination than under darkness. These results showed the photosynthesis was affected by component I extracted from Pythium aphanidermatum.     

Isolation and Structural Speculation of Herbicide-Active Compounds from the Metabolites of Pythium aphanidermatum

Natural herbicides, or environment-friendly bioherbicides have been attracted more and more attentions. Isolation and structural identification of natural herbicide-active compounds from plant pathogens has been proved to be an effective approach for novel lead discovery of the pesticide development. In this study, the metabolites of the mutant strain PAM1, which obtained from PA1 of Pythium aphanidermatum (Eds.) Fitzp by ultraviolet radiation were separated and identified by HPLC, NMR, and IR. The results revealed that three active compounds including 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid and two indole derivatives, exhibited inhibition activity on the elongation of radical and coleoptile of Digtaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.     

卫福200FF种衣剂防治籽瓜根腐病试验

田间试验表明,用40 %卫福200FF种衣剂对籽瓜种子按每100 kg种子用药量350~450 mL包衣后,对籽瓜种子生长安全,有促苗、壮苗作用,包衣后40 d对瓜类根腐病菌的防效达92.3 %,而且对籽瓜种子产量有显著提高,增产率达21 %以上。     

烟田瓜果腐霉的分离鉴定及其拮抗木霉菌株的筛选

采用诱捕法从烟田土壤中分离到1株腐霉(Pythium spp.),鉴定为瓜果腐霉(Pythium aphanidermatum).接种试验结果表明该菌对烟草、黄瓜、辣椒具有致病性.采用对峙培养试验测定木霉菌(Trichodermaspp.)对瓜果腐霉的抑制作用,筛选出拮抗瓜果腐霉哈茨木霉(T.harzianum)菌株TGY040604,该菌株对瓜果腐霉的生长抑制率达到80%以上,其次生代谢产物对病原菌也具有一定的抑制效果.盆栽试验结果表明,该木霉菌菌株对烟草猝倒病的防效达65%,优于甲霜灵锰锌.     

烟草钟器腐霉的分子鉴定与致病力测定

从河南省嵩县送检的烟草茎黑腐病样本上分离获得1株腐霉菌,为明确该菌的种类及对烟草的致病力,对所得菌株进行形态学鉴定、DNA序列分析和致病性测定。结果表明,菌株菌落呈放射状型,并逐渐变为花瓣型,菌丝无隔;孢子囊球形、梨形;藏卵器球形;雄器钟状或不规则;rDNA-ITS序列测定分析,该菌序列与GenBank上登录号KC014615.1和GU133597.1等的序列同源性大于99%,鉴定为钟器腐霉(Pythium vexans de Bary)。对培育到10叶期的‘中烟100’品种接种,7天后该菌的病情指数为48,对照瓜果腐霉(P. aphanidermatum)的病情指数为62.7,表明其对‘中烟100’的致病力不及瓜果腐霉。