猪的营养需要与饲料

为了维持猪的生命与健康，保证其正常的生长发育，并能用同样的饲料生产更多的猪肉，必须合理地为猪提供各种营养物质，以满足猪维持生命、生长发育、繁殖和各种生理活动的需要。猪所需要的能量来自于饲料中的有机物--碳水化合物、脂肪和蛋白质。猪把这三种营养物质在体内“燃烧”（生物氧化过程），释放出热能用来维持生命和进行生产。猪的能量来源主要是靠碳水化合物，当热能原料过剩时，猪能把其转变成脂肪储存体内；相反，如热能原料供应不足时，猪体内储备的脂肪甚至蛋白质也可被动用来作为热能供应。     

丁(鲁岁)的营养素需要量及饲料最适能量蛋白比

用正交设计L9(3^4)配制9种试验饲料，对丁Gui配合饲料中蛋白质、脂肪、总糖、矿物质需要量及最适能量蛋白比作饲养试验，对增重率、特定生长率、蛋白质效率及饲料系数等指标进行综合分析。结果表明，在本试验条件下影响生长的主要因素是蛋白质、能量蛋白比及矿物质。较优水平的饲料蛋白质含量为39．24％～42．50％，脂肪为6．28％左右，总糖为27．1l％左右，矿物质为2．37％～2．39％。丁Gui饲料的最适能量蛋白比(E／P值)在35．69kJ／g蛋白～36．94kJ／g蛋白之间。     

乌龟配合饲料能量蛋白比的研究

水产饲料中脂肪除了提供水产动物所需的必需脂肪酸之外,还是其利用的主要能量物质。添加脂肪可提高饲料的能量含量,从而提高蛋白质的效率,节约宝贵的动植物蛋白,减少饲料对水体环境的污染。周贵潭等(1999)用饲料梯度法试验,进行回归分析测得:乌龟最适宜的蛋白质需求量在35.75%～40.38%;乌龟配合饲料4因素正交试验结果显示:能量蛋白比例大小对养殖效果影响最小。在此基础上,本试验采用单因素梯度法,进行脂肪添加量饲养试验,以求得脂肪最适含量,从而确定其最佳能量蛋白比。1材料与方法1.1试验龟苗及分组试验乌龟苗由本公司繁育。经一段时间适…     

猪饲料中能量利用和能量评价体系的研究进展

养猪需要能量用于维持和生产，饲料应根据其能量需求提供准确的可用能量。考虑到总能在消化和代谢过程中的损失，猪饲料中可用能量被定义为消化能、代谢能或净能。在这些能量值中，净能系统被认为提供了最接近动物可利用能量的含量和日粮能量值，因为其考虑了饲料消化利用和代谢的热量增量。但日粮净能值和部分营养素是动态变化的，因此，没有一个净能系统能准确预测饲料中真正可用的能量。饲料消化能或代谢能值对预测净能值很重要，但取决于猪的生长阶段。由于营养物质消化能力的不同，尤其是纤维消化能力，净能值还受环境和猪不同生长阶段营养利用率的影响。因此，在推进饲料能量评价时应考虑动物、环境和饲料特性之间的相互作用。本文综述了猪饲料中不同能量利用和能量评价体系的应用结果。 [关键词]猪；饲料；能量；评价体系     

提高猪饲料蛋白质利用率的技术措施

为保证猪正常生长，必须从饲料中摄取足够的蛋白质。猪日粮中，若蛋白质不足，则会造成猪生长发育受阻，生产性能下降；若蛋白质过剩，会造成蛋白质资源浪费，且增加猪体代谢负担，降低饲料蛋白质的利用率，增加饲养成本。在养猪生产中通过本文介绍的方法来合理利用蛋白质饲料，提高蛋白质的利用率，充分发挥猪的生产性能，增加经济效益。     

养猪生产中饲料卫生的影响

猪饲料是由蛋白质饲料、能量饲料、粗饲料、青绿饲料、青贮饲料、矿物质饲料和饲料添加剂组成的，按类分为全价料、浓缩料和预混料。饲料是猪维持正常生长和生产所必需的物质和能量来源，饲料品质不佳，加工与贮存不当，或含有毒物质时，都有可能危害猪的健康，使畜牧业生产遭受较大的损失。饲料中可能存在的有害因素主要有物理性、化学性和生物性三类，其对猪的健康和生产性能产生不同程度的危害。     

猪浓缩饲料的选购和正确使用

猪浓缩饲料又称平衡用配合饲料，是由添加剂预混料蛋白质饲料及常量矿物质饲料，按一定比例配制而成的蛋白质含量在30％以上的均匀混合物。它与能量饲料按一定比例配合后即成猪的配合饲料。笔者在多年推广猪浓缩饲料的过程中，发现有的农户不能正确选购，或不按要求使用，或不知道配比     

丁的营养素需要量及饲料最适能量蛋白比

用正交设计L9(34)配制9种试验饲料,对丁鱼岁配合饲料中蛋白质、脂肪、总糖、矿物质需要量及最适能量蛋白比作饲养试验,对增重率、特定生长率、蛋白质效率及饲料系数等指标进行综合分析。结果表明,在本试验条件下影响生长的主要因素是蛋白质、能量蛋白比及矿物质。较优水平的饲料蛋白质含量为39.24%～42.50%,脂肪为6.28%左右,总糖为27.11%左右,矿物质为2.37%～2.39%。丁鱼岁饲料的最适能量蛋白比(E/P值)在35.69kJ/g蛋白～36.94kJ/g蛋白之间。     

饲料的净能量评价新方法

随着评价饲料能量分配所选择的方法不同，特别是对于单胃动物如猪和鸡来说，净能量的概念正在被西欧国家所接受。法国最早宣布选择净能量（ＮＥ）而不是“消化能”（ＤＥ）或“代谢能”（ＭＥ）评价方法的国家之一。爱尔兰也已在猪饲料中采用了ＮＥ评价方法。荷兰营养学家认为，饲料配方中增加脂肪含量及副产品时应用ＮＥ系统具有明显优势。由于饲料配方中原料的应用范围日趋广泛，生产更为复杂的配合饲料也成为现代化饲料生产的发展趋势，这样，原来所用的ＤＥ和ＭＥ评价方法的缺陷也显而易见。法国科学家认为，用ＤＥ或ＭＥ对配料进行评价…     

樱桃谷肉鸭的营养需求与饲料配制

<正>1营养需要特点1.1能量需要鸭是为能而食的家禽,因此能量是肉鸭维持及生长所需量最大的营养物质。肉鸭能根据日粮能量水平而自动调节采食量。肉鸭饲料成分中,主要有以下3种能源:碳水化合物、脂肪和蛋白质。多糖类淀粉是最大的可消化能源;双糖类、单糖类也都极易消化,而纤维素和木质素中所含的能量却不能被鸭所利用。因为鸭本身     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.